THirC HIEN NGHj Q U Y ^ BAI HOI XI CilA BANG
DAM BAO QIJYEN LOl CHO PHII 1 ^ MONG THOIV TIEM TOU Bi]\H BANG GIClI
PGS, TS NGUYEN THJ NGAN*
Theo thdng ki kinh ti-xd hdi ndm 2010 ddn sd Viet Ngm dgt 86,9 tri$u ngudi, dimg vi tri thir 3 trgng khu vyc ASEAN vd Ihir 13 Ihi gidi. Trong do ddn sg ndng Ihdn Id 60,5 triiu ngudi chiim tdi gdn 70% ddn sd cd nudc. Ty If ddn sd nir a ndng thdn Id 30,6 trifu ngudi chiim 50,4% ddn sd khu vuc nong thdn. Lag dpng ngng thdn trong dg tuoi lao dgng dang Idm viic tit ndm 2010 din nay cd khgdng 32,3 triiu ngudi, trong dd nu Id 15,1 Irifu, chiim 46,9%. Bam bdo quyin lai cho phu nir ndng thdn Vi^t Nam tiin tdi binh ddng gidi dang Id mgt doi hdi biic thiit hiin nay.
V
iet Nam dugc Lidn hgp quic cdng nhgn la quic gia xda bo khoang cich gidi nhanh nhit trong vdng 20 nim qua tgi khu vyc Ding Nam A. Hiin nay, 33% hi, cic CO quan ngang bp, ca quan thuic Chinh phu ed nQ linh dgo chu chit; 24/63 tinh, thinh phi tryc thugc Trung uong cd Phd Chu tjch Uy ban nhin din li nO; phy nQ chiem 48% ttong s i ting lao ding cd vipc lim; Phy nO tham gia vi ddng gdp ngiy cang nhiiu ban vio cie linh vyc khoa hpc - ky thugt vdi nhQng dl tii dugc ling dung vao sin xuit, chuyin dii co ciu kinh ti gdp phin lira ting trudng kinh ti, ning cao ddi song v|t chit va tinh thin. Tuy nhidn, khoang cich gidi vin tin tgi mgi linh vyc cua ddi sing xi hgi; nhgn thdc vl vai ttd cua phy nQ vi binh ding gidi cda ngudi din* Hpc vidn CT-HC quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
cdn hgn chl. Dgc biet, phy nQ va tie em nQ viing siu xa cdn chiu nhieu thiet thoi so vdi d khu vyc thinh thi vi ca ca hgi hpc tgp, viec lam, co hgi thing tin vi thu hudng cic thanh qua cua cing cuic ddi mdi dit nudc.
Trong linh vuc lao dgng viic lam: Phy nQ ning thin - nhdm cd vi the "yeu" nhit frong nhidu Iinh vyc lao dgng vide lim.
Tien trinh dii mdi, nen kinh te ting trudng cao d& tao co hii vide lam cho ca nam va nQ, tuy nhiin d ndng thin Viit Nam vdi ndn sin xuit nhd, kinh td cdn cham phat tiiln phu nQ vin gip nhiiu thich thuc hon li ea hpi. Nim 2010, ty Ip nam gidi tham gia lao dgng Ii 89,1%; nQ li 82,8%.
Ty ip lao ding ndng thin dang lam vide tiong nginh ndng-lim- ngu nghiip cao hem so vdi nam gidi (nQ 63%, nam 58%). Ty Id lao dpng ndng thin ty kilm viic lim tu xoay sd, bugn trii cao hon d thanh thi.
•AP CHi LjCH SirBANG - S6 3/2012 35
THUC HIEN NGHI QUYfl BAI HOI XI CUA BANG
Trong nhdm lao ddng ndng thdn, cd tdi 1/3 viic lim cua phy nQ la lao dgng gia dinh, ttong khi dd nam gidi ndng thin cW bing mit nua.
