SANG TAO CUA HO CHI MINH
TRONG VAN DUNG PHl/ONG PHAP LUAN MACXIT
• PGS, TS PHAM HONG CHlTONG t^en Ho CM Mmh vd cac lanh tu ctia Ddng, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho ChiMinh
• T h S N G U Y E N T H I THUY Tru&ng Chinh tri tinh Binh Duang
• Torn tdt: Trong suat cudc ddi hoot ddng edch mang Hd ChiMinh ludn nam vHngnguyen ly ve mdi lien he pho bien vdphdt trien cdng nhti quan diem todn dien, lieh sti, cu the cua chu nghia duy vat bien ehiing de xde dmh xu htidng phdt trien cua cdeh mang VtetNam, xdy dting dtidng loi vd bien phdp gidi quyet mdi quan he ddn tdc - giai cdp vd xdy diing liic hiring each mang trong edch mang gidi phdng ddn tdc cdng nhu trong xdy diing CNXH.
Vdi phiiringphdp nhdn thtic vd hdnh ddng dung ddn, sdng tao do. Ho Chi Minh dd ldnh dao Bdng ta, nhdn ddn ta gidnh dtidc thdng Irii eho cdeh mang ntidc ta trong the ky XX.
Bdi viet gdp phan ldm sdngtd sti sdng tao eua Ho ChiMinh trong van dung phiiringphdp luan mdcxit dexde dinh nhiing van de eri bdn cita cdch mang Viet Nam.
• Tii khda: Hd Chi Minh, phUringphdp luan mdcxit.
I
PhiKMlgphapluandupchieulaAetfidh^ Nguyen lyvSmdi lien h$ph6hi§n\ki).^y^a.cac nguyan ly quan diim (tru6ch^tla tSc lyiuan xem xet su vat, hien tugng khach quan
•nhung nguyen Iy, quan di§m lien quan ton tai trong mfii lien he, rang bupc ISn nhau, tac den thegioi quan) Iam cosa, CO tac dirng chi dao, dgng va anh huong Ian nhau giiia cac suvat, xay dung cac phuong phap, xac dinh pham vi, kha hien tugng hay giiia cac mat ora mpt su vat, cua nang ap dtmg cac phirong phap va dinh hirong m6t hien tirgng trong the gioi. Nguyen ly nay cho vi$c nghign ciru, tim toi ciing nhu viec lira bilu hien thong qua 6 cap pham trii eg ban.
chgn, vandijngphumigphap.Phuongphapluan Vol tinh thSng nhat, cac su vat hien tugng mac xit dap ting nhiing doi hoi cua nhan thuc khong thg t6n tai biet lap tach roi nhau ma tdn khoahoccflngnhuhoatdOngcaltaovaxaydung tai trong su tac dgng qua lai, chuyen hoa ISn the gigi mgi. Trong he thSng cac nguyen ly do, nhau theo nhiing quan he xac dinh. Boi vay, lien nguyenlyvlmffiliSnhephdbi&vanguyenlyve hSIaphamtriltriethpcdilngdechisirquydinh, suphat Mfo la hai nguyen Iy khdi quat nhat. sir tac dgng qua lai, sir chuyen hoa Ian nhau giua
LYLUANCHINH TRI-S6fS/2020
[ 3 KY NI|M 130 NAM NGAY SINH COA CHO TjCH HO CHI IVIINH
cdc su vat, hiln tugng hay giira cac mat eiia mdt su vdt, cua mdt hien tugng ttong thi gidi.
Nguydn ly ve suphit trien la nguyen tdc ly ludn ma ttong dd khi xem xet su vat, hien tuong khaeh quan phai ludn dat chiing vao qua trinh ludn ludn van ddng vd phdt trien (van tJdngtiln lin tir thdp din cao, ttr don gian den phiic tap, tir kem hodn thiln din hodn thiln hon eua sir vdt, hiln tupng). Nguyen ly ndy bilu hien thdng qua ba quy ludt eo ban (quy luat mdu thuan; quy luat lugng - chat; quy luat phu djnh).
