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nil L|CHDl TJCH LICH Sil VAN HOA NGHE AN V a i P H A T T R i i N DU LICH
DUONG THj VAN ANH
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rai qua hang ngan nam ljch su. tren dja ban tinh Nghe An da hinh thanh nen mpt he thdng di tich lich sir - van hoa dd so, minh ehirng cho nhirng thdi ky phat trien ciia lich su. Moi di lich deu mang tren minh nhiing gia trj to ldn ca ve ljch sir, van hda, khoa hpc. He thdng di tich lich sit van hoa phong phii ve sd lugng va da dang ve loai hinh da phan nao dap irng dupc nhu cau thong lin, giai tri va Ihudng thuc van hda ciiacdng ddng dan cu dia phuang. Viec khai thac va phat huy gia tri cac di tich da thiet thyc phuc vu cho ddi sdng van hda cua cdng ddng, giao due truyen thdng yeu nudc ciia the he Ire, giiip nhgn thirc ciia loan xa hgi ve vai ird, y nghTa, gia tri cua dl san vSn hda ndi chung. di tich lich sir van hda va danh Iam thang canh ndi rieng ngay cang
dugc nang cao. Bao ve di lich, phat huy gia tri cua di tich phye vu sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda.
hien dai hda dat nudc d3 trd thanh nhiem vu quan trgng cua loan dan. Hang chuc di tich dugc xep hang va tu bo trong may chyc nam qua da the hien nhOng nd luc to ldn ciia lanh dao va nhan dan trong tinh. Ve co ban he thdng di tich cua tinh Nghe An da dugc bao ve. cham sdc va tu bd bao dam kha nang tdn tai lau dai. Tuy nhien, phat huy gia tri di tich vao phat trien hogt ddng du hch nham nang cao ddi song kinh te xa
La mot tinh nam d trung tam khu vuc Bac Trung Bp, dat rpng nguoi ddng, voi dien tich 16.490,25km^ Idn nhat ca nude;
dan so hon 2,9 trieu ngudi, dung thir tu ca nudc; hpi tu day dii cac tuyen giao thdng dudng bp, dudng sat, dudng hang khong, dudng bien, dudng thuy npi dja; dieu kien ty nhien phong phii, da d^ng nhu mot Viet Nam thu nhd..., Nghe An la manh d4t dja linh nhan kiet co truyen thong tir lau ddi (1).
hdi cho dia phuang van la mdi van de can quan tam.
Di tich lich sir van hda la lai san vd gia trong kho tang di san van hda lau ddi cua dan tde, la nhirng chimg tich vat chat phan anh sau sac nhSt ve dac trung van hda, cgi ngudn va truyen thing dau tranh dyng nudc, gi& nudc hao hiing, vT dai CLia cpng ddng cac dan tgc Viet Nam, dong thdi la mgt bd phan cau thanh kho lang di san van hda nhan loai. Vdi nhiJng gia trj nhu tren, cac di tich lich su van hda la bg phan dac biet trong co cau tai nguyen du lich.
Cac di lich do, ca ve mat ndi dung lln hinh thitc, deu c6 kha nang lao nen sire hap dan manh me.
Cac di tich lich sir van hda vdn da mang trong minh rat nhieu gia trj vgt chat, ddng thdi dang sau nd cdn bao ham ca gia trj phi vat the lgo nen mdt tdng the hai hda, mang den cho con ngudi nhijng gia tri to Idn.
Theo Ludt Di sdn vdn hda dugc Quoc hdi khda X ky hpp thir 9 thdng qua ngay 29-6-2001, thi; "Di tich ljch sir - van hda la cdng trinh xay dyng, dia diem va cac di vat, cd vat, bao vgt qudc gia thudc cdng trinh, dja diem do cd gia tri lich sir, van hda, khoa hgc"(2).
