NHONG CasaKHOAHOC CUAHOATDONG HOCTAP ZEiO QMM flKJW. SU VEAM, ZlitiM iM
TiiS, N G U Y E N THj N I N H "
D
ay hpe (DH) theo quan diem su pham tuang tae (SPTT) thi nguyen t i e "Tuong tae da ehieu, da dd'i tupng" td rd tinh uu viet cua nd.Dd la su tac dgng qua lai khdng chl mgt chieu git/a thay vdi trd ma cdn cd su tac dpng trd lai eua trd vdi thay va giiia nhieu hpe trd vdi nhau trong qua trinh DH. Dac biet phai ke den ye'u to mdi ta/dng hpc tap (HT) dupe hieu la cac tinh hud'ng DH do ngudiday tao ra cho ngudi hgc hoat dgng, cai bie'n va thich nghi (i).
1. C a s d sinh hoc cua hoat dpng HT 1) Cau tao va tinh nang dgng cua bd may hgc.
Bd may hgc la he thd'ng than kinh, nai ddi tupng tri thu'edupcthietlap,_baog6mhaibgphan: he than kinh taing uong, he than kinh ngoai bien duac so dd hda (xem hinh 1).
^^: n
ffinh 1. Sado ciia ho mdy hgc (2) Hai ban cau nao dupc noi vdi nhau bing tap hpp eac spi day than kinh, mdi phan thue hien mdt chue nang khac nhau: Ban cau nao phai dudng nhutrdi han trong cac hoat ddng tuduy nhu: nhip dieu, nhan thirc, hinh tupng, md mgng, mau s i c , kich thudc. Ban cau nao trai lai thien ve eac kTnang tu duy khae nhau bao gom: ngdn ngiJ, suy luan, con so, su kien, logic, phan tich, liet ke. Mac du mdi ban cau ed sutrdi hdn dnhiing tuduy nhat dinh nhung giite ehiing ludn cd suphoi hpp nhjp nhang vdi nhau tao ra cac kTnang tuduy matatea mpi ngucri dang sd hiiu trong minh.
Qua trinh van hanh cua bp may hpe (hinh 2)\
Thdng tin sau khi duac ddn nhan bdi ^iae quan se duac eac naron dan tnjyen tdi he than kinh trung uang roi tmyen t h i n g tdi viing limbic sau dd tnjyen tie'p tdi ban cau nao phai - nai tiep nhan va chu'a
Hinh 2. Qud Irinh vdn hdnh cUa bp mdy hgc dung nhirng thdng tin hdn hpp va thdng tin da dupe luu tnJ. Thdng tin ehuyen tu ban cau nao phai sang ban cau nao trai phai qua trang thai'T". Trang thai 'T" dat dupc khi ngudi hge tim 6uqc moi quan he git/a thdng tin nhan dupc vdi nhifng gi da biet. Cuoi cung thdng tin se dupc ban cau nao trai xu li (dua ra kien thuc mdi, hinh thanh khai niem).
2) Van dimg bd may hgc vao qua trinh DH66\
vdl ea ngudiday va ngudi hpc deed each xiJli phii hpp vdi hoat ddng ciia he than kinh se dem lai hieu qua trong DH.
- Vaitrd cua eae giac quan: cac giae quan cd vai trdquan trpng trong quatrinh nhan thiic cua con ngudi, can kieh hoat d ea ngudi hge va ngudi day de ehung hoat dpng td't nhait cho mue dich HT.
Vdi ngudl hgc. ngudi hpc nao da biet, da tich luy dupe mpt so kinh nghiem tdcae giac quan, va chiing dupe ke't hpp vao trong phuong piiap hpc cua minh.
Nhdvao cac giae quan, ngUdi hgc lay dUdceang nhieu trong cai da biet nay va sudung mgt so Idn han hinh anh; ngudi hge can su dyng thudng xuyen cac giac quan cua minh desudyng tot han tiem nang da dupe luu giii. Ngudi hgc eang luyen eae giac quan thi eang tao ra nhieu kha nang nhd. Viee su'dyng gia tang cae giac quan vua lam thuan lpi eho viee tie'p nhan vao bp nhd vua giiip cho phat trien bd nhd.
