50
Nghien ciru Tfln giao. Sd2 - 2012
HINH MUA TRONG KIEN TRtC CHUA THAP PHAT GIAO KHMER NAM BO
D
e tim hieu nghe thuat mfla (hinh mua) t r o n g kie'n true chfla t h i p Phat g i i o Khmer Nam Bd, thi c i n thie't phai tim hieu sd Irfdc ve tdn giao, bdi chung cd md'i quan he hflrf cd vdi nhau.Chua, t h a p la bieu trfdng dac trrfng ciia van hda Phat giao Tieu Thrfa cua ngrfdi JChmer d Nam Bd. Song, trrfdc dd k h o a n g the' ki I sau Cdng nguyen, Baiamdn giao da la tdn giao quan t r p n g cua gidi quy tpc. Tfl the ki XIII, Phat giao Tieu Thfla mdi p h i t trien m a n h me va t r d t h a n h tdn giao chinh thd'ng cua toan cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer d d d n g b a n g sdng Cijfu Long, Nam Bd. Tuy Baiamdn giao da suy tan, nhrfng a n h hrfdng cua nd cdn sau dam t r o n g tam thflc con ngfldi va t r o n g kie'n true chiia thap.
Dieu nay cho ta t h i y r d net t r o n g nghe thuat miia (hinh mua) t r o n g kie'n true chiia t h a p cua P h a t g i i o . Dd la hinh mua vu nfl Apsara, chim t h i n Ma Ha Krut, chim t h i n Garada va ca Linga bieu trfdng linh t h i e n g cua Ba la mdn giao. Dd la srf hda nhap, giao thoa gifla Baiamdn giad va P h a t g i i o Tieu Thfla t r o n g van hda tdn giao cua ngrfdi Khmer d dong b i n g sdng Cufu Long (DBSCL).
L Tdn g i a o cua ngrfdi Khmer
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1.1. Bdlamdn giao
De tim hi^u n g h e t h u i t miia (Mnh mua) t r o n g cac chiia t h i p cua P h i t giao Nam tdng Khmer, thi e i n thie't phai tim hieu k h a i irfdc vc tdn giao va chiia thap cua ngrfdi Khmer. Bdi hp la chu nhan s i n g tao van hda va kie'n true chua thap, ma d dd da nay sinh n g h e t h u i t miia (hinh mua) nhfl mdt dae trrfng, mdt yeii to cau t h a n h n g h e thuat kie'n true chua thap cua ngrfcft Khmer d DBSCL. Chfla thap la bieu tfldng dac trrfng eiia ngfldi Khmer tdn tai, phat trien, bie'n doi theo chieu dai lich sfl tie'n hda van hda tpc ngfldi. Noi tcfi van hda ngrfdi Khmer la phai ndi tdi van hda kie'n true chua thap, m a chua thap va hinh miia g a n vdi tdn giao tao nen the thd'ng nhi't hufu ed vdi n h a u trong van hda Khmer.
Ngrfdi Khmor, mdt d i n tpc t u cfl rat sdm d v u n g DBSCL, lien ke't cdng ddng chat che t h a n h nhflng p h u m sdc. •'Theo n h i e u n g u d n tai lieu lich suf ma chiing ta bie't drfdc thi tfl 200 - 300 n a m trrfde Cong nguyen, ngfldi K h m e r d DBSCL da scoig t i p t r u n g t h a n h p h u m k h d n g cdn do canh du crf. Hp ed tie'ng ndi rieng sing t r o n g n g d i n h a n h d ldp b a n g dfla niftJii.
*. PGS. TS. NSND.. Ha NOi.
Le Ngoc Canh. Hinh mua irong kie'n tri'ic. 51 nhufng diing bua dd'n gd, d u n g da mai cp
luta, diing h u drfng lua, d u n g chau drfng nrfdc va rrfdu..."*".
Thdi nay sinh hoat van hda chu ye'u cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd la tin ngrfdng thd t h i n Neakta ( t h i n bao hd), Arak (thin bao ve ddng hp), chrfa cd tdn giao chua thap.
Khoang the'ki I hp mdi tie'p nhan Baiamdn giao tfl An Dp deh vdi ngrfdi Cham rdi lan tda deh ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd. Sau dd, dan d i n Baiamdn giao phat trien ben viing, va trd thanh tdn giao chinh d cdng ddng ngrfdi Kilmer. Baiamdn giao da in dam trong tam thflc va cd anh hrfdng tdi nhieu linh vrfc trong sinh hoat van hda, xa hdi cua ngrfdi Khmer vflng Nam Bd. Dd la tuc cac t h i n Indra, Visnu, Siva, Khoang the'ki XIII trd di ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd da chuyen sang phung thd Phat giao Tieu Thuta cho deh nay.
Tuy Phat giao Tieu Thfla da phat trien manh me va n h a n h chdng trd t h a n h tdn giao chinh thd'ng cua toan cdng dong ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd, nhrfng a n h hrfdng va gia tri eua eae than, cac hinh trfdng t h i n cua Baiamdn g i a o i n dam va van hien dien t r o n g tam thrfe, hda a n t r o n g tin ngrfdng d a n g i a n va kie'n true chua thap cua hp.
