HSHIEN cdu CHlNH TBI-xi Ml
MOI QUAN HE GlO^A XAY DUNG CHINH QUYEN VA DAO VE CHiNH QUYEN CACH MANG
TRONG GIAI DOAN 1945-1946
T
rong sy Ifln tai vfl phfit triln eda ehinh quyin thi xfiy dyng ehinh quyfin vfi blo v6 chinh quyfin Ifi hai van dfi nhung lai d mli quan he bien ehffng hfi frp va ttide day nhau, gan bd hffu ro vfi thing nhat vd nhau. Muon blo vfi dupc chinh quyfin Ihl phli xfiy dyng ehinh quyfin.Xfiy dyng ehlnh quyfin rang III thi blo v6 ehinh quyfin efing vffng ehac ban. Do la mflt quy luat.
Trong nhffng nam 1945 -1946, Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam da nhan thflc ddng quy luat dfl vfi da gill quyll rat thfinh cflng van d l nfiy Irfin thye l l dat nuflc la ldc bay giP.
Cfich mang Ihfing Tam nam 1946 ttianh efing, nude ViSt Nam Dfin ehd Cflng hfla vffa md ra dd dfi phli duong dau vd nhffng khd khan, thff thach rat nghifim trcing edng mpt Ide phli ehong chpi vd rat nhilu thff giae: Gific dfli, giac dit va dae bifit la giac ngoai xfim lu lupt kfio vfio nudc ta vd fim muu lat d l chinh quyfin mfi nhfin dfin vffa md gifinh duoc.
Ngay sau ngfiy tuyfin bo dde lap, ngfiy 03 - 9 - 1945, trong phifin hpp diu fifin cda Chinh phd nudc Vifit Nam Dfin chd Cfing hda da nSu 6 nhipm vy d p bfieh: Phfit dpng ngay ehiln djeh tang gia sin xuat de ehing dd; Md ngay chiln djeh ching nan mu chff; T l chffc dng sdm cfing t i l eufie Ting tuyin eff vd chl dp phi Ihdng diu philu, thyc hifin quyin ly do, dfin chd eda nhfin dfin; Md chifin djch giao dye d n , kifim, lifim.
HOANG THI THAM*
chinh d l bfii Str thfli hu, lal xau do chl dp thyc dan d l lai... Tilp do, tff ngfiy 10 dfin ngay 11-9- 1945, Hdi nghj Can bp Blc Ky eda Oing de ra rae nhifim vy vS chinh tti, qufin sy, kinh t l , tai chinh, van hoa, xa hpi, trang dd "nhifim vu ehinh, trpng Ifim trong ide nay la edng efi ehfnh quyin, ddng ehinh trj, ngoai giao, qufin sy d l giff vffng nin dpe lap""'. Ngfiy 25 -11 -1945, trong Chithj
"Khfing chiln kiln quic" Ding xfic djnh nhifim vu edng c l ehfnh quyin ifi nhifim vu trung tfim, nhifim vu bao triim. O l cung d ehfnh quyin rach mang Chi thj nfiu ro, Ide nfiy nhfin dfin Vifil Nam phii ddng thd tiln hanh hai nhifim vy ehifin lupc:
Khang chiSn va kiln quic. Khang chiln d l gid vffng dpe lap dfin tpe, giff vffng ehfnh quyfin rach mang, cPn kifin qufie de xay dyng ehfnh quyin nhfin dfin, xfiy dyng ehi dp xa hpi md. Khfing chiln vfi kiln quoc, blo vfi vfi xfiy dyng chfnh quyfin gin bd vd nhau. Cd khfing ehiln, cd kiln qufie, cdng cufic xfiy dyng vfi blo vfi chfnh quyfin nhat djnh thfinh edng. Chd tieh Hfi Chf Minh nfli:
"Khfing ehifin phli S\ ddi vd kiln quia Khfing ehifin cfl thing Ipi thi kiln qufic md thfinh cflng.
KiSn qufic cfl ehac thanh cflng, khang chiln mdl mau thing Ipl"'^'.