Ap dung phuong phap luan duy vat bien chiing vdo xem xet, giai thich cde hiln tupng xd hdi, cdc qua trinh xa hpi, ttong dd nghiln cuu su phdt triln cua xd hdi loai ngudi, vdi phuong phdp luan duy vdt lieh sii ciia chu ngbiaMde - Lenin, Hd Chi Minh khdng nhung da chi ra mdt each khoa hgc nguyin nhdn ciia su phdt triln xa bdi lodi ngudi vd su thay till nhau giira cac thdi dai, cde cudc each mang ma cdn xem dd Id mdt tiln trinh ddu ttanh giai phdng ciia nhdn loai budng dich tdi su gidi phdng ngdy cang cao hon, triet dl hon. Trong bdi vilt" Chu n^a Ldnin va cdng cuoc giii phdng cic din tdc bi ap bui^', Hd Chi Minh dd khang dinh"Ngtrdi kit^c mdt cich thidn tii sunghiep vidai cua Mic viAnghen trong nhimg diiu ki$n Uch sjimdili V.LLdnin" va da chi ra su van dung vdi nhiing edng hien sang tao, cu the eiia V.LLenin so vdi CMdc vd PhAn^en'". Cung vdi vile khdng dinh V.LLImn la ngudi ki tuc mdt each thien fdi sir nghiep cua CMac, PhAnggben, Ngudi Cling lam ro nhirng cdng hiln cda V.LLenin tten tiing linh vuc cu the. Su phdn dinh rd rang nhu vay cho tiiay kha ning thiu hieu ciia Hd Chi Minh vl*chd nghia Mdc - LInin ciing nhu nhiing hiiu biit sau sic cua Ngirdi vl phuong phdp luan macxit. Dilu dd cho thdy thien tai ciia Hd Chi Minh khi phan tieh cbinh xac va van dung cde vdn de ly luan eua chu nghia Mae - Lenin tten eo sd
phuong phap ludn mdcxit. Vi vay, Hd Chi Minh ludn xem chii nghia Mac - Lenin "khdng phai la giao diiu, nd li kim chi nam cho hinh dongcich mang;... khdng phai la ciigi cung nhic, nd diy tinh sing tao; lyiuan ludn ludn can dugc bdsung bangi±imgkitluinmdirutratiitrongthuctidn smh ddng'^^K.. Ngudi chi rd. ttong khi nam vung nhiing nguyin Iy co ban ciia chu nghia Mae - LInin, "Nhihig ngudi cdng san cic nude phai cu thi hda chu nghia Mic • Lenin cho thich hop vdi hoin canh tdt^liic vi tdngnof''^^ vd ludn nhdc nha nhirng ngirdi edch mang can van dung sdng tao ehu nghia Mde - Lenin cho phu hgp vdi hoan eanh thuc tl eua nude mmh.
2. Ndm vung phirong phap luan cua chii ngbia Mae - Lenin, Hd Chi Minh dd dp dung mdt edch triet dl phep duy vdt biln chiing vd duy vdt lieh sii ve sir lien be va phat trien de xem xet quy ludt tiln hda trong su van dpng, phdt triln eiia nhdn loai vaxdc dinh ehii nghia cpng san la mdt su phdt triln tdt yeu ciia lich sii loai ngudi, de chi ra con dirdng va phirong phdp hien thirc nhdm tu gidi phdng khdi dp biic dan tdc vd xdy di^g mdt chi dp xd hgi mdi btrdng din su giai phdng triet dl va phat trien toan dien con ngudi.