"Dac biet Yeay Khmao va Kekhiham la nhiing Neakta t h a y hien dien d k h a p viing ddng b a n g sdng Cu^ Long. Rd r a n g day la nhflng h i n h trfdng t h i n dan gian drfdc g a n eho cac thudc tinh, c i c hda t h i n cua Visnu, Siva. Cd the ndi t h i n eua dao Baiamdn v i n cdn drfdc bao Iflrf siing kinh trong xa hdi ngfldi Khmer DBSCL, gom cd ba vi chinh;
Prum : La than tao ra the gidi Siva : La t h i n tan pha the' gian (edn gpi la Eisau)
Visnu : La t h i n eflu giup the'gian (tieng Khmer gpi la Noareay hoac Hari) Tfldng Linga - Ydni nhufng bieu trfdng cua Dao giao v i n cdn tim t h i y d mdt so' chua va trfdng drfdc dat d ncSi t r a n g nghiem nhfl trrfdc chinh dien (Chua 'Kanhchdng" con gpi la chua •Ciy h e " )•«'.
Nhrfng hinh trfdng than cua Baiamdn giao cung la nhftng hinh trfdng mua t r o n g kie'n true chua, thap Khmer, ma chua thap la mdt dac trrfng bieu trfdng cua Phat giao Tieu Thfla cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer v u n g DBSCL.
tS. Phat giao
Phat giao de'n vdi ngfldi Khmer kha sdm, cd le chi sau Baiamdn giao khdng lau, nhrfng k h d n g drfde phat trien, md nhat so vdi Baiamdn giao. Bdi, gidi quy tdc Khmer siing bai Baiamdn giao va la tdn giao ngrf tri t r o n g tam thrfc, trf trfdng, t i n h cam cua gidi quy tdc, nen nd phat trien m a n h rae. Cdn da sd' dan ngheo theo Phat giao Tieu Thfla. Nhrf vay, thdi gian nay, ngrfdi Khmer viing DBSCL tdn tai, phat trien hai tdn giao la Baiamdn giao va Phat giao Tieu Thfla.
IQioang the' ki XII - XIII cd nhieu bie'n ddng cua lich sut, cua xa hpi ngrfdi Khmer, quan t r p n g la srf phan chia, mau t h u a n t r o n g gidi quy tdc. Do dd, ddi sd'ng 1. Trirong Litii (chii bien).rc/;i hda ngirdi Khmer viing ddng hdng sdng Cim Long. Nxb. Van hoa dan toe. 1993,mNdi. tr. 26.
2. Trucing Luu (chu h]sn).Vdn hda ngirdi Khmer virng ddng bdng sdng Ciru L<mg.... Sdd, tr. 57.
52 Nghien ciru T6n giao. St')'2 - 20!2
van hda tdn g i i o . t i m linh cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer v u n g DBSCL cd nhrfng bie'n ddi m a n h me cd t i n h lich sii.
Thdi ki nay Phflt g i i o Tieu Thfla da vrfdn len chie'm ngrf tinh t h i n , tfl trfdng, tinh cam, tam linh cua toan cpng ddng ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd. P h a t giao d i n d i n p h i t trien ben vflng t r o n g n h i n d i n v i gidi quy tdc, t r d t h a n h tdn giao chinh t h d n g cua ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd. Bdi 16 Phat giao Tieu Thfla da tdn tai lau dai t r o n g dan chung vdi g i i o Ii hrfdng thien tfl bi n h a n ai, yen ianh, tinh n h i n van cao c i . Gidi quy tde cung d i n d i n trf bo Baiamdn g i i o , de'n vdi Phfi-t giao Tieu Thfla hda ddng cung vdi d a n chflng. Tfl thdi diem lich sfl n a y (the ki XII - XIII) Phat giao Tieu Thfla la tdn giao chinh thd'ng cua toan cdng d o n g ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd.
2. Chua t h a p Khmer
Chiia va t h i p cd vai trd y n g h i a dac biet quan t r p n g vdi ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd. Nd la dac trrfng bieu trfdng linh thieng cua di san van hda, tdn giao, kie'n true Khmer. Chfla la t r u n g tam sinh hoat van hda, xa hpi, n g h e thuat va phong tuc, tap quan, le n g h i cua t o i n cdng ddng phum sdc. G i n nhrf p h u m sdc nao eung cd rapt ngdi chiia, hoac mdt sd' phum sdc cd mpt ngdi chua. Theo thd'ng ke chfla d i y du, cdng d d n g ngrfdi Khmer cd k h o a n g sau t r a m ngdi chiia. Kinh phi xay drfng chiia truyen thd'ng chu ye'u la tfl cdng dflc cua toan dan. Mac d i u cude sd'ng cd nhieu khd k h a n , nhrfng hp deu ddng gdp td'i da cho ngdi chua cua p h u m sdc dfldc quy md, h o i n h t r a n g , be the', bdi ndi dd la ndi guti g a m niem tin, ndi niem tam linh, t i n h cam, y thflc cua con ngfldi
vdi Thich Ca Mau Ni, vdi n g d i chiia linh t h i e n g cua hp. Dao phap, dao li, the' tuc, tdn g i i o da h d a n h i p lam mdt.
Chua, t h i p l i mot q u i n the kie'n true ddc d i o cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd, hpi tu n a n g Iflc s a n g tao, tri thrfc van hda, tu duy t h i m mi cua eon ngrfdi. Theo nguyen t i c , quy rfdc truydn thd'ng chfla g i n vdi thap, x a y chua l i tie'p de'n x i y thap.