Vdi ngudi day: ngudi day dieu chinh phuang phap su pham cua minh theo dudng di binh thudng ma ngudi hge chpn trong qua trinh hpc.
Tdm lai, bang each tuan theo quy luat hoatdpng tunhien cua he than kinh con ngudi, ngudi day va ngudi hpc se dat dupc mye tieu va hieu qua DH.
(ki 1 - 5/2014)
' Tn/dng THPT Tran Quoc Tuan - Bo Quoc phong
Tap chi Gido due so 333 I 29
Trong quatrinh thuc hien, s u c a n thiepeua^mdi trudng se anh hudng khdng nhd de'n ke't qua HT eua ngudi hoc.
2. Ca s d tam li hoc cila hoat dpng HT 1) Hoat dgng HT la hoat ddng tn/c tie'p hudng vao viec ITnh hdi tri thdc, hinh thanh kTnang, kTxao, tif dd lam bien ddl ban than ehu the hoat ddng dd. Chu the hoat dgng hpc la ngudi hge, cd nhiem vy chiem linh trithde, kTnang, kTxao,tdddhinh thanh khanang sang tao va phat trien tri tue cho ban than.
Ca'u tnJc vi md eua hoat ddng hgc bao gom ehu the HT (ngudi hpc), npi dung HT, phuang tien HT, dieu kien HJ. Cae ye'u to tren ed quan he bien ehimg, bd'sung hdtrdcho nhau. Day ehinh lasutUdng tac trong md'i quan he ciia ngudi day va ngudi hoc.
Ngudi hoc thuc hien cac nhiem vu HT bang cac hanh ddng hpc. Hanh ddng hoc gom hanh dpng phan tieh, hanh ddng md hinh hda va hanh dgng kiem tra - danh gia. Nhd hanh dpng phan tich giiip ngudi hpe phat hien 6U0c logic va quy luatcua ddi tupng nghien cifu, nhan dangdoitupng nghien cifu trong md'iquan he chinh the, Hanh dpng md hinh hda la each tie'p can tircaicy the de'n cai tm\j tupng, hoac eh uyen djeh tif eai trdu tupng ve eai cu the. Cdn kiem tra - danh gia la mdt bd phan, mdt phan khdng the thie'u trong qua trinh DH, dupc coi la phuang tien dedanh gia ketqua giao dye cua ngudi hge.
2} Chieh luac HT\a nhihig phUdng thu'c mang tinh phue hop,vdimiic do td'ng the khaenhau,cdhay khdng cd y thdc n h i m dat dupc myc dich HT de ra.
(J. Lompseher, 1996), f r o n g do cd ehien lupe HT nhan thifc, chien lupc HT sieu nhan thdc va chie'n lupe sir dyng nguon luc ben trong va ben ngoai
- Chien luac HT nhan thde: La qua trinh to chifc iinh hgi tri thifc thdng qua cae hoat dgng nhan thde, bao gdm: thu nhan thdng tin, xdli thdng tin va luu trti thdng tin. Cac hoat dpng nay ey the hda b i n g viee hda nhap tri thifc (tmyen thy va thu nhan) va ren luyen tri thiic (eac thao tae hinh thanh kTnang, kTxao).
- Chieh luge HTsieu nhan /fttfc.De xua't cdng tac lap ke hoach cac budc HT, trong dd bao gom viec xac djnh muc tieu, lua chgn npi dung HT phu hpp, tie'n hanh hoat ddng hpc tren cd sd npi dung lua chpn, kiem tra - danh gia san pham. Chie'n lupe HT sieu nhan thde nham myc dieh tu kiem tra ke't qua eae bude phattrie'n eua tiJffig ea nhan trong HT,
- Chien luac sudung nguon luc bin trong va ben ng-oa/'Lasutacdgng tuang hd git/a ngudi hpc vdi mdi tnidng xung quanh. Chie'n lupc sif dung nguon lue chjnh la sutuong tap giifa dieu kien khaeh quan va dieu kien chu quan trong hoatddng HT. SutUdng tac nay mang tinh da dang va piiong phii, cd sutham gia
30 Tap chi Gido due so 333
true tie'p hoae gian tiep eua eac yeu to khac nhau.