Trinh dd vdn hda vd ddo tgo nghi chg ngirdi lag dgng khu vuc ndng thdn: O ning thdn, nim 2010 cd tdi 88,6% nam gidi vi 92% ntt gidi chua qua dio tgo vl trinh dg ehuydn mdn ky thugt. Theo si lidu thing kd cua Viin Khoa hpc lao dpng xi hgi (Bi Lao ding Thuang binh vi Xi hii) si phy nQ ning thin ed trinh dg cao ding, dgi hpc ttd ldn chi dgt 1,4%, ttong khi dd ty Ii niy d thinh thi 'a 10,4%. Trong nhdm lao ding ndng thdn, viie lim phy nQ chidm 32,4% li vipc gia dinh, ttong khi dd ty Id niy d nam gidi ning thin chi chidm 16,1%.
Tht^ trgng ddi sdng vd an sinh xd hgi ciia cu ddn ndng thdn: Hiin da so phy nQ ndng thin ludn pliii sing frong tinh frgng
"lao dpng qua sue" do phii ginh vie ca vai ttd sin xuit vi tii sin xuit. Q mit sd dia ban ndng thdn mic du kinh te dugc cii thiin ding kl, tuy nhidn phy nQ ning thin van ludn phii ddi mit vdi nhiiu rui ro td hi luy cua dinh kidn phan biet gidi vi hi lyy tu tp ngn x§ hpi gia ting. Ngiy cing nhiiu phy nQ cd ching, con hoic bin than vudng vio tp ngn xi hpi nhu nghipn hut, HTV, cd bgc... Diy cung chinh la nguydn nhan khiin ty Id Iy hdn d ndng thin gia ting ttong thdi gian qua.
Tiin luong binh quan khu vyc ning fliin nim 2007 li 1.180 nghin ding/thing (bing
66% so vdi khu vuc thinh thi). Cung vdi sy phit friln kinh ti, nim 2010 di cd sy thu hep vl khoing each tiin luang dgt 2.198 nghin ding, bing 77,4% tiln luang binh quan khu vyc thinh thi. Nim 2009 cd tfi 16,1 si hp gia dinh d ning thdn cdn song ttong nhi tgm. Chi cd 10,6% si h i gia dinh d ndng thdn sd dyng nudc miy. Tgi cic xS viing ndng thin khd khan chi cd 4,2% s4, h i gia dinh sd dyng nudc miy. Nim 2010 cd 25,9% s i h i gia dinh d ning thin sii dyng nha vd sinh ty hogi, 12,6% so hp gia dinh khing cd nhi vi sinh. Tgi cic xi viing ning thin khd khin, chi 6,8% sd hi gia dinh ed nhi vd sinh ty hogi, 21,8% so h$
gia dinh khdng cd nhi vd sinh.
Bdn cgnh mit tich eye cua qui trinh CNH, HDH ndng nghidp, ning thdn, vi^c thu hdi dit ning nghiep chuyin sang dat phi ndng nghiip cung di anh hudng rat nhidu den cudc sdng cda ngudi dan. Nguii phy nCt ning thin khong di kilm vipc IJm i n dinh khi khing cdn dit sin xuit. Phg m d Ida tuii 35 ttd len khing ddp dng dupc ydu ciu chuyin min ttong eae khu cing nghidp, nhi miy, buic hg phai "ly huong"
di tim cing in viic lam d cac di tW nhu gidp vide nhi, hoac biion bin nhd di kilm tiin nuii gia dinh. Nam gidi ndng thin thudng rdi qui huong di tim vide lim theo xu hudng di cu nii dia vi xuit khiu lao dpng d nliilu nudc frdn thi gidi di din din tinh ttgng nir hoa ndng nghiip (chu yeu phy nu ginh vac cing viic sin xuit ning
TAP CHi UCH SirBANG - S6 3/201!