Chfla la ndi s i n h hoat P h a t giao, ndi tu h a n h cua cae srf sai, la trrfdng hpc chft hpc dao li lam ngrfdi, hpc kinh Phflt, giao li. Chua la t r u n g tam van hda, xa hpi va nhieu linh vrfc s i n h hoat v a n hda cdng ddng, la ncA dieu h a n h . chi phd'i dao va ddi cua cac srf sal. Ngoai ra, chua cdn la ndi s i n h boat v a n hda, n g h e thuat, gan bd vdi v d n g ddi ngrfdi, trf luc sinh ra dm khi ve cdi vinh h a n g . Chiia la bleu trfdng, la ehd drfa t i n h than, g a n bd s i u dim t r o n g t i m k h a m cua P h a t tur; cua mpi t h a n h vien cdng d o n g ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bp. Dao va ddi, tuy la h a i nhrfng lai co si^
g a n ke't c h a t che cd t i n h n h a t the.
Kie'n true chiia t h a p la mdt q u i n the di san van hda ddc dao cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd, d dd hdi t u b a n sac, t r i tue, tai n a n g s a n g tao v a n h d a ciia toan cong ddng. Chfla, t h a p drfdc x a y drfng tren mot viing da't r d n g ldn, vdi nhieu dang kieu kie'n trfle, n h i e u loai h i n h n g h e thuit, dieu khac, hdi hpa. t r a n g tri v i hinh trfdng mua. Cung vdi kie'n true chfla th&p la nhieu h a n g cay cao vut, n h i n tong the chfla t h i p la mot q u i n t h e kie'n true quy md, h o a n h t r i n g , long l i y , uy nghi. Nen chua pho bie'n la t a m cap (ba b i e nen), nen t h i p n h i t cd k h i cao tdi g i n h a i met) hoac cao hdn, t a o cho the' ehua viing
jr^^^gg£_^^-/^^'^^^^ ^^"'^^ ^''oi'^S k'^'fi fi'i'ic- 53 chic, be the. Cd the ke de'n chua K h l e n g
d thi x a Sdc Trang; ehua Ong Met (Bothisalareay) d thi xa Tra Vinh; chua Kimphisaco d Bac Lieu; chfla x a Ldng, xa Dai Tan, My Xuyen; chfla Champa, xa Phu Tam, huyen My Tu, Sdc Trang; ehiia Dom Melichei, Rach Gia, Kien Giang
Khudn vien chfla truyen thd'ng Khmer thrfdng cd td'ng the kieh true nhrf sau:
Chinh dien (Prekvihia): la quan trpng b i c nhat t r o n g kie'n true chua. Non (Khrfdn) chinh dicn cd nhieu ci'p eao, rdng, cd nhieu b i c len xud'ng, mat chinh dien nhat thie't p h a i hrfdng Ddng.
- Nha thieu: phd bie'n d dan toe Khmer c6 tuc le khi cd ngrfdi che't thi phai hda tang, nen t r o n g k h u d n vien chua cd xay nha thieu de thieu x a e cae srf sai va cac t h a n h vien t r o n g sdc khi qua ddi.
- Sala (pahusant - n h a tang): Trong khudn vien chiia k h d n g chi cd mdt Sala ma cd nhieu Sala de eho cac srf sai sinh boat, n g h i ngcfi. T r o n g c i c tda n h a Sala cd mdt tda n h a de cho cac vi srf sai ca (Luk Krou) s i n h hoat, n g h i ngdi va tiep khach gpi la Sala Thien. Mdt sd' ehua cd Sala d a n h r i e n g cho k h a c h d xa n g h i ngdi.
- Trrfdng hoc: Cd vai trd quan t r p n g trong viec truyen ba giao 11, dao li lam ngrfdi. Nhrfng trrfdc he't la phai hpc chrf Khmer va v a n h d a cho cac tre em t r o n g sde. Trrfdng hpc cung la ncft Irfrf gifl cae pho sach cua Baiamdn giao va Phat giao.
Mpi ngrfdi de'n d a y deu thflc hien 8 dieu td't: Suy n g h i td't; Ndi dieu td't; Lam dieu I td't; Y chi td't; Sieng n a n g td't; Y thflc td't;
I Thien dinh td't; Tu t a m td't.
- Nha be'p: Chua vdi ngrfdi Khmer la ndi dien r a nhieu loai hinh sinh hoat van hda edng ddng, dac biet la le hdi chua.
Nen khudn vicn chua cd xay drfng nha be'p, ndi de n i u an de ciing Phat va thufc p h i m do srf sai cdng ddng de'n drf le, te't, hpi chua thu hrfdng.
- Cdng chua: La cufa ngd vao chfla, chua nao cung cd cdng vdi quy md to, nhd, dd so, hoanh t r a n g uy nghi khac nhau. Cdng chfla cung la rapt kieu kie'n true ddc dao ciia chua Khmor Nam Bp. Cd the kc de'n mdt sd' cdng chua dep la cdng chua Pre Budn Prdphec (Chua Bd'n Mat), ehua Ch'mui Tim Chas, chua K h l e n g d Sdc Trang.