Chinh vi vdy, khi xac dinh chieu hirong phat trien cua cdch mang giai phdng ddn tgc d nude ta, Hd Cbi Minh da ddt cdch mang giai phdng dan toe Viet Nam ttong quy dao cdch m ^ g vd san va xde dinh: "Trong thdi dai ngiy nay, each mang giii phdng din tgc li mdt bg phin khang kbit cua each mang vd sin trong pham vi toin thigidi; cich mang giai phdng dan tdcpbaiphat triin thinh each mangxa hgi chu nghia thi men gianh duac thinglgihoan toin"^''K
Mat khde, van dung phuong phdp luan duy vat bien chiing vd lich sii dl tiiay rd ehilu hudng phdt triln eiia nhdn loai vdi nhung quy ludt khach quan va ddt each mang Viet Nam ttong su vdn
LfLUAN CHfNHTRj-So 5/2020
dOng, phdt triln chung dd dl xae dinh hirdng di va con dudng cdch mang nude ta nhung Hd Chi Minh cung nhin nhan thdy tinh dpc lap tuong ddi ciia each mang Viet Nam ttong qud trinh van ddng, phdt tiiln vdi mdi lien he, tac ddng qua lai vdi edch mai^ the gidi. Dd Id quan dilm cho rdng, each mang Viet Nam cd thi thdng lpi tiirdc each mang d ehinh qudc va su thdng lgi dd gdp phan thlic day su phat trien cua each m ^ g d chmh qudc vd cdch mang thi gidi. Ngudi vilt: "Ngiy ma hang trim trieu nhin dan chau A bi tin sat vi ip biic thtk tmh digatbd subdcldtde tien cua mdt bgn thuc dan Idng tham khdng diy, hg se hinh thanh mdt Iuc lugng khdng Id, vi trong khi thu tieu mgt trong nhung dieu kign tdn tai cua chu n^a tuban li chu ngbia diqudc, hg cd thi giup do nhung ngtrdi anh em minh a phuang Tay trong nhiem vu giai phdng hoan toan"^^\
Vdn dung phuong phdp ludn duy vdt bien chiing vd duy vdt lich su ciia Chu nghia Mac - Lenin, Hd Chi Mmh coi sir "thong nhat giUa ly luan va thuc tidn li mgt nguyen tic cin ban cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin"'^', nhung tten eo sd thuc tiln cua xd hdi nude ta de xdc dinh eon dudng phat trien cua cdch mang Viet Nam. Ngirdi eho rdng, trong thdi dai ngay nay, kl tir sau Cdeh mang Thang Mudi, each mang gidi phdng dan tgc dnude tamudn thdnglpi triit dl phai di theo con dirdng cdch mang vd sdn, dudi sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san. Theo do, Hd Chi Minh da van dung quan dilm phuong phdp luan ciia chu nghia Mac - Lenm mgt cdeh sdng tao ttong xdy dyng luc lupng ldnh dao cdch mang. luc lupng thuc hien cdch mang va trong vile xac dinh phuong phap each mang d mpt nude thude dia.
Su sang tao eiia Hd Chi Minh ttong xdy dung lire lupng ldnh dao each mang phii hgp vdi dieu ki^n lich sir ciia mot nude thudc dia vdi giai cap cdng nhdn mdi hinh thanh cdn It ve sd lirgng.
dang ttong qua tiinh tiirdng tiidnh, vdi cu dan da sd la ndng ddn. Vi vdy, su hinh thanh ciia Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam khdng ehi la su kit hgp giua chu nghia Mic - Lenin vdiphongtrio cdng nhan tnaconli suket hgp vdi phong Uao yeu nudcDo do, ciing vdi viec coi tiln trinh tuyIn tmyen, van ddng, td chuc thdnh lap Dang 6 Viet Nam phai la mgt qud trinh phat triln tir thdp den cao va xdc dinh vile td chiic, xdy dung Dang kilu mdi cda giai cdp vd san phai tudn theo nhung nguyin tdc chung eua chii ngbia Mac - LInm, Hd Chi Minh cung ehi ra nhiing vdn de can phii chuy trong xiy dtmg Dang Cdng san dmgt nude ndng nghidp lac hiu, chua trai qua qui trinh hinh thinh vi phit triin cbi do din chu ttong tien trinh phat triln cua nd vd ddc biet la khi Dang tir mdt td chuc ldnh dao giai phdng dan tdc da ttd thanh mgt ddng ldnh dao xd hgi - mdt dang cdm quyin.