Chinh la nguon gde cho su ra ddi hoat dpng DHTT trong eac loai hinh tn/dng hien nay.
Khi ndi den "cae ehien lupc tuang tac" la mud'n nha'n manh den chat lupng eda timg chie'n lupc so vdi tong the. Trong ta/dng hpp nay, hoat dpng thu nhan hieu biet eiia ngudi hpc ddng vai trd piiy, vi dy niiu ngay khi chie'n lupc ke't thiic, ngudi iipc cung difng viec hge va thdi khdng chu dpng tuang tae vdl nht/ng ngudi hpc khac nt/a. Cot loi eiia viec hgc tuong tac la SUquyet djnh hoat dgng cua ngudi hpc khdng chibdi ciiien lupc nhuvay ma edn bcri eac yeu td'khac nhutao ra mdi tn/dng HT d trudng, v.v...
Cae kinh nghiem tich luy dUpc d Ukraine va cac nudetrenthegidiehifng minh motcach thuyet phuc rang eae ehien lupe HT tuang tac giiip tang cudng va toi uu hda cae qua trinh HT. Chung cho phep ngudi hge: Hoc de tiep can va trao ddl kie'n thifc de dang hon; de'xay dung va bay to suy nghT rieng, de thao luan; de lang nghe ngudi khac, tdn trpng nhifng y kie'n khac; de md phdng eac tinh hud'ng xa hgi khac nhau, lam phong phiJ them kinh nghiem xa hgi; de xay dung moi quan he hdp tac trong mgt niidm, tranh nhung xung dot, tim phUdng an giai quyet, tim kiem su thda hiep, co g i n g di de'n doi thoai thay vi ddl dau; de phan tich thdng tin HT; de tim giai phap chung cua cac van de va de nang eao kT nang lam viee dpc lap, sang tao. S u dung cac ehien lupe nay eung cho phep trien khai khai niem ve suhpp tac git/a giao vien va ngudi hpc, day ngudi hpc each tuong tac mang tinh xay dung ma khdng phai la tuong tae doi dau, pha dam, eai thien trang thai tam li trong mgt Idp hpc va trong toan trudng (3).
3. Nhung van de c a ban cua day hoc tuang tac (DHTT)
1) Khai niem tuang tac. Tardc het, can luu y ring "phuang [Dhap SPTT" la mot trong nhtfng phuPng phap tUPng doi mdi: nd da dupc mgt nha nghien ciiu ngudi Ddc Hans Fritz gidi thieu vao nam 1975. Giai thich cum tif nay, trong cac td dien ngdn ngif nudc ngoai deu cd khai niem 'linh tuang tac", theo tieng Anh, td 'luang tac" bao gom: "Inter" cd nghTa la d giifa, trong so, dong hanh, "active" cd nghTa la hanh dpng, lam mot cai gi do, vi the "interactive" - "tUPng tac" cd nghTa la lam dieu gi dd cimg nhau. TUdng tac trong HT ed the dupc giai thich la sutac ddng qua lai gitfa ngudi day va ngudi hgc, ngudi hgc trgng mgt trang thai eua mpt cugc trd ehuyen, mdt hoi thoai, mgt hoat dpng ehung. Do dd, ngudi ta ed the gpi cym ti) nay la tuang tae ehien lupe, trong dd ngudi hgc la mot ngucri tham gia va lam mot cai gi dd: cd ttie la ndi chuyen, eung ed the la ktem soat, hoae ed the md
(kil-5/2014)
phdng, hoac v i ^ , hoae ve..., tiic Iangudi hpc thucsuhanh ddng makhdng chl iamdt ngudi nghe, mpt ngudi quan sat, dong mpt phan chu ddng trong nhting gi dang xay ra bing cacti tusang tao ehinh ban than minh (3).