Trong khudn vien kie'n true chua thap Khmer cd nhieu t r a n g tri, hpa tie% dieu khac, hdi hpa vdi nhieu hinh tfldng, mo tip de tai khac nhau. Nhrf hinh trfdng Rdng (Niek), Ticn nfl h i n h chim (Te'p pro nam), chim t h i n (Garuda), t h i n vu nfl, chim than (Kay Nd), C h i n g (Yak), than dat (Hcng prd at Thd Ni), Ria Hu, Linga, Trong dd cd mdt so' hinh trfdng mua ddc dao, dac sac t r o n g kie'n true chua, thap, cdng chua Khmer d Nam Bd.
Qua k h a o cflu khai Irfdc ve tdn giao va kie'n trflc chua t h a p Khmer Nam Bd, cho thi'y h i n h trfdng mua, than mfla, ticn nrf mua cd lien quan tdi nghe thuS-t mua la mdt bieu hien dac trrfng van hda ndi c h u n g va chua t h a p ndi rieng. Ndi each khac la h i n h trfdng mua, t h i n mua, tien nrf la rapt t r o n g nhftng loai hinh gdp phan ca'u t h a n h n g h e thuat kie'n true chua t h a p Khmer vung Nam Bd.
3. Hinh m u a t r o n g kieh true chua thap Khmer
54 Nghien ciJu TAn giao. Sd2^20J2^
Hinh mua t r o n g chiia t h i p Khmer dflpc the hicn rd net la qua nghp t h u i t dieu k h i e , hdi hpa. t r a n g tri, dd la nhflng pho trfdng. nhiing bfle t r a n h vo nghd thuat mua hoae ed lien quan tdi mfla.
Nhflng trfdng mua nay lam b a n g ehi't lieu da cd nien dai tfl the' ki VII de'n the' ki XVIII, an minh t r o n g cac trfdng t h i n . Cac trfdng dd la: T h i n Suria (Mat Trdi), than Gancxa (diu voi minh ngrfdi), nfl t h i n Uma, v.v...
Hicn nay, hinh trfdng ngfldi mua, canh mua edn ton tai t r o n g cac kie'n true chua, thap, cdng chua cd mdt so' hinh tfldng mua saiu
Vu nfl tren dinh t h a p Miia tren t h a p
Miia ticn nfl (Te'p pro Nora) Mfla tien nfl h i n h ca Vu nfl (Kay No) Chim than Garuda Chim t h i n Ma ha Krut Vu nfl Apsara
Hinh ngrfdi n h a y mua t r o n g chua 3.1. Hinh mua VU nii Kay No
K i y No t r o n g truyen thuye't, t h i n thoai drfdc mieu ta la mdt tien nfl dep tuyet vdi ciia the' gidi thien t h i n . Kay No cung cdn cd ten gpi la chim than, bay Ifldn nhrf loai chim, vu nfl t h i n tien mua dep quye'n r u thien t h i n , dfldc g i a n g t r a n de'n vdi cufa Phat, de'n vdi t r i n gian. Vc vu nfl thien t h a n cd nhieu di ban khac nhau. Du sao thi nfl t h i n Kay No cung la mdt hien trfdng dac biet t r o n g kie'n true ehiia cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd. Nhflng ngdi chua d i y du h o a n thien t r o n g kie'n
trflc chfla bao g i d cflng cd srf hien dieu oua vfl nfl thien t h i n K i y , N o tren phan d i u cua mdi cdt d h a n h l a n g ' cua chua theo th6' chim bay: hai tay g i d cao sang hai bdn, n g a n g dinh d i u dd t h a n sa ciia m i i chfla; drfdi ddi tay cd k h a c h i n h canh chim nhrf d a n g Ifldn bay, hai chan sat vao nhau, d the' c h i n khuyu, toan than lao vd phia trfldc, ngflc rfdn.
Vu nfl thien t h i n Kay No k h d n g chi cd t r o n g kie'n true chua ma cdn hipn dien t r o n g kie'n true cdng chfla dfldc dat d vi tri quan trpng, tren cao ciia cac cdt tru cua cdng chiia va cflng d trf the', trang tri nhrf d cac h a n g cdt chua.
3.3. Hinh mua chim than Ma Ha Krdt Chim than Ma Ha Krut drfdC bd tri d nhieu vi tri khac nhau, d chiia va cong ehua. Chim t h i n Ma Ha Krut, cd nhiing net g i n gui vdi loai Garuda cd xrfa cua ngrfdi Cham, ngrfdi Campuchia, nhrfng khac xa vdi Garuda cua ngrfdi Cham, ngrfdi Campuchia bdi srf s i n g tao dpc dao Clia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd.
Ngrfdi Khmer suy tdn Ma Ha Krut la chim t h i n , chim mfla, ticn mua, bdi tao dang, tao the' ciia Ma Ha Krflt nhrf chim d a n g mua, ngrfdi chim miia. Chim than drfdc can tao hai p h i n , p h a n tren la dau chim, p h a n dfldi la t h a n ngrfdi can doi hai hda, h a i tay dfla r d n g s a n g hai ben, vflcfti eao, nhrf c i n h chim d a n g bay, dang mua. Non ngrfdi Khmer gpi la chim thin, chim mua.
Ma Ha Krut thrfdng drfdc c i u tao theo h i n h khd'i. Trfdng drfdc due b a n g chat lieu xi m a n g hoac b i n g cha't lieu gd, rat dep, t i n h xao, cd g i a t r i bieu trrfng, gia tri n g h e t h u a t cao.
