fi^smmmy):
NGHIEN CUU TRAO DOICHE DINH THOA THUAN TRONG TAI Dl/OI GOC BO PHAP LUAT SO SANH - THU'C TIEN CAC NU'O'C VA VIET NAM
PGS-TS Nguyin VH Hodng'
1. Dan nhap
Trpng tai la mpt phuang thuc giat quyet tranh chap lya chpn, cac ben dua -vu tranh ehap Clia minh tdi mpt hay nhigu ngudi (Trpng tai vign) theo do phan quyel trpng tai cd tinh chat bat budc doi vdi cae bgn. Ngay nay, trpng tai la mpt trong nhting phuang thiie giai quygt tranh chap pho bign nhat, vdi nhieu im diem ndi bat nhu thdi gian xu ly nhanh, klidng cdng khai, Trpng tai vien co trach nhiem giti bi mat npi dung vy Iranh chap, phan quyet ciia trpng lai la chung tham. Thoa thuan trpng tai la van dg then chdt trong viec giai quyet tranh chap bang Irpng lai, bdi le khdng cd thoa thuan trpng tai thi khong the cd viec giai quyet tranh chap bang trong tai.
2. Nhung van de dugc ghi nhan trong phap luat cac nirdc ve thoa thuan trpng tai
Thoa thuan trpng tai la mpt thoa thuan cd tinh chat dae biet bdi le thoa thuan nay nham tien hanh giai quyet tranh chap cd the phat sinh tir hap ddng ma thoa thuan trpng tai thong thudng nam trong ehinh hgp ddng do. Tham chi dil hgp ddng gdc co the lam bang ldi noi, bang hanh vi eu thg va khong lap thanh van ban, dieu nay khong ap dung cho dieu khoan trpng tai.
Cac thoa thuan trpng tai c6 the ehia thanh hai dang:
Thu- nhdt: Thoa thuan quy dinh ngu tranh chap phat sinh, tranh chap se dugc trpng tai giai quygt. Nhirng thoa thuan nay thdng thudng la cac hgp ddng c6 chtia dyng dieu khoan trpng tai. Day la dang thda thuan pho bien nhat.
Thif hai: Thoa thuan dugc xac lap sau khi Iranh chap phat sinh, theo dd eac ben dong y
' Khoa Luat, Dai hpc Kinh te qudc dan.
tranh chap se dugc trpng tai giai quygt.
Thoa thuan trpng tai la van de then chot trong viee giai quyet tranh chap bang trpng tai, khdng cd thoa thuan trpng tai thi khong thg co viee giai quyet tranh chap bang trpng tai. Do do, phap luat va thdng le qudc te deu danh cho thoa thuan trpng tai mpt vi tri dac biet dugc ghi nhan tai mpt dao luat ve trpng tai, vi dy, Lual Mau UNCITRAL ve Trpng tai thuang mai Quoc tg 1985; Luat Trpng tai Anh 1996; Luat Trpng tai Trung Quoe 1994; Luat Trpng lai thuang mai qude te cua Cpng hoa lign bang Nga 1993; Luat Trpng tai Venezugla 1998;
Luat Trpng tai Thuy Dicn 1999; Luat Trpng tai Han Qudc 1999, Luat Trpng tai Nhat Ban 2003 ,. Thoa thuan trpng tai cung duoc ghi nhan Irong nhigu digu udc qudc te.
Nhin chung, phdp lugt cdc nu&c vd thong le quoc te khi de cap t&i thoa thudn trong tdi thu&ng chu trong ldm ro cdc noi dung sau:
- Quan he giira thoa thuan trpng tai va hpp ddng
- Hinh thitc cita thoa thuan trpng tai - Kha nang giai quyet bang trpng tai - Thoa thuan trpng tai vd hieu va thoa thuan trpng tai khdng the thyc hien dugc
3. Quan he gi&a thoa thuan trpng tai va hpp dong
Phap luat va thong le qudc te nhin chung dgu khang dinh dieu khoan trpng tai ton tai dpc lap vdi hgp dong. Viee thay ddi, gia han, huy bd hap ddng, su vd hieu eua hgp ddng khong anh hudng den hieu luc cua dieu khoan trpng tat. Day la mpt dac diem quan trpng ctia thoa thuan trpng tai so vdi cac dang thoa thuan khac. Phap luat Viet Nam ciing cd quy dinh tuang ty vdi sy khang dinh tinh dpc lap ctia
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So 1 ihJng 1/2014
digu khoan trpng tai'.