THUC HIEN NGHI QUY^T BAI HOI XI CilA BANG
nghidp) vi ldo hoa ndng thdn (da s i nhiing ngudi trung nidn vi cao tuii mdi d Igi qud) vi phy nU hda chit hg gia dinh tren thirc ti (vi nam gidi li chd hg frdn danh nghla Igi di lam in xa). He qua, gia dinh ly tin, con cii thilu ving sy quan tam chim sdc, giao dye thudng xuydn cua cha me, ngudi phy nQ ddng trudc nhQng khd khin lao ding sin xuat, vi sdc khde sinh sin, giQ gin hgnh phdc gia dinh, chim sdc ngudi gia va giio dye con cii.
Mgt sd vdn di dgt rg trgng gidi quyit mdi quan h? gia dinh vd xd hgi ciia phu nU ndng thdn hi?n ngy.
Diiu kiin kinh tl cda da si cic hg gia Aih ning thin, miln nui khd khin, phy nO thilu hyt kiin thuc, ky ning tixing vipc kit hgp thyc hipn hai chdc ning gia dbih vi xi hpi.
Phy nO nong thin chiim s i ddng frong nhQng nginh nghi khdng ddi hii ehuydn mill ky thuit cao, cd thu nh|p thip, dilu kiin lao dgng nghio nin, thdi gian lao dgng kdo dii, viic lim bip binh, dg rdi ro cao, chi dg bio hiim hgn chi. Nguin thu nh|p chinh cua cu din nong thin va phu nQ nong tiiin ndi chung la td ndng nghiip vdi ning xuit tiiip, khing i n djnh do thudng xuydn bi inh hudng bdi thiin tai, dich binh, biin ding gii c i thi tiudng, thiiu viic lim. Hiu hit ngudi ning dan ndng thin khing cd luong huu hoic cac ngudn frg cip xi hii khic. Mit khic, do dinh kiln gidi, phy nQ thudng d vio vi tri li thugc vio ching, phii dim nh|n phin Idn cic
cdng vide gia dinh. Vide dim bao cic quyin tiip can bmh ding trong cac linh vyc cho phu nu ning thin li mdt ttong nhQng ciuin luge quan ttgng ttong cing tic xda ddi giam nghio va phat triin bin vflng cda quic gia. Tuy nhidn, khoaiig cich vl gidi vin cdn tdn tgi ttong vide tidp can cic dich vy CO bin; phy nQ vi em gii ngheo din tic thilu si cdn it ca hpi hpc tgp va chim sdc sue khoe; vin dl tio hin; ngn phin biet dii xu va ngugc (Si phy nQ vi ttd em... li nhihig tp ngn, vi phgm quyen binh ding cua phy nu chua dugc ngan chin cd hiiu qui.
Cic myc tidu vd tidn bg phy nQ vi binh ding.gidi chua dugc cic nginh, cic cip quan tam thyc hidn mpt cich thudng xuydn vi cd hidu qui. Lao ddng nQ chidm ty Id eao ttong ndng nghiip vi mit sd nganh djch vy, song edn it dugc dio tgo nghe, ty le ehuydn ddi nganh nghe phu hgp vdi nhu ciu thi trudng cdn thip.
Trong nhidu gia dinh, sy khong ung hi, chia se trach nhidm vdi ngudi phy nQ cdn hgn chl, ginh ning cing vipc nii frg vin cdn di ning lin vai phu nu vi nhiing cdng vide nay di tiiu tin thdi gian vi sue lyc cua hg.
Theo V.I.Linin: "Mic du cd mgi lugt li giii phdng, nhung phy nQ vin li nd li trong gia dmh, vi nhOng cing viic linh tinh cdn de ning lin lung hg, lim cho hg nghet thd, my mim, nhgc nhan, rang bupc hg vao bip ndc, vio buing con cii, ling phi sdc lyc cua hg vio mdt cdng viic eye ky kem ning suit, tiin mun, lim cho hp nhgc nhin.