Theo dd, de dugc coi la mgi di tich lich su van hda, chiing phai thda man nam tieu chi sau:
La cac cdng trinh xay dyng, dia dilm gdn vdi
So 3621 Thang 8-20141
cac su ki?n tieu bieu trong qua trinh dyng nudc va giii nudc cua dan tgc, chang han nhu: den thd vua Quang Trung, den thd Mai Hac De...
La cac cdng trinh xay dung, dja diem gan vai than Ihl va sy nghiep ciia anh hiing dan tpc.
danh nhan cua dat nudc Uong suot tien trinh phat triln ciia Hch sii ciia dan tgc: vi dy nhu khu di tich Kim Lien (Nam Dan - Nghe An) gSn vdi anh himg dan tgc, danh nhan vSn hda the gidi Hd Chi Minh, di lich luu niem Phan Bgi Chau, khu luu ni?m Le Hdng Phong...
La cdng trinh xay dyng. dia diem gan vdi cac sy kien lich sir tieu bieu ciia thdi ky each mang. khang chiln, chang han Nga Ba Ben Thiiy, Cdn Md, Trudng Bdn, cum di tich lang Dd Hung Diing...
La dja diem cd gia tri tieu bieu ve khao co phan anh tien trinh phat trien eita ljch sir tpc ngudi, qudc gia, dan tpc.
La quan the kien tnic hoac cong trinh kien iriic dan le cd gia In lieu bieu ve kien triic, nghp thual ciia mot hoac nhieu giai dogn trong lich sit, chang hgn den Hong San, Thanh cd Vinh...
Tir cac lieu chi do, theo Dilu 11 Nghj djnh sd 98/20I0/ND-CP Quy djnh chi tilt thi hanh mgt sd dilu ciia Luat Di san van hda va Lual siia doi, bd sung mdt so dieu ciia Luat Di san van hda, di tich duoc thanh 4 logi: di tich ljch su(di tich luu niem sy kien, di tich luu nipm danh nhan); di tich kien inic nghe thugt; di tich khao cd; danh lam thang canh. C) Nghe An cd day dQ cac loai di tich nay, trai dai tren dia ban loan tinh vdi tren 1000 di lich ljch su van hda, trong do cd gan 150 di tich lich sir van hda da dugc xep hang thupc cac logi hinh.
Di tich lich sir van hda la nhu:ng cdng trinh xay dyng, dia diem, dd vat. tai lieu va tac pham cd gia trj lich sii, khoa hpc, nghe thuat ciing voi gia tri van hda khac hoac cd lien quan den nhihig su kien lich sit, qua trinh phat trien van hoa, \i hpi tieu bieu d Nghe An cd den Cudng. den Ihi Mai Thuc Loan, den Bach Ma. den thd Nguyin Xi. niii Lam Thanh, niii Dung Quyet - Phuong Hoang Trung Dd... Ditich ljch sir Nghp An phan anh ljch sit dau tranh dung nudc va giii nudc ciia ngudi dan xii Nghe trong timg giai doan ljch sit
Khu di tich Kim Li§n, Nam Ddn, Ngh# An. Anh Qu6c Quy BTl So 362
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, eiia dan lpc; ddng thdi, qua he thdng di tich nay, cd Ihl hiiu va khang dinh vai trd, vi tri ciia Nghe
^ An trong lich sir dan tgc Viet Nam.
Di lich each mang la di tich ghi dSu nhiing CO sd each mang, nhiing phong trao dku tranh , each mgng ciia nhan dan Ngh? An duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang cpng san Viel Nam, Tieu bilu cho loai hinh di tich nay d Nghe An la he thdng di tich Xd Vilt Nghe TTnh nhu: md cac chiln sT hy sinh trong ngay 12-9 d Thai Lao - Hung Nguyen; dinh V5 Liet; dinh Quynh Ddi, lang Dd Hung Dung, di lich Trang Ke d Yen Thanh, di tich nha cu Vi Van Khang a Mdn San, Con Cudng; Nga ba Bin Thuy... Nhiing di tich thai ky chong My cuu nudc lieu bieu cd Truong B6n, cpt moc sd 0 - dudng mdn H6 Chi Minh...