Vdi quan diem duy v^t lich sii coi cdch mang la su nghilp ciia qudn chung va nhm nhdn su phdt trien cua xd hgi bilu hien ttln llnh vuc ehinh tri la ddu ttanh giai cap, each mangxa bdi dl tap hgp lire lugng eho phu hgp, nhung ttong dilu kiln thue tl cua xa bgi Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh da cd quan diem vd hoat ddng thuc tiln diing ddn, sdng tao ttong vile xdy dung lire lupng thuc hiln each mang o cdc nude thudc dia nhu Yiet Nam.
Tir thuc tiln eua Viet Nam vdi mdu thudn dan tgc vd nhirng mau thudn giai cdp, Hd Chi Minh thay rd mdu thudn ddn tpc la bao triim nhung vile giai quye'c mau chuan nay cd hen quan chat ehe tdi vile giai quyet cdc mdu thudn giai cap.
Vdi su nhin nhdn nhu vay. Ngudi dd xdc dinh dling tinh chdt cua each mang Viet Nam la each mang ddn tdc dan chu dl tu dd nlu len quan diem vl xdy dung lire lugng each mang nude ta phai ttln co sd giai quyit mdu thudn bao triim.
Do dd, Hd Chi Minh cbo rdng, phai liy thdng nhit thay cho loai trii, liy doan kit thay cho chia
LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So5/2020
J l l K^ N I | M 130 N A M N G A Y SINH C O A CHU TjCH HO CHI IVIINH
re dl xdy dung Iuc lugng each mang la khdi dai dodn kit dan tdc tten co sd doan kit tat ea nhiing ngudi ylu nude khdng phdn hilt giai tang, vi tri xd hgi, tin ngudng...
Giai quyit diing dan mdi quan he ddn tde - giai cdp dupe till hiln rd ttong xdc dinh muc tilu each mang khi Hd Chi Minh ehi ra mau sdchungcho cdng cupc giai phdng dan tdc theo khdu hilu "Td qudc ttln hit", "ddn tdc ttln hit" nhdm tap hgp tdt cd lire lugng ylu nude ttong nhdn dan. Trong cdng cugc xdy dung xa hpi ddn chii mdi dl tiln lin CNXH nhdm giai phdng tiiet dl cho con nguoi Yi$t Nam, Ngtrdi ciing lim ra mdu sd chung cho su dodn kit ddn tpc la "Doe lap - Tu do - Hanh phuc" dl tap hgp toan thi ddng bao ttong cdng cudc bao vl vd xdy dung che dp xd hdi mdi.
Dgc lap cbo ddn toe, Tir do va Hanh phuc cho toan till nhan dan khdng ehl cd y nghia tap hpp mpi ngudi dan Vilt Nam ylu nude ma ddng thdi cdn Id mau sd ehung, la tilu ehi phdn ddu chung eua ede dan tdc vd tdt ca cac lire lupng tien bg dau ttanh cho ddc lap ddn tde, hda binh, dan chu vd tiln bd xd hpi tten the gidi. Vi vay. ttln thuc te, vdi tilu chi Dde lap - Tu do - Hanh phuc eiia chi dp mdi, Hd Chi Minh khdng ehi kit hgp siic manh doin kit cua din tgc vdi doin kit qudc temi cdn kit hgp sue manh dan tdc vdi sue manh cua thdi dai, ddt eon thuyen each mang ciia ddn toe thuan theo hudng phdt tiiln ciia nhdn loai, tao nin siic manh tdng hgp cho cdeh mang Vilt Nam.