TAP CHi LjCH Sir BANG - Sd 3/2012
THUC HIEN NGHI QUY^ BAI HOI XI CilA BANG
din din, b| gd bd"'. Didu do, cd nghla li khdng chi giii phdng phu nQ d ngoii xa hdi ma cdn phii giai phdng hg ngay ttong gia dinh, chia sd, giii phdng ginh ning cdng viic gia dinh di phu nQ cd thdi gian hgc t|p nghi ngoi, giii tri, lim frdn frich nhiim vdi gia dinh vi xi hii.
Ding vi Nha nudc di cd nhiiu chinh sich vi phip lugt vd giii phdng phy nQ vi binh ding gidi, song hien van edn cd nhieu diiu khing thuan lpi cho phy nQ thyc hidn chuc ning gia dinh vi xi hii. Vipc dua chu truong, ehinh sach, phap lugt cda Ding vi Nhi nudc vio thuc tidn vi lim thay dii thyc tien theo chiiu hudng tiln h i vi phit tiiln bin vOng dang edn nhidu thich thdc.
Mit frong nhQng nguydn nhin Ii lanh dgo eic cip, cac nganh, cac doin thl chua quan tim dung mdc den vide quin friit, v|n dyng quan didm gidi vao thyc tiln. Chinh sich dii vdi chd dg nghi thai sin d Viet Nam mdi chi dinh cho nhQng dii tugng nQ frong cic ITnh vyc: Ngudi lim vi$c theo hgp ding lao ddng cd thdi gian du 3 thing frd ldn, cin b i cdng chuc, vidn chdc, cing nhin quic phdng, cong an nhan din, si quan, ha si quan ttong quin dpi. Dii tugng lam ning nghiip, lam nghi budn bin thi chl dp thai sin dudng nhu chua cd sy quan tim cua cic cap, cic nganh.
Vide ttiln khai chinh sach binh ding gidi cdn ch|m vi thidu sy chi dgo tip trung. Cie vin bin hudng din lugt binh ding gidi chua hoin chinh vi thidu ding
bg lim hgn chl khi ning thyc hiin binh ding gidi. Su tham gia cda phy nQ ttong sinh hogt chinh tri cdn hgn chl. Rit nhiSu chi em it quan tim din vide tim hiiu phSp lugt vi chinh sich. Nhiiu chi cm chua y thdc dugc quyin va nghla vy cing dSn cda minh ttong viic bau cd, dng cd vao cac CO quan dan cd. Chiin luge vd binh ding gidi giai dogn 2011-2020 cdn ch|m friln khai d vung ndng thdn, miln nili.
Vide truyen thdng rdng rii ve lugt binh ding gidi ehua mang igi hidu qui cao, Dpi ngu ein bg lim cdng tic binh ding gidi vi vi sy tidn b i cda phy nQ dang ttong qui trinh khdng dn dinh, tgi cic tinh da phan chua cd ein b i ehuydn frich, yiu vl kiln thdc, hgn chl trong ky ning hojt dpng. Van dd dit ra la dii mdi vide thtrc hipn va hoan thiin chinh sach dii vdi ph(i nQ phii xuit phat tu tiing ggi thyc tiln, phii cd quan diim gidi va sy phit triini tim hiiu ngudi phu nQ dang sing nhu thi nao, hg dang mong muon gi, phii bit dk tu diu dd timg budc cai thidn vi ning cao ning lyc vi giii phong phy nQ.