Thue tetrong qua trinh boat ddng giao dye, ngudi day va ngudi hpc phat tnen vdi nhtmg tinh each ca nlian trong mgt mdi trudng cu the anh hudng de'n hoat dgng cua hp. Vi vay mdi trudng trd thanh tac nhan tham gia ta't yeu va la nhan to chlnh thu ba trong hoatddng DH.
2) Cau true cua DHTT\k xem xet ca che tuang tac trong md'i quan he tam giae: Ngudi hgc- Ngudi day - Mdi ta/dng. C a c j e u to nay tac dgng qua lai vdi nliau, tuang tae va hd tra nhau nham dat muc dieh HT de ra (4).
a) Ngudi hge \a ngudi ma vdi nang lue canhan cua minh tham gia vao mdt qua trinh dethu lupm mpt tri thdc mdi. Ngudi hoe trude het la ngudi tim each hpe va tim each hieu. Vdi tu each la mot tac nhan theo phuang phap tuang tac, ngudi hgc ia/dc het la ngudi di hoe ma khdng phai la ngudi dupc day.
Theo quan dieni hien dai, ngudi hgc tu giae, tieh cue, dpc lap chi&'m linh tri thifc trong HT. Ngudi hpc klidng the lam ehu kien thdc thuc su, trd khi eae em cd CP hdi thao luan, dat cau hoi, cam nhan qua trinh HT va tham chi la day laicho ngudi khac. Khi HT chu dgng, ngudi hgc lien tuc trong trang thai ciJa mgt cupe tim kiem, mud'n cd dudc mgt eau tra Idi cho eau hoi, ddi hdi cac thdng tin de giai quye't van de hoac phan anh lai trong qua trinh thuc hien nhiem vu dd cung vdi nht/ng ngudi hpc khac. Nhu vay ngudi hoc chil ddng tiep nhan tri thuc, khdng ghi nhd chiing mpt each thy dpng, may mde. Ngudi hge la chil the cua hoat dgng hgc, tu kham pha tri thifc tren ea sd nhifng kinh nghiem song eua ban than hoac ciing hpp tac vdi eac tiianh vien khac trong tap the.
ij^Wgt/dr'daylangudibing kien thdc.kinh nghiem cua minh ehju trach nhiem hudng dan ngudi hge.
Ngudi day clii cho ngudi hgc eai dich phai dat, lam cho ngudi hge hifng thu hpe va dua hp tdi dich. Chtic nang ehinh eua ngudi day la giiip 6d ngudi hge hpc va hieu. Ngudi day phyc vy ngudi hgc, Ngudi day la ngudi hudng d i n , lap ke'hoach trong cdngviec. Xay dung ke hoach la xac djnh phuang hudng va muc dich quatrinh DH,tu'dddexuatnpi dungva phuang phap s u pham cho phii hpp. Ngudi day la ngudi hd trp, giup ddngudi hpc trong qua trinh DH. Ngucri day ludn hc^ tac va chia se cac khd khan vdi ngudi hpe trong quatrinh DH; s i n sang tu van cho ngudi hpc trong HT nhung khong thaythe ngudi hpc giaiquyet cdng viec va ludn tao mdi ta/dng than thien trong hoatddng cua ngudi hpe.
e) Mdi trudng. Ngudi hpe va ngudi day khong phai la nhung sinh vat trdu tupng, xung quanh hp la the'gidi vatchat, xa hdi va van hda. Ta't ca eac ye'u to nay, ben trong cung nhu ben ngoai, tao thanh mdi ta/dng cua ngudi day va ngudi hpc. Tac nhan nay ddng mgt vai trd c d y nghTa v i n d anh hudng tdi ca viec day va viee hpc.