Su sang tao ttln co so phuong phap ludn macxit cua Hd Chi Minh edn duoe bieu biln ttong be thdng quan diem cua Ngudi vl xay dung xd hdi mdi dnude ta Trong khi xdc dinh rd, dilen CNXH d Viet Nam Id quy ludt chung va thuan theo chieu tien hda eua nhdn loai de hirdng tdi muc tieu gidi phdng triit de doi vdi con ngudi, nhung Hd Chi Minh cho rdng. de di tdi su gidi phdng cao hon, triet dl hon ddi vdi con ngudi Viet
Nam, do ddc diem lich sti ciia minh, Vilt Nam phai cd "con dudngrien^'^, phdi ttai qua tiidi k^
qud dp gidn tiep, phai" thuchien din chd mdi di tiin len chu nghiaxa hdP^* vdi nhimg bude di va phuong phdp khdc vdi cdc nude khde. Ngudi ehi rd: "Budc thu nhit la danh dd diqudc, danh dd phongkiin, thuchien "ngudi dyed rudng", xiy dungchinh tri vikinh tidin chd mdi... Budc thd hai li tiin ldn chd nghia xi hdi, tuc li giai doan diu cua chdnghia cdngsan"'^K Bdi vdy, theo quan diem cua Hd Chi Mmh, mdt xa bgi mdi 6 thdi ky qua do lin CNXH khdng chi la viec xdc dinh khodng thdi gian nd phai ttai qua dai hay ngdn, vdi nhiing nhilm vu phdi thue hiln, ma cdn phai ehi ra diing ban chat cua xd bgi qua do nay khi Ngirdi xac dinh dd la chi do dan chu mdi. Dilu nay dugc thdy rd ttong tiiilt klxa hdi dan chii mdi d nude ta da dupe Hd Chi Minh bilu thi ttln tdt ca cac lirih vuc cua ddi sdng xd hOi vdi kinh t l ddn chii mdi, chinh tri dan chu mdi, van hda dan chu mdi va xd hdi ddn chii mdi... ciing nhu nhirng quan niem ea ban vl md hinh XHCN ciia Ngudi.
Trin thuc te, tii phuong phdp ludn macxit de nhm nhan su phdt tiiln ciia xa hpi loai ngudi la qud trinh thay tbi cdc hinh thdi kinh tl - xa hdi tten CO sd phdt trien cua luc luang san xuat va thdng qua each mang xa hdi, Hd Chi Minh dd nhin lich sunhan loai la lich sucua qui trinh diu uanh tu giai phdng, giai phdng ngiy cang cao han ddi vdi con ngudi. Trong dilu kien cua mdt xa hdi thudc dia nua phong kien, vdi nhiing mau thuan eua nd. Ngudi xdc dinh cdng eugc giai phdng eon ngudi d Vilt Nam phdi tien hanh trudc hit bdng cudc each mang gidi phdng dan tde de giai phdng con ngudi Viet Nam vi chinh tri, sau dd tiln haiih cudc cdch mang XHCN de giiiphdngconngudiVietNamvexahgitrdnmgi phuong dien khdi su thdng tii, bdc lot va dp hire giai edp, dde lap dan tdc phai gdn Uln vdi CIMXH.
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So5/2020
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V ^ dung phuong phdp luan bien chiing duy vat vl mdi quan he giiia vdt chdt va y thiic vd xac dinh vai trd cua y thirc ddi vdi cai tao xa hdi, Hd Chi Minh coi ttgng vile gido due dao diic va van hda ddi vdi con ngirdi ttong xay dungxd bgi moi;
chi ra nhiing chuan muc dao due, van hda cho con ngudi ttong each mang giai phdng dan tde va ttong edng cuoc xay dungxd hdi mdi - XHCN.