Mgt s i giai phip thyc hipn Luit binh ding gidi, nang cao vi thi cda phy nQ:
- Gidi phdp ndng cao nhgn thirc. Cho den nay, mgt trong nhOng nguydn nhin chd ydu cin ttd cong cuic giii phdng phg nQ vin la nguydn nhan nh|n thdc. Dinh kiln gidi, tu tudng frgng nam khinh nO vin cdn tin tgi dai ding td trong gia dinh din ngoii xa hgi. Cing tic tuyin truyin
TAP CHi UCH Sir BANG - S6 3/2012
THirC HIEN NGHI QUY£T BAI HOI XI COA DANG
cin phai lam thay dii nhgn thuc v i thai dg cua toin xa hgi, cua dgi ngu cin bg chu chdt, die bipt dii vdi phu nQ vl quan hi gidi, thiy dugc khoing cich bit binh ding giQa vg va ching, giOa nam vi nQ. Die bipt tgp trung vao cic dii tugng phy ntt vi frd em d nong thdn, vung siu, vdng xa, vdng dan tic thiiu s i dl hg h; bio vp quyen Igi eua minh. Thue hiin tit Cdng udc quic tl, xoi bd hinh thdc phan biit, dii xd vdi phy nQ, kidn quyit diu tranh ching tp phin bipt dii xd vdi phy nO, ngugc dii phy nQ vi ttd em.
- Gidj phdp tdng cuong an sinh xd hgi ndng thdn. Cin dim bio tidp c|n binh ding cho phy nQ ning thin. Dim bio cic diiu kiin dl phy nQ thyc hipn quyin binh ding trong linh vuc lao dgng va vide lam thing qua dim bio du dit canh tic, cic nguin lyc ca bin vi xac dinh chi tidu thu hut lao dgng nQ vi viic lim mdi. Trudc mit ein ed chinh sich hd frg lao dgng ngheo, ngudi thit nghiip, thilu viic lim d ning thin. Ting cudng cd hiiu qui cac chuong trinh tin dyng uu dii dl phit ttiln nginh nghi truyin thing, tiiu thd cing nghiip, cing nghidp vi dich vu ndng thdn nhim tgo vi^c lim, thyc hi|n chuyin dich eo ciu lao ding tgi nong thin. Md rgng dii tugng vay vin dii vdi kmh tl ttang trgi vi cic doanh nghipp su dyng nhiiu lao ding d ning thin. Diu tu mgng ludi trung tim dich vy viic lim din t|n ca sd thdn, xi qua cic phuang tiin thing tin, truyin
hinh bang c i tiing dan tdc. Kinh nghidm quic td di ehi ra ring, niu phu nQ ning thin dugc tiip c|n tu liiu sin xuit mit each binh ding, bao gdm quydn sd hQu dat dai thi san lugng ning nghiep se tang vi si ngudi thilu ddi trin thl gidi sd giim di tu 100 din 150 triiu ngudi.
Hoan thidn cic qui dinh vi ting cudng viic giam sat thuc hidn eic chinh sich dii vdi lao ding nQ nhim dim bao tinh hi|u qui va cing bing frong chi'nh sich dio tgo nghi, bio hiim xa hii, bio hp lao dgng vi chi d i nghi huu. Xay dung he thong eg sd dQ liiu vl thi trudng lao ding vi dao tgo nghi vdi cic thdng tin tich biit theo gidi tinh. Phit fridn cic trung tim dio tgo nghi va gidi thidu vide lim cho phu ntt. Cd ehinh sich uu dii doi vdi CO quan, doanh nghiep cd ty Id nQ trdn 70%. Tang eudng kha ning tiip c|n cua phy nQ doi vdi cic nguin vin tin dyng, vdn tu chuong ttinh xoi ddi giim ngheo, tao diiu kiin dd phu nil dugc t|p huin vl quan ly va sd dung eic nguin vin niy mgt each ed hieu qui. Md ring dii tugng tham gia bao hidm x i hdi bit buic, bio hiim xa hii ty nguyen, bao hiim thit nghiip, xay dyng chinh sich bao hiim ndng ngliidp, thyc hidn bio hiim y ti, chira sdc sue khde cho tri era, phu nQ mang thai, ngudi eao tuii, ngudi khuyit tat, ding bio eae din tpc thiiu si, cac xi vung d}c biit khd khin. Md ring dii tugng hudng chinh sich trg giup xi hgi.