Di tich luu niem danh nhan: Thien nhien va con ngudi xir Nghg ludn gan bd vdi nhau; thien nhien ciing lich sir.da hun diic nen con ngudi xii Nghe. Nha tho, nha yeu nudc Nguyin Xuan On titng thdt Ien:
Non nu&e Chdu Hoan dep tuyet vai Sinh ra trung nghia biet bao ngu&i. (3) Nhirng con ngudi xii Nghe da gdp cdng sue, tri tup ciia minh tao cho van hda xu Nghe cd ban sac dan lpc ddc dao. Dd la nhiing con ngudi mang irong minh nhung due tinh: khi xdng pha lita dgn thi anh dung hy sinh, khi chiu dyng gian khd thi gan gdc lam li; khi theo viec ldn, viec nghTa thi thiiy chung son sat. Chinh hg da hy sinh trgn cupc ddi minh cho dpc lap ciia Id qudc, ty do cda nhan dan va da de lai cho que huong mpt he thdng cac di tich luu niem danh nhan.
Trong so 26 di lich luu niem danh nhan, cd cac tigu bieu: khu di lich luu niem Chii lich Hd Chi Minh d Kim Lign. nh^ cu Phan Bdi Chau d Nam Dan. nha ddng chi Le Hdng Phong d Hung Nguyen, nha ddng chi Phan Dang Luu d Ygn Thanh, nha thd cu Ho An Nam va nha cu Hd Tiing Mgu d Quynh Luu... H4U het cac di tich luu niem danh nhan cua Nghe An diu dugc bao ldn va phat huy tdi tac dyng giao dye truyen thdng cho thi he tre. Dac bipt, Khu di tich Kim Lien hang nam phuc vu hang chyc trieu lugt khach thgp phuong hanh huong vl que Ngudi.
Di tich kiln triic nghp thuat d Nghe An la
nhiing cdng trinh van hda cd kien triic cd, dep, thudng la nhCmg ngdi dinh, den, chiia, mieu cd gia tri tieu bilu trong cac giai dogn phat trien nghe thugt kign true ciia dan tgc, vi dy: den Hdng Son, den Quang Trung, dgn thd Vua Mai, thanh co Vinh...
Di tich khao cd hgc: Tieu bieu nhu van hda Son Vi. Ddi Diing. Doi Rang (Thanh Chuang);
trong nhigu hang dpng d cac huyen Qug Phong, Quy Chau, Quy Hgp, Tan Ky, Con Cudng, Tuong Duong da phat hien dugc cac di chi khao cd hpc thudc van hda Hda Binh; cdn Sd Diep (Quynh Van, Quynh Luu) la di chi khao cd hgc tigu bieu ciia thai ky da mdi cd nien dgi each ngay nay 2000 din 2500 nam...