Bp ba hinh thanh bdi eae tac nhan: ngudi hpc, ngudiday va mdi tn/dng dupc ngudi ta chuy nhieu, vi no tao thanh hat nhan cua phuong phap tuang tac.
De phdi hpp chat che 3 tac nhan vdi cac thao tae eua hp va thu hut suchii y vao suket hpp nay, bpba ehif A cae thao tac (IHpc, Giup 6d, Anh hudng) gid'ng nhu mdt tieng vang ira ldi bd ba chif E tac nhan (Ngudi hoc, Ngudi day, Mdi tardng). Hinh duditrinh bay song song su phan chia ben trong bg ba chif E nay va su phan chia cac thao tae rieng re ctia chiing tao thanh bpba chif A.
d) Cache tuang tie. Phuang phap DHTT ea ban dua tren mdi quan he tuang tac ton tai git/a 3 tae ntian. Ba tae nhan nay ludn ludn quan he vdi nhau sao cho mdi mgt tac nhan hoat dpng va phan ung dudi anh hudng eua hai tac nhan kia.
—r- Ngirtri hgc Ngiroi ligc -j—
• Ngucri hoc Nguai hgc •*— 3 A . Ngtioi hgc Ngiroi hgc ,
Hinh 3. Bo ba iiinh dianh b&i cac tac nhan
^ Tuang tac Ngudiday • Ngudi hgc la su tUPng tac the hien tinh chat hai mat eua qua trinh DH. Hoat dpng day va hpc diln ra dong thdi va song song.
Ngudi hgc trong phuang phap hge cua minh, tmyen deu dan cac thdrig tin cho ngudi day hoac b i n g ldi, hoac binh luan, b i n g eac suy nghTcae cau h6i...ngudri hpc da hanh dgng, ngudi day ve phan minh da phan ung; mpt each chinh xac do la loai tac dpng qua lai, mdi quan he qua lai ma phupng phap su pham rat quan tam. Tuang tudoi vdi ngudi day, trong phuang phap su pham cua minh, gpi y cho ngudi hpc mpt hucmg di thuan Icri eho viec hpc; trong each nhin nay, ngudi day ehl ra cae giai doan phai vupt qua, eac phUdng tien phai sudyng va eac ket qua can phai dat dupe. Ngudl hpe di con dudng do ngucri day vach ra.
Liic nay, chinh ngudiday da hanh dpng va ngudi hpc thi phan ifng; sutac ddng nay kha tinh te git/a hai t i c nhan nay da gdp phan tao nen moi quan he rat dang chuycuaDHTT.
Tuang tac Ngudi hgc - Mdi tn/dng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong qua trinh phat trie'n tri tue va hinh
(kil-5/2014) Tgp chi Gido due so 333 31
thanh pham ehatdao ddc eho ngudi hpc, Mdi trudng la npi ngudi hpc bdc Id kha nang tri tue cua ban than; tiiy mdi tn/dng tdt hay xau se anh hudng cd Ipi hay cd hai eho suphat trie'n nhan each loan dien eua ngudi hpe.
Tuang tie Ngudi day - Ngudi hgc - Mdi trucmg;
PhUPng phap SPTT, dac biet lam tang giatn cae md'i quan he tac ddng qua lai ton tai giifa ngudi day, ngudi hgc va moi trudng. Tuy nhien, nhieu khi tac nhan thif ba - ye'u td'mdi trudng bi xem nhetrong quatrinh van hanh hoatdpng DH. Mdi trudng dupc xem xet trong trang thai dpng, ludn ed xu hudng bien dd'i va tac dgng tu nhieu phia de'n ngudiday va ngudi hpe.
Tdm lai, eo ehe tuang tac trong mdi trudng su pham la sugiao thoa giifa ba tac nhan. Sutuong tac giiia ba nhan to hay hai trong ba nhan to tuy theo dieu kien va hoan canh khac nhau. •
(I) DSng v a n Diic - Nguy5n Thu Hang. P h m m g phdp
d a y hoc dja li theo hinjug tich cm;. NXB D(ii hpc su phgm Hd Ndi, 2008.