Lien quan den viec xac dinh thoa thuan trpng tai, cd nudc nhu Canada cdn di xa ban khi ghi nhan: "ngu thoa thuan trpng tai lao thanh mdt phan eiia thoa thuan khae, nd se dugc eoi nhu mdt thoa thuan ddc lap cd thg tdn tai tham chi neu thoa thuan chinh vd hieu^
Luat Trpng tai va hoa giai cua An Dp con bd sung: "Quygt dinh ciia Hdi ddng trgng tai phan quyet hgp ddng vd hieu khdng lam vd hieu dieu khoan trpng tai"\
Thoa thuan trpng tai cd the tdn tai dudi hinh thire mdt dieu khoan trpng tai trong hop ddng hoac dudi hinh thiic mpt thoa thuan rieng biet giiia cae ben. Digu nay cd nghia la dg giai quygt bang eon dudng trgng tai, cac bgn cd thg xac lap mdt dieu khoan trpng tai trong hgp dong hoac cd thg xac lap mdt thoa thuan rigng biel nam ngoai hgp dong.
Cd nudc tigp can theo hudng md khi xae dinh, neu eac ben trong thoa thuan trpng tai tiep tyc thoa thuan nhirng van dg tign quan den trpng tai, thoa thuan nay se cau thanh mpt phan ciia thoa thuan trpng tai''.
Theo phap luat trpng tai eac nudc (Xingapo, Phdn Lan...) thoa thuan trpng tai cung eo the duge giao ket bang viee phat hanh mpt van dan dudng bign, ncu van don chua dimg mdt sy tham chidu rd rang ldi dieu khoan trpng lai trong liop ddng thue tau ehuyen^ Thye tien hang hai quoc tg cho thay, viec phat hanh van dan co tham chigu tdi dicu khoan trpng tai trong hgp dong thue tau chuygn la trudng hgp thudng xuyen xay ra, cho dii cd the cd sy khac biel vg Icn ggi
va each Ihitc quy dinh.
Xuat phat tir goc dp bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tigu dung, cd nudc (Thyy Dign, Niu Di lan...) da dua ra nhung quy dinh vg thoa thuan trgng lai lien quan den viee bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tieu diing. Nhin ehung, ngudi tham gia vao hgp dong dugc coi la ngudi lieu dung neu ngudi do khong nham muc dich tim kiem lgi nhuan va ben kia cua hgp ddng tham gia vdi muc dich tim kiem lgi nhuan. Cac nudc nay dua ra cac quy djnh khae nhau ve thoa thuan trgng tai lian quan den bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tiau dung, nhung nhin chung la nau cd tranh chap giira doanh nghiep va ngudi ticu diing lign quan den hang hoa, dich 'vu hoac bat ky san pham khac dugc cung cap cho tigu dimg ea nhan, Ihoa thuan trpng tai sc khdng dupe vien dan de ehong lai ngudi tigu dung\
Cd nude quy dinh thoa Ihuan trong tai dugc coi la cd the thi hanh chdng lai ngudi ticu diing chi khi': (a) Ngudi tiau diing, thong qua Ihoa thuan bang van ban riang biel, xac nhan rang da dpc va hicu thoa thuan trpng tai, ngudi ticu dung ddng y rang budc vdi thoa thuan dd; va (b) Thoa thuan bang van ban rigng re dugc dg cap trong trudng hgp (a) ncu ro rang tat ca hoac bat ky dieu khoan nao ciia thoa thuan do deu khdng ap dyng vdi thoa thuan trgng lai. Cd nudc edn quy djnh vice bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tieu dimg trong trudng hap thoa thuan trpng tai dupc ghi nhan trong cac Dieu kien chung ciia hgp ddng hoac trong cac Mau hgp ddng tigu chuan".
Lual Trpng lai thuang mai Viet Nam nam
' Dicu 19 Luyt Trgng tai Ihuang mai nam 2010.
-Arbitration Act, 1991 Ontario (Canada). Article 17 ' T h e Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Article 16.
•' ArbiUation Act New Brunswick (Canada) 1992, Article 5,
' Singapore Arbitration Act 2001 Part II -Arbitration Agreement. Finland ArbiUaUon Act 1992, Scclion4.
''Arbitration Act of Sweden. 1999, Sections 6; Arbitration Act of NcwZealand 1996, Article 11.
'' Arbilration Act of NcwZealand 1996. Article 11.
" Italy - Arbitration (Title VIII of Book IV of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure). Article 833.