Danh lam thang canh d Nghe An la nhCfng canh quan ihien nhign, dia digm cd sy ket hgp giiia canh quan thien nhien vdi cdng trinh kien triic cd gia tri lich sir, ihim my. tigu bigu nhu:
nui Quygt va khu vyc Phupng hoang Trung Dd, khu di tich den Cudng nui Md Da..,
Tat ca cac di tich lich sir van hda noi tren diu mang nhiing gia trj ldn Iao, ngoai phan vgt chSt mang nhiing gia iri kiln Inic nghe thual cd thi nhin thay dugc thi an chira bgn trong nd nhiing gia tri tinh than vd ciing ldn lao, la cac tkng ldp y nghTa gan lign vdi sy ra ddi va tdn tai ciia di tich, Chinh phan hdn dd da lam ngn gia tri vl mat lich sir. van hda tam Hnh, tu tudng... niu keo budc chan du khach. Den vdi di tich lich su lien quan tdi su kien hoSc nhan vgt lich sit cd nhihig ddng gdp, anh hudng tdi sy tien bd cua lich sir dan tgc, khach tham quan nhu dupc dpc cudn sir ghi chep ve nhung con ngudi, nhiing sy kien tieu bieu, dupc cam nhan mdi each chan Ihyc ve lich sir, nhthig cam nhgn khdng de cd dupc khi chi dpc nhirng lu lieu ghi chep ciia ddi sau. Hay ddi vdi di tich kien triic nghe thugt gia trj the hien d quy hoach tdng the va bd cyc kiln tnic. d sy ket hgp hai hda giua kiln tnic vdi canh quan, d nhiing hire chgm khac tren kit cdu gd, d ve dep thanh thien ciia nhung pho tupng cd, d net chain tinh xao cua nhiing dd thd ty... Cdn cac di tich, di vat khao cd hpc la ngudn sit lieu quan trpng giiip viec bien soan lich sir trai dSt va lich sit dan tpc lir thdi tiln/so su tdi cac thdi
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ky lich sir sau nay. Chiing la minh chung cho sy phat trien tien hda ciia loai ngudi, vi vgy nd cd gia trj lich su van hda sau sac. Bgn canh he thdng di tich thi danh lam thang canh ihudng dupc kit hgp giCra cdng trinh tdn giao tin ngudng vdi canh quan thien nhien dep. Nghe An la viing cd dia hinh va khi hgu nhu mgt Viet Nam thu nhd ihudc mign nhiet ddi, trai dai tren nhigu vT luyen, cd rimg vang bien bgc vdi mdt he ddng thyc vat dgc biet phong phii va nhigu hang dgng ky thit du sue hap dan mgi du khach.
Ngay nay, du ljch dugc coi la mdt trong nhimg phuang tien hang dau de trao ddi van hda.
la ddng lyc tich cyc cho viec bao ve di san van hda, di san thign nhign va da thanh mot phiic hgp ddng vai trd chii yeu trong cac ITnh vyc kinh te, chinh trj. xa hdi. van hda, giao due. sinh thai va tham my... Dd la mdi tuong tac giita du ljch va di san van hoa ngu tai Cdng udc qudc te ve du lich van hda da dugc ICOMOS thdng qua tai ky hpp Dgi hdi ddng Ian thit 12 d Mexico nam 1999.
Mdt sd muc lieu dang chit y ciia Cdng udc: "Tao digu kien thugn Igi va khuyen khich nganh kinh doanh du lich day manh va quan ly du ljch theo hudng tdn trpng va phat huy di san va cac van hda dang ldn tai.... tao dilu kien thuan lgi va khuyen khich ddi thoai giiira nhirng ngudi chiu trach nhiem vg di san va nhung ngudi kinh doanh du lich nham lam hp hieu ro han tam quan trpng va linh chat mdng manh dl hdng ciia cac tdng thg di san, eac suu tap, cac van hda dang tdn tai, ke ca sy can thiet phai dam bao mgt tuong lai bin virng cho nhiing di san dd"(4).
Cac nha l§nh dao tinh Nghe An cung ngay cang quan tam dgn van de phat tnen du ljch trong muc tieu phat trien lau dai, bin virng, dua du lich trd Ihanh nganh kinh le mui nhpn. Muc tieu nay da dugc cu thg hda vdi cac quan dilm, myc lieu, dinh hudng ciing nhu cac giai phap phat trien cua du lich Nghe An. Trong dd, "td chitc phat trien thanh pho Vinh ird thanh trung tam du ljch ciia tinh va vung B4C Trung Bd vdi nhigu logi hinh djch vu va san ph5m du ljch chdt lugng cao"(5) la hudng td chiic khdng gian phat trien du ljch dau tien ciia Nghe An. Viec chii trpng bao tdn he thdng tai nguyen nhan van, phat
trien du lich tham quan, nghien ciru ljch su va van hda... da tgo mdt hanh lang phap ly thuln Igi cho cdng tac quy hoach. phat trien hogt dpng du ljch d cac di lich ljch sir van hda ciia Ngh?