Thyc hifln ehd ttuong frfin, d miln Nam nhfin dfin vffa kifin quylt d m sdng dfinh gific bio vl
* Tlige si, TrUdng Dgi hoc ThUdng mgi.
52
/ ' Ddng Cdng sdn Vilt Nam: Vdn kiln Bdng Todn tdp, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, H, 2000, tdp 8 tr. 5 - 6.
2 - Hd Chi Minh: Todn tdp, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, H, 2011, tap 4, tr. 114.
TAP CHi GlAO Dgc LY LUAN • 8(5 S 6 228 (4/201!
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NSHIEN cdu CHlHH TBI • XiHdl
chinh quyin, vffa hang hfii Oil dua lao dpng, sin Tuy xae djnh van dfi blo ve ehinh quyfin va xuat day manh nhifim vy xfiy dyng, edng eo ehinh van dfi xfiy dyng ehinh quyin cd quan he gin quyfin. Dud bom dan giap nhfin dfin miln Nam bd trong mpt the thong nhat, nhung Oing vin t l chffe ling tuyin cd tham gia biu cff Quic khflng coi hai van dfi ldc nfio eung nhat Ioal hpi chung cda el nude. Nhifiu ding chi, ding bfio ngang nhau. Trong tffng thdi dilm, vd tffng dfi hy sinh anh dung, nhung ding bfio mifin Nam deu kien, hoan d n h cy ttil, efl Ide Ding nhan dfi d nhffng dai bilu xffng dfing lham gia cdng manh van dS blo ve ehinh quyen, lai ro Ide Ding nim giff ehinh quyfin d p Trong uong. 6 rae dja roi frpng van d l xfiy dyng chinh quyin ban. Khi phuang, nhilu nd do sffe djch manh chinh quyin miln Nam ro chiln tranh, van dfi blo vfi ehinh deh mang tam thd phli nit lui, tham ehi d ldc quyfin lai dupe dal ISn hfing diu. Ding ehi l l tam ttid tan ra. Nhung sau dd, cuflc khfing chifin chffe nhan dan biu cff chinh quyin chinh thffc d da tao nhffng d i u kifin day manh xfiy dyng ehinh nhffng nd cfl difiu kien vfi d nhffng nd khfic nhfin quyin vfi thyc t l cho thay ehinh quyin dupe edng dfin van giff hinh thffc ehinh quyfin iam thd.
d thi sfi phfit triln thyc Iyc nhanh chdng mfi thde Nhung d mien Blc difiu kien eho phflp Ding dua day khfing ehifin tiln ISn. Ngay dli vd nhffng dia vfin de xfiy dyng ehfnh quyin ISn trudc Song, phuong ehua xiy ra chiln sy frong kfi hoaeh xfiy nhin ehung trong ea nude van d l blo vfi chinh dyng ehlnh quyin diu cfl phuong fin dfinh djch d i quyin cda nhfin dfin vln la van d l chd ylu.
blo vfi chinh quyin deh mang vfin giff dffpc ttil Trong bao vfl ehinh quyin van dfl quan ehd dflng mfi lanh dao nhfin dfin khfing ehifin va trpng la phli dau tranh ching ke thd xfim iffpe.
filp tuc edng dehinh quyin. V I mat nay, thye t l nhffng nam 1945 -1946 da 6 miln Blc, nhfin dfin hit sffe tan dung kha d l iai bai hpc mau myc v l sff dung saeh Iffpe nang hfla Wnh, Iranh thd thfli eo xfiy dyng ehinh triflt d l Ipi dung mfiu thuan trong hfing ngd k l quyin. Trong xfiy dyng chinh quyfin, nhfin dfin thd, phfin hfla vfi cfl lap ehdng din eao dp.