Le Ngoc Canh. Hiithmi'ia trong Icie'n tnic... 55 P h a n t r e n la d i u chim dpi mu nhon
mau sac, m a t to loi, m i e n g ngam vien ngpc xanh. P h i n drfdi la than ngrfdi, hai ddi tay tao t h a n h canh chim, ngrfdi vrfdn r a phia trfldc, ddi c h i n chum lai nhrf co chan bay. P h a n t h a n ngfldi t r a n g phuc nhrf canh chim, p h i n chan q u i n bd sit.
Ne'u Ma Ha Krut eau tao hinh khd'i b i n g xi m a n g thi t r a n g tri, mau s i c ra't rrfc rd, thien ve g a m ndng. Ne'u tao h i n h khd'i bang chat lieu gd, thi mau s i c it hdn, thien ve g a m tram, g a m lanh. Pho bie'n la trfdng khd'i b a n g xi mang. Cd rapt sd' viing, trfdng khd'i b a n g gd, nhrfng thfldng la d cac ngdi chua cd. Vi du; trfdng gd d chua Phrfdn, chua Ang d Tra Vinh. Ciing cd mdt so' trfldng hdp bie'n doi di ban dau va t h i n ngrfdi, p h i n chan lai la chan chim, d a n g t h e ' g i n nhrf vu nfl thien than Kay No, d i u dpi m u nhpn, ao bd sat ngrfdi, t h a n ngrfdi ud'n eong nhrf chim dang miia. Chim t h i n bie'n the nay cdn tim tha'y d chua Brfng Cdk d Hau Giang.
3.3. Hinh mua tien nd Top Pro Nom Tien nrf la trfdng h i n h khd'i trdn drfdc ca'u tao tfl c h i t lieu xi m a n g hoac chat lieu gd, da p h i n la chat lieu xi mang.
Tien nfl Te'p P r o Nom dfldc the Men vdi khudn mat mdt p h u nfl r a n g rd, x i n h dep, quye'n rii, tay c i m binh khi, uy nghi nhrf mdt vd trfdng. Ngfldi dflng thang, hai chan sat n h a u tao the' viing chac. Than ngrfdi t r a n g phuc q u i n i o bd s i t ngrfdi, ao cd hai ta vat cheo tfl b u n g r a sau Irfng, hai tay g i d len cao, vrfdn r d n g nhrf d a n g bay, d a n g mua. Cd trrfdng hdp hinh trfdng tien nfl Te'p P r o Nom cd bie'n ddi la tay cira b i n h khi nhrf cung ten, t h a n h dao trf the' vrfdn r a phia trrfdc nhrf chie'n
dau, chd'ng lai Irfc Irfdng a c l a c h i n g (Yak).
Tien nfl Top Pro Nom thfldng crfdi voi hoac crfdi ngrfa nhrf nrf tfldng xdng tran.
Trfdng tien nfl drfdc bd' tri d nhflng vi tri khac nhau t r o n g mdi chua, nhrf dat d gan phan d i u cot hien, hoac phia ngoai ciia chinh dien chua, hoac d vi tri tren efla sd chinh dien cua chua.
3.4. Hinh mua tien nded
D i u va than la ticn nfl, p h i n chan la dudi ca dang ud'n Irfdn, phan ngrfdi vrfdn ra phia trrfdc, ngu!c cang trdn, hai canh tay gid len cao nhfl canh ticn dang bay Ifldn, tao dang, the miia dep.
Hinh trfdng mua ticn nrf ca drfdc cau tao theo h i n h khd'i trdn, bang chat lieu xi m a n g cd hoa van hpa tie't mau sac rrfc rd. Trfdng drfdc bd' tri d p h i n d i u cac cdt hien, hai tay nhrf bay va dd mai hien cua chiia. Hinh trfdng mua, mdtip mua gan nhrf hinh trfdng mua vu nrf thien t h i n Kay No. Ndi each khac la dang bie'n the (di ban) eua vu nfl thien t h i n Kay No.
3.5. Hinh mua thdn da't Hcng Prd dt ThdNi
T h i n dat drfdc ngrfdi Khmer tdn thd nhrf vi t h i n bao hp, dem Iai srf i'm no cho mudn dan, va xua dudi ta ma, ac quy, la niem tin cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer.
Bdi vay tao hinh la brfc trfdng khd'i trdn, trfdng than diing gifla bdng sen dang nd, uy nghi, be the', dfldi dang mdt tien nfl dang vrfdn minh mua gifla dda hoa sen.
Dau dpi k h a n mdng nhrf a n g raay bay ket hdp vdi mai tdc dai nhrf sud'i tdc chay xud'ng hai bd vai, mdt tay n a n g mai tdc dai, ngrfc cang trdn rfdn r a phia trrfdc drfdc phu dfldi ldp vai mdng.