An. Tuy nhign, trgn thyc tg, hogt ddng du ljch a cac dl tich lich sir van hda tinh Nghe An con nhigu hgn che.
Ket qua dieu Ira ciia tac gia dg tai nghien ciru khoa hgc cap trudng ve van de Ddnh gid hoal ddng du lich a cdc hdo ldng vd di lich lich sic van hoa cua tinh Nghe An cho thay, myc dich ciia ngudi dan khi den vdi cac di tich lich sir van hda rat da dgng, trong dd cd dgn 67% nham thoa man nhu cau tam linh. 10% nham myc dich tim hieu. nghien ciru va 23% nham cac myc dich khac nhu tham quan ngam canh. di theo phong trao... Trong dd. cd 42% sd ngudi di theo doan khach du lich do cac co quan doan the Id chirc (37%) la doan du lich do mua tour ciia cac du lich di ngang qua Vinh va tien thg ghe tham). 48%
di cimg gia dinh va i 0 % di mpt minh. Thdi gian dugc du khach lya chpn tham quan chii ygu vao miia ll hdi va dau nam chilm 81% va 19% la thdi gian di du ljch vao thdi gian rdi bat ky Irong nam, Dieu nay cho thay hogt dgng du lich d cac khu di tich lich sir van hda chii yeu vao miia le hdi dau nam. tap trung vao dau thang gigng cho den thang 3 am Hch hang nam, ma chinh vu la khoang ram thang gieng cho den giira thang 2 am lich cd cudng dp du Hch manh nhat,
Tren thyc te hien nay. mac dii cac di lich hch sir van hda da dugc chii trpng phat huy gia tri tren phuang dien du lich, tuy nhign so vdi tiem nang ciia nd thi viec khai thac cdn chua hieu qua. Nghe An chii yeu mdi khai thac mdt sd di lich ndi bat nhu khu di lich Kim Lien, Nam Dan gan lien vdi than Ihg que huong ciia Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh vT dai. Hon 55 nam thanh lap va md cua phuc vy du khach, den nay khu di tich Kim Lign da ddn tigp hem 30 trieu lupt ngudi den tham vieng, bao cdng. tudng niem, Iham quan du ljch, nghien citu va hgc tap tu tudng tim guong dao due ciia Ngudi, binh quan moi nam ddn han 2 Iripu lugt ngudi (6). Ngoai ra. chii ylu la nhan dan dja phuang den cac di tich tdn giao tin ngudng dg dap ung nhu cSu vl tam linh.
I
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ICH Trong thdi gian qua, viec khai Ihac tai nguygndu Hch van hda d Nghe An da cd su tien togn.
nhung chua dgt dugc hieu qua cao do cac nguyen nhan chii quan va khach quan. Tren thuc te cac diem di lich lich sir d Nghe An hdu hgt deu cd quy md nhd, phan bd khdng ddng nhdt, khoang each giiia cac di lich each xa nhau, mdi lien quan giiia cac digm di tich lai khdng mat thiet va it cd su lien hoan din din viec lign ket cac diem du ljch cdn hgn chg. khdng thuan Igi cho giao thdng di lai. Mat khac. digu kien thai tigl ciia mien Trung nang gid khac nghiet cung Iam anh hudng din viec bao tdn cac khu di tich nhu hien trgng ban dau, nhigu di tich da bi xudng cap nghiem trpng, cd nai chi cdn phan tich truyen khdng cdn phan di vat. khd khan trong vipc truyen tai nhung ndi dung van hda dgn cho khach du lich. Viec dau tu, tu bd tdn lao cac di tich cdn ii, dan trai va khdng trpng tam, ddn den cd nhieu digm di tich ljch sii nhung it cd ban s3c. Do vay vdn dg khai thac cac lai nguygn van hda phye vu cho chien lupc phat trign du ljch d Nghe An cdn hgn che, quy md cdn chua rdng, chua cd chieu sau. Sd diem du ljch van hda de thu hul khach du Hch qudc te den tham quan cdn chua nhieu. Phan Idn cac di tich ljch sit khac mdi chi thu hiit dugc ngudi dan dia phuong den dang huong, dang hoa vao cac ngay ll, ngay hgi hay phuc vy cho cac boat dpng giao dye tuyen truygn each mang cho tang Idp thanh thieu nien tgi dja phuong.