(2) Pho Due Hoa - Ngo Quang Son P h m m g p h a p va cong nghe day hoc trong moi trirong s u p h a m tmmg tac. NXQ Dai hoc su phgm Hd Ndi,20] I.
(3) Olena Pomeiun. Encyclopedia ofinleractive leaming.
Ukraine, 2009.
(4) Jean- Marc Demomme & Madeleine Roy, Tien tdi m6t p h m m g p h d p s i r p h a m t m m g tAc. NXB Thanh Nien, H. 2000.
SUMMARY
The article gives an overview of scientific basis of leaming activity from the perspective of interactive peda- gogy: - Biological basis of leaming activity (composition and activeness ofthe leaming machine; applying Ihe learning machine into the teachmg process): -Psycho- logical basis of leammg activity (leaming activity, leam- ingstrategy): - Basic issues of interactive teaching(con- cept. structure of interactive teaching.
Nang cao hieu qua giang day...
(Tiep theo trang 38)
khdng dan thuan la ke le, liet ke cac su kien ma phai biet khai thac van dung uyen chuyen, tu nhien b i n g each dat van de, neu cau hoi phat van hoac thao luan nhdm va nhieu hinh thife tich hep khae.
Oephongtraodathieuquacactardcheteantao ra suchuyen bien sau rdng vetutudng va hanh dgng trong toan bg he thong ehinh tri, trong cac cap lanh dao.cacdoanthe.phuhuynhHSvaban than moiHS trong cac nha ta/dng va trong toan nganh glao due cua Chung t a . a
(1) Ho^ng Cht Bao, Tim hieu p h m m g p h a p Ho Chi Minh. NXB Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh, H. 2011.
(2) Bui Hi^n. Tir dien gido due hoc. NXB TU di^n Bdch khoa. H.20U
(3) Ban Tuyen Giao Tinh uy ThSi Binh. Bdo edo sd 163. ngdy 06/10/2012.
The article discusses the issue ofintegmUon teach- ing of Ho Chi Mlnh's thoughts in subjects at primary and secondary schools. The reality shows thatlntegra- tion teaching of Ho Chl Mlnh's thoughts helps students perceiving lesson more easily and more efficiently and also helps them perfectmg their personahty and qual- ity: forming leaming style and follow Uncle Ho's exam- ple. For effective teaching of Ho Chi Minh's thougfits in primary and secondary schools, education branch of Thai Blnh province has implemented various solutions.
32 Tap chi Gido due so 333
Lgi ich cua sir hieu biet...
(Tiep theo trang 34)
3. Tdm lai, mdi ngudi ed PCHT dac trung, net rieng bietcy the vdi nhieu uu die'm ciing nhubatlpi. Suhieu biet ve PCHT ed vai trd quan trpng trong qua trinh day va hpc. Mdt mat cd tac dyng tieh cue den cac chien lupc day eua ngudi thay, mat khac gitip ngudi hgc hdng thii, HT mgt each hieu qua hdn.Q
Tai lieu tham k h a o
(1) Dilng Th^nh Himg. Cer sa ldm li hoc gido due.
Giao trtnh dao I90 litfn sT. Vifin Khoa hoc giao due VietNam, H.2012.
(2) Adam Khoo - Gary Lee {Trdn Dang Khoa, UOng Xuan Vy djch). Con cai chiing ta d^u gioi. NXB Phu no. H, 2009.
3. Carter. C. - Bishop, J, - Bixby, M. - Kravils, S.L., Keys to study skills: Opening doors to learning. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.
SUMMARY
This article Introduces some advantages of the understanding about leaming styles in teachingand leaming. There are many advantages to understanding the way In which you are able to process information most efficiently. Some of these benefits include:
Maximizing your leaming potential: Succeed on all educational levels: Understand how to best study and score better on exams and tests: Improve your self- confidence and self-esteem: Learn how to best use your brain: Gain Insight into your own strengths as
well as weaknesses....