56 Nghifin CLTU T6n giao. S62 - 2J)J2^
Tfldng t h i n d i t Hcng Prd At Thd Ni drfdc b d tri d phia sau be t h d Phat t r o n g chinh dien chfla. Cung cd trrfdng hdp hinh trfdng m u a cua t h i n dfldc vo tren bflc trfdng t r o n g kie'n true chfla vdi mau sac rrfc rd,
3.6. Hinh mim vu nd Apsara Tfl the ki d i u Cdng nguyen, Bilamdn giao da du n h a p tfl An Dp va trd t h a n h tdn giao chinh eua gidi quy tdc, dd'n the ki XIII mdi thay the' b i n g P h i t g i i o Tieu Thrfa (Thcravada). Nhrf v i y da cd tren mrfdi the' ki Baiamdn giao tdn tai p h i t trien d ngrfdi Khmer, nen a n h hrfdng cua Baiamdn giao k h d n g de bi phai md t r o n g ddi sd'ng t i n h than cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd. Khi Phat giao Tieu Thrfa da phat trie'n ben viing thi a n h hfldng cua Baiamdn giao van cd phan lrfu lai trong kie'n true chua Khmer. Cu the la trfdng Linga va Apsara van hieu hufu t r o n g kie'n true chiia thap vdi srf s a n g tao, tie'p nhan, hda n h a p n h u i n nhuyen va each dieu,
"Tai chfla Beng San Rach, xa An Ninh, huyen My Tuc, t i n h Hau Giang ngrfdi ta thay tren s i n nen chinh dicn cd ba Linga lam b a n g thach cao cao 40cm, drfdng kinh dau 30cm, drfdc dat vao ba ngdi mieu nhd h i n h vudng, mdi canh 60cm, eao 1,3m d d a n g trrfdc hai cufa chinh hrfdng ddng s a n chua. Nhrf vay, phai Chang Linga la dai dien cho mpt vat linh thieng dd'i vdi ngrfdi Khmer g a n vdi tin ngrfdng phdn thflc eho nen hp da dfla nd vao thd t r o n g mio'u tron san nen chfla ndi t r a n g t r p n g cua chinh dicn?"*'*'.
Tfl dd cho thay, vu nfl Apsara - mdt vu nfl thien t h a n cua Baiamdn giao hicn hufu t r o n g kie'n trflc ehua t h a p Khmer la
mdt lo dfldng n h i e n t r o n g sfl g i a o lrfu, g i a o thoa v a n h d a cua c d n g d d n g ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd. Mot k h i a e a n h bieu hien q u a n t r p n g cua trie't li P h a t giao Tieu Thrfa la hfldng thidn, trfl ac. Theo quan niem cua ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd thi vu nfl A p s a r a la mdt t h i n thien. Trong t r a n g t r i va t r a n h vc t r e n cae trfdng, t r i n cua c h u a la v6 theo e i c srf tich, vl du: sfl tich Thion a n h hflng ca R a m a y a n a An Dp (Riem Kc): sfl tich P h i t thoai vc eupc ddi cua dflc Phat tiit luc s i n h r a de'n luc vao cdi Nie't Ban; hay srf tich vfl nfl A p s a r a vdi s i c dep, tai m u a gidi, c h i n h p h u c the' gidi thien t h i n , the' gidi t r i n g i a n , ke ca gidi tu h a n h , non h i n h vu nfl Apsara drfdc ve t r e n e i c bflc trfdng, c i c t r i n ciia nhftng ngdi chua cd niiieu m i u sac rrfc rd, drfdng net t i n h xao, t i n h mi t h u a t cao va d nhflng vi t r i q u a n t r p n g . K h d n g nhiing bflc vc d vi t r i c h i n h dicn m a cdn drfdc vc d n h a hdi, n h a t a n g cua chfla Khmer.
Vu nfl Apsara drfdc mieu ta la vu nii thien t h i n x i n h dep tuyet vdi, d a n g Ifldn bay, uyen chuydn, m u a dieu tien bay, voli n h i e u kieu, d a n g , t a o h i n h dpp, hap dan lam me say cdi Trdi. Vu nfl Apsara c6 nhflng d a n g dieu, t a o h i n h g i n gui vdi h i n h mua vu nfl Kay No, p h a i ehang da cd srf a n h hrfdng, hda quyen vu nit Apsara (Baiamdn g i i o ) va vfl nfl Kay No ( P h i t g i i o Tieu Thfla). Ne'u cd thi dd ciing la dieu t a t yd'u, cd the x a y r a t r o n g tim thflc cua cdng d d n g ngrfdi Khmer khi tdn tai h a i tdn g i a o Baiamdn g i a o va Phit g i a o Tieu Thrfa t r o n g tie'n t r i n h lich sif 3. Trudng Luu (chu bien).VVi/) hda ngirdi Kliiiat viing ddng hdng sdng Cim Long... Sdd. tr. 325,
Le Ngoc Canh. Hinh mi'ia trong kien true.
57 hinh t h a n h p h a t t r i e n tde ngrfdi va vanhda tdn giao cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd.
3.7. Hinh mda Chdng (Yak) Chang (Yak) la mdt h i n h trfdng, mot n h a n vat t r o n g truyen thuye't t h i n thoai va t r o n g n h i e u l i n h vrfc van hpc n g h e thuat, cd net dac trrfng r i e n g biet, la dai dien cho Irfc Irfdng ta, i c , phi n g h i a (loai nhan vat p h a n dicn). Yak drfdc khac hoa trong s i n k h a u Rd Bam, t r o n g dieu k h i c , kie'n true ludn cd srf bie'n doi h i n h d a n g r i t dac biet. C h i n g mot n h a n vat dfl tdn, khi cd mdt d i u , khi cd n h i e u diu, r a n g n a n h d i i , nhpn, m a t ldi, miii to, mat rat h u n g drf. Quan ao ludn bd sat nhrf mdt loai vd trfdng. Vdi tai n g h e eua eac nghe nhan, dicn mao mdtip Chang drfdc khac hoa r a t ddc dao, t h e hien ban c h i t cua nhan vat ta, ac. Cd le vi the' t r o n g kie'n true t h a p Khmer, Yak drfdc k h i c hpa ngay d cac mat cua thap, d vi tri quan trpng cua thap.