vln tang cffdng trfin fip efie Iffe lupng phin Ngay sau Caeh mang thang Tam, chinh efieh mang. Nfli dung ehd yfiu eda vific xfiy quyfin non Ire phli duong dau vd c i mpt tap dyng chfnh quyfin ide nfly la thanh lap ehinh dofin dfi qufic, khfing chi cfl Phfip, Anh mfi quyin chfnh thffc do nhfin dfin bau ra vd nhffng dang sau cdn cd ca My. Tat c i dfiu ed ehung dai bilu that sy do nhfin dfin lya chpn. Nhung mue tifiu xda bd ehfnh quyfin cfich mang, d i dfip ffng yfiu clu eda nhifim vu bao vfi ehfnh nhung mdi dS quoe lai ed muu do rifing nfin din quySn dang dat ra d p bach, ehinh quyfin each din mau thufin lan nhau, dae biet Ifi mfiu thufin mang phli chap nhan eho nhffng dai bilu Vifit giOa hai lap dofin Anh - Phap d miln Nam vd Quie, Vifit Cfich - nhffng dai bilu khdng do My - Tudng d miln Blc.
dfin cff ra, khflng xffng dfing dai difln eho nhfin Tren eo sd nim ehlc nguyfln tic, phfin tieh dfin lham gia ehinh quyin. Od Ifi sy nhfin ky ludng, khoa hpe nhffng mfiu Ihuan Irong nhupng can thilt Irong xfiy dyng ehinh quyfin hfing ngu ke thd. Ding da ehu dfing Ipi dung d l blo vfi ehinh quyin. Nhfl I h l nhfin dan da mau thufin dd d l gianh Ipi I h l cho eupe dau ban ehi dupe sy phfi rli cda cae I h l iyc thfin tranh blo vfi chinh quyin sau Caeh mang Tudng, Ifim eho qufin Tudng khfing efl ed sff thang Tam dd la lam eho nudc ta fl kfi Ihd va dung bao lye lat dfi chfnh quyin nhfin dfin. Do nhilu dong minh ban. Song, muon Ipi dyng dd, nhfin dfin vffa blo vfi dffpe ehfnh quySn iai mau thufin trong hang ngu ke thu, dilu can ban vffa cd thflm thdi gian hda binh ma dau Iranh la phli cd Ihyc iyc, d l cd thye lye thi phli ra tiln t d xfiy dyng ehlnh quyfin hoan loan cda sffe xay dyng thffe Iffe. Dang nhan manh: "Ta dfin, do dfin. efl manh thi hp md ehiu "dim xia den". Ta yfiu
TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY LUAN - S(5 228 (4/2015) 5 3
NBHIEN cdu CHlm TBI-XiHdl
thi la ehi Ifi mflt khi cu trong tay ke khfie, du ke l y ed I h l la ban, Ifi ding minh eua ta""'. Kinh nghiSm eung eiio thay, khi lye lupng each mang efing manh, mfiu thuin npi bp trong hang ngu djeh cfing tfing, each mang cfing eo dfiu kifin ipi dung a l dua cuflc dfiu tranh bao vfl chfnh quyin din thanh cflng.
Tff nhffng nguyfin lac, nhan djnh trfin, mflt mat Ding da khfing ngffng tang eudng ttiye lye cho cupc dau franh blo vfi chfnh quyin, mat khfic Idy luong quan so sanh Iyc lupng, Idy sy phfit triln mfiu thufin trong hang ngu djeh ma quyfit djnh dli sfieh sao eho cfi lpi nhat. Cu thi, tff ngfiy 2 - 9 - 1945 din ngfiy 6 - 3 -1946, Oang chd trffong k l l hpp saeh lupe hfla hofin vd qufin Tudng de tap trong khang ehifin chfing Thye dfin Phfip xfim lupe. Tff ngfiy 6 - 3 -1946 din ngfiy 19 - 1 2 - 1946, Ding lai ehd ttffong thyc hifin sfieh lupc tam hfla hofin vd qufin Phfip d i dull qufin Tudng edng eac iyc lypng thfin Tudng ra ngofii, tranh thd thd gian hfla binh xfiy dyng ehinh quyfin vfi tieh eye chuin bj d l budc vfio eupe khfing ehiln lflu dfli. Ngay khi kifin quyfit chfing Phap trd lai xfim lupc. Ding cung ehu truong lanh dao nhfin dfin chTa mdi nhpn vfio bpn Phap phln dpng, hifiu ehiln nhat d l fi'anh Ihd sy ding ttnh cda nhfin dan Phap, tranh Ihd nhffng ngffd Phfip it nhllu cfl elm Snh vd ehinh quyin nhfin dfin Viet Nam.