Van de dat ra la can cd nhiing chinh sach va giai phap cu the de vita phat trien du lich d nhiing di tich cd tilm nSng va ddng thai kip thdi triing tu, tdn lao nhimg di tich cd nguy ca bj thdi gian pha huy. Hon nira, can cd nhiing giai phap cu the de khai thac het tiem nang du ljch cua cac di tich lich sit vSn hda, phat trien logi hinh du lich tam linh ket hgp vdi giai tri dg thu hiit ddng dao khach du lich gan xa den voi Nghp An.
Dg cd the giai quyet tdi vdn dl bao ldn va phat huy gia trj di tich lich sit v5n hda d Nghe An, can hudng din cac giai phap sau:
Tuyen truyen van dgng, nang cao y thitc trach nhiem ciia ngudi dan thdng qua cac ldp tap hudn, cac khda hgc cd lign quan din du ljch va van hda ung xit irong kinh doanh du Hch; y thitc
trach nhiem cua cdng ddng trong viec bao ve, tdn tgo va xay dyng cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng, bao ve mdi trudng tgi cac diem tham quan du ljch.
DSu tu nang cdp, tu bd, tdn tao cd trpng tam cac di tich ljch sit van hda, ll hpi truyen thdng, phong luc tap quan... ciia dja phuang, nhdm bao vp, gin giii nhung gia tri van hda vat thg. phi vat the.
Phat triln cac nghi thii cdng truygn thdng, chii trpng thdi hdn vao cac lang nghe de hogt ddng ciia cac lang nghe dugc ty nhien va dem lai hipu qua de cung cdp nhung san pham luu niem ddc dao va cd hdn cho khach du Hch nham dat myc tieu vg kinh te ciing nhu nhiing gia trj van hda cho khach du lich.
Ban hanh co che chinh sach phdi ket hgp chat che giiia cac sd, ban, nganh va dja phuang trong tinh de tgo dyng mdi trudng du lich van minh. an toan va than thipn.
Dao tgo nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn ciing nhu phong each phuc vu ciia cac thuylt minh vien, can bp cdng nhan vien va ngudi dan tai cac diem du lieh vl cac kign thuc lich su, van hda va trinh dp ngoai ngii.
Day nhanh tde dp ddu tu ciia cac du an dang trien khai de.dua vao phye vy cho khach du lich dac biet tai cac diem du ljch van hda tren con dudng di san mien Trung.
Day mgnh cdng tac tuyen truyin quang ba ddi vdi nhiing san pham du ljch van hda da dang va se dua vao khai thac su dung nham thu hiit khach du lich den Nghp An J
D.TVA
1. So van hoa Thong tin Nghe An. Ngli^An, di lich - danh thdng, Nxb Ngh? An, 2005.
2. Lupt Di sdn van hoa, Nxb Chinh tn Quoc gia. Ha Npi, 2001.
3. Trin Ba Chi, Danh nhdn Ngh$ TTnh. Nxb Ngh^
TTnh, 1982.
4. Cong uoc quoc te ve du ljch van hoa da dugrc ICOMOS thong qua tai ky hpp D?! hpi dong l^n thir 12 6 Mexico nam 1999.
5. Quyel d|nh 2737/QD-UBND,VX vl viec phe duy?l Quy ho3ch long the phat trien du ljch Ngh? An den n5m 2020.
6. Bao di?n tir Dang Cpng san, c?p nhgt ngay 10-2-2013.
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