TAP CHi L|CH Sir B A N G - Sd 3/2012
THi;C HIEN NGHI QUYtl BAI HOI XI CUA BANG
giim din tuii hudng frg giup thudng xuyin cho ngudi gii khing cd luong huu hoic trg cap bio hidm x i hdi; bd sung thdm trg cip eho dii tugng ngheo kinh nidn, ning mdc hd frg tii thilu. Xay dyng chinh sich hd frg tidn mit thudng xuyen dii vdi frd em ngheo frong d i tuii cap hgc phi thing nhim ting cudng ea hgi nhit li fre gii dugc din trudng.
Cii thipn sue khoe cda phy nQ bing viic ning cao nhin thdc v i thay dii hinh vi chim sdc sdc khoe frong viic cung cip cic djch vy y t l va kd hoach hoi gia dinh.
Cung c i mgng ludi y tl eo sd, bao gim viic tu vin vi sue khoe sinh sin vi kd hogch hoi gia dinh, cd bien phip tich eye khuyin khich sd dyng eic biin phip trinh thai. Dim bio phy nQ nghdo dugc tiip c|n cic dich vy ehim sd^ sue khoe mit cich thugn Igi. Nang cao chat lugng cac dich vy chim sdc trudc, trong vi sau sinh. Thyc hidn cac hipn phip hgn chi liy nhilm HIV/AIDS vi cie bpnh vidm nhilm dudng sinh dye. Xay dyng h§
thong dQ liiu vl binh nghd nghipp. Ning cao trinh d i cua cin b i y td va chit lugng phyc vy tgi cic co sd chira sdc sue khod phy nQ vi fre em.
Gidm ddn gdnh ngng cang vi4c gia dinh chg phy nir thdng qua chu frpng diu tu vio cdng nghi phye vy gia duih cd quy mi nhd, cic dy in nudc sgch vi nang lupng d ndng thin. Phit triin vi td chuc lai hp tiling nha tie, mau giio va phit ding cic cliiin
dich hiyin tiuydn gido due vl chia sd trfeh nhipm gia dinh giQa tit ca cic thinh vidn. '?
Gidi phdp vdn hoa gidg due: Nang cao trinh d i vin hda, trinh dp t i chuc quan IJ kinh t l cho phu nu gidp cho phy nO lam tot frich nhidra cing dan, ngudi lao dpng, ngudi mp, ngudi vg ngudi thiy ttong gia dmh. Can cd nhQng chuong trinh tap huin di ning cao hieu biet vi phip lugt cho phy ntt dl hg lim tdt quyin vi ttich nhi^m cdng din.
Phy ntt ning thin Vi|t Nam ttong thM ky mdi niu duge su quan tim hi ttg tich eye tu phia khich quan cung vdi sy nd lyc chu quan sd cd co hgi ddng gdp ngiy cing nhiiu cho xi hpi, tgo vi thl cho bin than.
Nhin Ngiy Quic tl Phy ntt (8-3), Lien hpp quic di kdu ggi cing ding quic tl ni IiK gip dii dl dim bio phim gii, binh ding, thue diy cie quyin vi y tl, giio dye vi trao quyin eho phy ntt, die bidt li phy nil 4 ndng thin. Chinh phu Viit Nam dang tich eye thue diy binh ding gidi, ttao quyk cho phu nO thing qua vide thyc hipn c4c chinh sich, chuong trinh lidn quan binh ding gidi. Trong dd, bio dam quyin binh ding ttong eic linh vuc cho phy ntt nong thin la mgt trong nhttng chiin luge quan ttong nhim xda ddi giam ngheo, phit trien bin vQng.
1. V.lLenin Todn Igp, Nxb Tien bp, M, 1977, T. 39, ti-. 27, 28.
40 TAP CHi UCH Sir BANG - Sd 3/2012