Cung chinh ttln eo sd phuong phdp ludn cua chii nghia Mac - LInin, Hd Chi Minh da hinh tiianh phuong phdp cdch mang ttln co sd thuc tiin Viet Nam, ttong ed nhan thiic va td chiic hogt ddng. nhdm giai quyet tat ca nhirng vdn de tiiudc vl dudng ldi, xay dung lire lupng each mang ciing nhu ttong xay dung xa hdi mdi, xdy dyng con ngudi d Vilt Nam va nhiing phirong phdp cdch mang eu thi, vdi nhung budc di, binh thlic biln phdp phii hgp, d l dem lai thdng lgi ttong ca each mang gidi phdng dan toe va xay dung xd hdi mdi - xa hdi XHCN.
Thuc tiln cua lich su nude ta va nhan loai ttong tiidi gian qua eang cho chung ta thay rd hon gid tri n i n tang b i n viing va mdi mdi soi dudng cho each mang Viet Nam cua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. Bdi vdy, viec bgc tap va van dung tu ttrcmg Hd Cbi Minh phai bdt dau tir vile nhdn thlic dung va day dii phirong phdp ludn mdc xit, phat huy tinh than sang tao Hd Chi Mhih ttong hr duy vd hanh dgng, khdc phuc tiaih ttang giao dilu, bao thii, tri tti, ehu quan duy y ehi ttong nhan tiiiie vd ttong td chiic thuc hien cdc nhilm vu cdch mang. Cd nhu vay mdi phdt huy nhung gid tii nin tdng cua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ttong nhiing dilu kiln lieh su mdi dam bao eho siJ thdng lpi ciia cdch mang nude ta 0
(1) Hd Chi Minh chi ro vi VLLenin da:
(I) D&i tranh mdt cich khdng diiu hda chong bon
cai luang vi bgn xuyen tac chu nghia Mac du cic loai, Ldnin di ning ch u n^a xa hgi khoa hgc Idn mgt giai doan moi.
(2) Ngudi di limphongphd cbu ngbia Mac - vu khi tu tudng vi dai cua giai cap vd san, da gdp phin cdnghiin Idn lao vio viec:
(a) diralyluin vi chuyen chinh vd san, (*) da phit triin nguyen lymacxit(:) vikhdi lien minh cdng ndng vi vin dedan tdc va thudc dia, vechungbia quoctevdsan,
vixiy dung vi cung cd dang vd sin kiiu mdi la td chuc duy nhat dd siic lanh dao cudc dau tranh mudn hinh mudn ve cua giai cap cdng nhan va cija cic dan tdc bind dich.
(b) Lenin di xiy dt^g lyiuan mai, hoan cbinh vi cich mangxa hdi ch^n^a,
(c) dich^g minh kha nang chu nghiaxa hoi cd tbi thing 10 d mot nuoc ridng Ie.
(d) Lenin di gidp nhin din lao ddng dang ren xiit dudi ich ip bdc cua chu nghia diqudc hiiu mdt cich sau sic honO)
(*) nhOng quy luit phit trien cua xahdi, (**) nhOng ddi hdi va nhiing diiu kien khich quan cua cudc diu Uanh chinh tri trong tCmg0ai doan cich mang vd san, cua toan bd cudc diu uanh giai phdng.
(e)Ngudi di d^ycho quin chung bi ip bia: hiiu ro nhimg suki$n bien dai ric rdi phdc tap.
Ngudi da cbo ho vd khi tuydt dieu trong CUQC diu Uanh ditu giai phdng: lyiuan va sach luge cua cbu ngbia bdnsevich" (Hd Chi Minh: Toin tip, Nxb Cbinh tii qudc gia, Hd Npi, 2011, tt. 409).
(2), (3), (6) Hd Chi Minh: Toin tip t.ll, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ngi, 2011, tt. 95,95,95.
(4)Sdd,t.l5,tt.392.
(5)Sdd.t.l,tr.48.
(7) Sdd, t.5, tr. 515.
(8) Sdd, t.6, tt. 13.
(9) Sdd, t. 8, tt. 254.
L V L U A N C H I N H T R I - S O 5/2020