Thap Khmer thfldng ca'u true ba tang, t i n g mdt r d n g , ldn; t i n g hai nhd hdn t a n g mdt; t i n g ba nhd hdn t i n g hai;
dinh cua t h a p tao t h a n h h i n h tam g i a c (chdp ndn) n h i e u ldp. Tren d i n h cac t h a p cua chfla thrfdng cd trfdng khd'i Linga.
ffinh m u a Yak d vi t r i h a i ben d t a n g i mdt cua t h a p .
Hinh m u a Chang (Yak) dfldc dap thanh khd'i, tao h i n h nhfl vo trfdng canh girf cufa thap. Mdtip chu dao cua tao h i n h ' miia Yak la h a i c h a n khuyu, hai dau gd'i ' hrfdng h a i ben (the' t i n ) ; h a i tay gap, mdt tay thi'p mpt tay cao, nhrf c i m rapt binh khi drfa r a p h i a trrfde ngrfc, the' ngrfdi r|thang; t r a n g phuc q u i n ao bd sat ngrfdi;
dau ddi mfl n h p n theo h i n h chdp nhpn.
Toan khd'i trfdng h i n h mua Yak khde, chac, cd p h i n h u n g dfl.
38. Hinh mua thien thdn
Phd bie'n tron c i c mat cua kie'n true thap Khmer thrfdng cd hinh mua thien t h i n h i n h khd'i, drfdc bd' tri can dd'i d hai ben efla t h a p (tang mdt) hoac d t i n g hai cua thap. Kie'n true thap thrfdng cd bd'n mat, bd'n hrfdng Ddng, Tay, Nam, Bac, mdi hrfdng cd hai hinh mua thien than hrfdng thien, b i c ai, nhrf hda ddng tien drfa phfl hd cho cae linh hon ngrfdi qua cd' t r o n g thap (cdt pi ehet day).
Mdtip dang the' miia cua thien than cd gi dd g i n giii vdi dang the' tao hinh than Siva eua Baiamdn giao drfdc each dieu cd tinh nghe thuat mua kha dam net.
Mdtip tao hinh mda cd bam Mdt chan lam tru, kieng gdt chan va khuyu, mdt chan CO (gap gd'i) cd chan dudi trf nhien, cac n g d n chan hrfdng xud'ng drfdi. Than ngrfdi va dau n g a theo hrfdng chan co.
Mpt tay ben phia chan cd gap khuyu tay, cd tay ud'n, cac ngdn tay sat nhau de hrfdng trrfdc ngrfc, cac ngdn tay hrfdng len tren. Tay cdn lai gid len cao theo hinh day cung, khuyu tay hdi gap, cd tay cud'n, cac n g d n tay sat nhau, cac ngdn tay hrfdng n g a n g diu, long ban tay hrfdng len tren.
Hinh m u a thien t h i n ben kia tao the' miia ngrfdc lai (dd'i ximg), mot hinh mua c h i n t r u la chan phai, mdt hinh mua chan t r u la chan trai. Hinh mua thien t h i n ludn d the' can dd'i. Dd la mdt quy rfdc tao h i n h mua bat budc, ludn ngrfdc nhau. Cd the dd la quy luat tham mi t r o n g quan niem, trf duy cau true t r o n g n g h e thuat kieh true chua, thap ndi
58 Nghien CLTU T6n giao. Si)2 - 2012^
rieng. t r o n g c i u true n g h e t h u i t ndi Chung cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd.
3.9. Hinh ngddi cdu nguyen trong kie'n trite nhd thidu
Pho bie'n t r o n g cdng ddng ngrfdi theo dao P h i t Tieu Thfla, khi qua ddi deu l i hda t a n g (drfa vao n h a thieu). Nha thifiu drfdc c i u true k h a cdng phu, dpc d i o vdi nhieu kieu d i n g , hoa van hpa tie't. t r o n g dd cd hinh ngrfdi drfdc bd' tri d phia tren cua n h a hda thieu. Tao hinh ngrfdi dd cd the la tfldng Phat, eflng cd the la tfldng Phat mua khue c i u nguyen, cd ye'u td' mua, cd lien quan tdi mua ifla quanh n h a thieu nhrf mdt tuc 16 cua hda t i n g .
Trfdng Phat ngdi bat chan chrf ngfl t r o n g k h u n g la de drfdc each dipu. Mdt tay budng xudi d the' trf nhien d phia trrfdc, mdt tay nhfl c i m mdt bd dud'c, nhrf tung kinh, nhrf mua khflc c i u nguyen cho linh hdn ngrfdi q u i cd' drfdc t i n h lae vc ndi vinh hang.
3.10. Hinh mda vO nd trong nhac cu
Trong nhieu linh vrfc sinh hoat v a n hda chfla eiing nhrf tin ngrfdng, phong tue, tap quan thfldng cd sfl t h a m gia eua he thd'ng nhac cu Khmer. Trong dd quan t r p n g la eac n h a c cu gd, nhrf dan Runet ck, Runet thung, Kdng thon, Runet dek Cic nhac cu n a y thrfdng cau tao theo hinh thuyen, nen edn gpi la dan thuyen.