Nhd nhffng sfieh Iffpe cyc ky mfim deo, khdn kheo dfl, chfnh quyfin nhfin dfin tranh dupe Ihfi edng mpt ldc phli dli dau vd nhilu ke Ihd nguy hilm. Cupc dau franh blo vfi chinh quyin do dd vupt qua ttnh ttifi hilm nghfio.
Bfln canh kinh nghifim v l trifit d l Ipi dyng mfiu thuan Irong hang ngu djch, cuflc dfiu tranh ching kfi thd xam lupc blo vfl chfnh quyen nhfin dan trong nhffng nam 1945 -1946 cdn d l iai mflt s l kinh nghiSm Idn vS t l chffc vfi xay dyng Iyc lypng vO trang Ifim edng cu quan trpng d l bio vfi chfnh quySn.
Tff thyc tiln Ifinh dao xfiy dyng lye lupng vQ Irang gifinh chfnh quyfin trong Cfich mang Ihfing Tam va Irong nam dSu tifin sau rach mang. Ding da efl nhiSu thfinh eflng trong vln de nfiy. Tff mpt vai flon vj vd trang nhfi bS, ehi sau hon mpt nam, bffde dfiu ehfnh quyin nhfin dfin dfi efl lye lupng vu trang tap frung kha vOng manh. Ben eanh dd, chfnh quyin nhfin dfin cdn ed lye lupng ddng dio nhfin dfin, ty vS; ed he thfing cac don vj eflng an blo vS trat lu Irj an xa hpi. Cfie iye lupng vu Irang cflcti mang nfiy luy Irang bj eon nghflo, vu khf IhO so IhiSu thfin, nhung lai dupe t l chffe ehat chfi, kJ lufit nghifim minh. Lfi nhffng ngudi dfin mac ao ifnh, efic Iffe lupng vu trang each mang thyc sit la Iyc lypng vu trang cda nhfin dfin, thifil tha gin bfl vdi nhfin dfin. Ldng yfiu nudc, finh than chifin dau dQng elm eda binh sy khifin ke thCi cung phai khfim phue. Trfln Ihyc t l , cac iyc lupng vu trang cda nhfin dfin dfi dflng vai tr6 hit sffe quan trpng trong vifie dua eflng cuflc xfiy dyng va blo vS ehfnh quyin nhfin dfin dfin thing Ipi.
Cfi Ihl nfli, trong difiu kifin vd edng khfl khan vfi trong thd gian rit ngin. Dang, Nha nudc, dffng diu la Chd Ijeh Hfi Chf Minh vd ehd truong sang suit, vffa vffng vfing vS nguyfin tac, vffa mfim dfio v l sfich lupe, triflt d l Ipi dung mfiu thuan trong hfing ngu kS Ihd dfi tfing cudng duoc thyc lye efieh mang, xfiy dyng, edng e l vfi giii vffng ehfnh quyin each mang, blo vfi thanh qui eda cuflc Cfich mang thfing Tfim, dua eon thuyin d c h mang Vifit Nam vupt qua thflc ghfinh hiem Ird Irong nhffng nam 1945-1946, ehuan bj d i u kifin vfi lye lupng bude vfio cuflc khang chiln ehing thyc dfin Phfip. "Nhffng bifln phap cye ky sfing sufit dd dfi dffpc ghi vfio Ijch sff cfich mang nude la nhu mdt mfiu myc tuyflt vdi cda sach luoe Lfinlnni't""'.H
^ 4 • Li Duan: Dudi Id cd ve vang cda Bang, vi ddc l^p 3 • Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn tu do, vi chu nghia xd hdi, tien Iln gidnh nhSng tdp, Sdd, tgp 8, tr. 26. thdng lgi mdi, Nxb. Suthgt, H, 1976, tr. 33.
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