Dac biet h a i d i u g i i dd d a n thuyen thfldng cd cham k h i c h i n h vu nfl va tao hinh, tao dang, t r a n g phuc miia theo phong each d a n tdc.
4. Ke't luan 4.1. Ton giao
Nghe t h u a t m u a ( h i n h mfla) trong chfla t h a p cua ngfldi Khmer d vflng ddng b a n g s d n g Cihi Long l i mpt bieu hien dpc dao t r o n g n g h e t h u a t kie'n true Khmer Nam Bd. Nd h i m chfla nhiing gia tri, nhiing y nghia, nhiing trf duy sang tao va quan nipm t h i m mi cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bp t r o n g kie'n true chua t h i p , trong van hda tdn giao.
Chiia, t h a p la bieu tfldng, dac trrfng cua Phat g i i o Tieu Thfla, tdn tai, phat trien r i t sdm d cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd. Khoang the ki I sau Cdng nguyen, gidi quy tdc Khmer da theo Baiamdn giao du n h a p tfl An Dp va t r d t h i n h tdn giao quan t r p n g t r o n g ddi sdng van hda ton giao cua ho. Ciing thdi, hoac trfldc dd din ngheo ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bp theo Ph4t giao Tieu Thura, bdi P h i t giao Tieu Thfla cd nhiing not trfcftig d d n g g i n giii vdi tin ngrfdng d i n g i a n nhfl tuc t h d than Arik, t h i n Neakta. Mai de'n the ki XIII Phat giao Tieu ThiJfa mdi phat trien manh me, ben vflng t r o n g toan cdng ddng ngfldi Khmer va t r d t h a n h tdn giao chinh thong eiia cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cufu Long Nam Bd.
Tuy Baiamdn g i a o da d i n d i n suy tan, nhrfng a n h hrfdng cua Baiamdn giao con s i u d i m t r o n g tam thrfc, t i n h cam cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd. Bdi vay trong n g h e t h u a t kie'n true chua t h a p Khmer v i n cdn b d n g d a n g cua Baiamdn gi^- Nhrf vay, du hflu thrfc h a y vd thflc da co srf hda n h a p , giao thoa gifla Baiamdn g i a o va P h a t g i a o Tieu Thrfa tdn tai t r o n g kie'n t r u e chua, t h i p Khmer.
Dieu n a y t h a y rd h i n h ngrfdi mua t r o n g kie'n true chfla t h a p hien hiiu troi^
Le Ngoc Canh. Hinh mua trong kieh tnic. 59
ddi sdng v a n hda, tdn giao cua cdng ddng. Dd la h i n h mua vu nfl Aprasa, chim t h i n Garuda, chim t h i n Ma Ha Krut va ca Linga bieu trfdng linh thieng cua Baiamdn giao. Dd la srf hdn dung cua van hda tdn giao cung tdn tai t r o n g sinh hoat van hda cua edng ddng ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd, ma kie'n true chua thap la mdt bieu hien.
4J3. Chua thdp
Ndi tdi P h a t giao Tieu Thiia k h d n g the khdng ndi tdi chua thap, nd cd vai trd dac biet quan t r p n g t r o n g ddi sd'ng van hda t i n h t h i n cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer. Phd bie'n d cac phum sdc Khmer deu cd mpt ngdi chfla. Theo thd'ng kc chift, d i y du, hien cae phum sdc d Dong bang sdng Cufu Long cd 600 ngdi chua.
Chua drfdc x a y drfng t r e n mdt khudn vien r d n g ldn, cd nhflng h a n g cay eao vflt va vdi n h i e u n g d i n h a vdi nhflng cdng n a n g khac nhau.
Chua la t r u n g tam s i n h hoat van hda tdn giao, sinh hoat van hda cdng ddng, ndi dien r a le, hdi, p h o n g tuc, tap quan, tin ngrfdng, v a n hda, xa hpi va nghe thuat. Chiia la ndi gfli g a m niem tin, rfdc vpng, tam l i n h cua con ngfldi va g a n bd vdi vdng ddi ngrfdi, sinh, iao, benh, trf.
Chiia l i bieu trfdng l i n h t h i e n g cua P h i t giao Tieu Thrfa.
4.3. Nghe thudt mua (hinh miia) trong kie'n trdc chiia thap
Nghe thuat miia (hinh mua) la mdt dac trrfng, ddc dao trong kie'n true chiia thap Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cflu Long. Nghe thuat mua trd thanh mdt thanh td' trong nghe thuat kie'n true chua thap Phat giao, khdng the thio'u vang. Phd bie'n trong kie'n true chua thap bao gid cung ed hinh miia vdi cac dang, the', tao hinh khac nhau.
Nhrfng tdng the cd mdtip chii dao la vu nft l i chim than, la t h i n vdi nhiing hinh khd'i ndi va vo tren cac trfdng, tran nha chua va dap ndi tren cac thap.
Qua phan khao cflrf tren cho thay md'i quan he gifta tdn giao, kie'n true chua thap va nghp thuat mfla (hinh mua) la md'i quan he hflu cd, trong chinh the thd'ng nhat, khdng the chia cit. Chung la net dac trrfng van hda cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cufu Long. Md'i quan he ay drfdc quy nap vao sd dd drfdi day, thay cho ldi ke't cua bai vie't nay.