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fmn.mmi\imA
2010 ghi nhan quyen cua ngudi tieu dung dugc quyen chap thuan dieu khoan trpng tai vdi nha eung cap: "Ddi vdi cac tranh chap giiia nha cung cap hang hda, dich vu va ngudi tieu dung, mac dli dieu khoan trpng tai da duge ghi nhan trong cac dieu kien ehung ve eung cap hang hoa, dich vy do nha cung cap soan san thda thuan trpng tai thi ngudi tigu dimg van dugc quygn lya chpn Trpng tai hoac Tda an de giai quyet tranh ehap. Nha eung cap hang hda, dieh vu chi dugc quyen khdi kien tai Trgng tai neu dugc ngudi tieu diing chap thuan"^.
5. Hinh thuc ciia thoa thuan trpng tai Thdng thudng phap luat cae nudc va thong le qudc te (ngoai trir mgt sd nude theo he thdng thdng luat va mgt sd nuoc Bac Au) quan niem thoa thuan trpng tai phai dupe lap thanh van ban. Tuy nhien, each dign dat ciia cac nude cd nhiing digm khac nhau. Phap luat Lithunia quan niem thoa thuan trpng tai phai dupe lap thanh van ban'". Luat Trpng tai SiriLanka xac dinh, thoa thuan trpng tai dugc coi la dudi dang van ban ncu nd duge chita dyng trong mdt van ban dugc cac ben ky hoac dudi hinh thiic trao doi thu tir, dien tin, dien bao hoac cac phuang lien Ihdng lin khac ma tao ra sy ghi nhan bang van ban''. Phap luat vg trpng tai eiia Ha Lan lai CO each tigp can rieng vdi viec xac dinh "thoa thuan trpng tai phai dugc ehung minh bdng mdt edng cu dudi dang van ban"'^.
Luat Trpng tai cua Han Qude eiing quan niem nhu trgn, nhung theo hudng cy thg ban khi dua ra nhiing trudng hgp duge coi la thoa thuan trpng tai dupc xac lap dudi dang van ban
bao gdm":
- Trong vu tranh chap khi mgt thoa thuan trpng tai dugc chiia dyng trong mpt van ban dugc cac ben ky;
- Trong vu tranh chap khi mdt thoa thuan trpng tai chiia dung dudi hinh thiic trao doi thu tir, dien tin, telex hoae cae phucmg tien truyen thdng khac ma tao ra mgt ban ghi chep thoa thuan;
- Trong vu tranh chap ed sy chiia dyng mot thoa thuan trpng tai trong cac van ban dupe cac ben trao ddi dugc mpt bgn vien dan va khong bi ben kia tir chdi.
Luat mau ve Trgng tai thuang mai quoc te cua UNCITRAL 1985 ciing cd each tiep can tuang tu khi xac dinh "thda thuan trpng tai phai dugc lap bang van ban. Thda thuan la van ban neu nd nam trong mpt van ban dupe cac bgn ky ket hoae bang sy trao ddi qua thu tir, telex, dien tin hoae eae hinh thire trao ddi vg don kien va ban bien hp ma trong do the hien su ton Iai cua thda thuan do mpt bgn dua ra va bgn kia khdng phan ddi. Viec din chieu trong hpp dong tdi mdt van ban ghi nhan digu khoan trpng tai lap nen thoa thuan trpng tai vdi digu kien hop ddng nay phai la van ban va sy dan chieu do la mgt bp phan cua hgp ddng nay"'*.
Dg hai hoa hoa ddi hdi vg hinh thuc cua thoa thuan trpng tai nham phii hgp tdt han v6i thuc tien hgp dong qude tg, UNCITRAL da thyc hien sira ddi Dieu 7 ve hinh thiic cua thoa thuan trgng tai. Theo Digu 7 (sira doi), hinh thiic cua thoa thuan trgng tai duac xac dinh nhu sau '^:
' Dieu 17, Lual Trpng tai thuong mai nam 2010
'"The Republic ofLithunia Law on Commercial Arbitration 2 April 1996 Article 9.
" Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Arbitration Act, No. 11 Off 1995, Article 3.
'^ Netherlands - Arbitration Act 1 December 1986 Code of Civil Procedure - Book Four Arbitration, Article 1021.
" Arbitration Act Republic of Korea. Act No. 6083 onDec.31, 1999, Article 8.
'^ Uncitral Model Law on Intemational Commercial Arbitration 1985.
" 1985-Uncitral Model Law on Intemational Commercial Arbitration, with admendments as adopted in 2006.
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S6 1 Ihana 1/2014 - N5m thil Chin
Mot /fl.Thoa thuan trpng tai phai dugc xac lap dudi dang van ban.
Hai Id: Mgt thoa thuan trgng tai dudi dang van ban neu ndi dung cua nd dugc ghi chep dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao, bdt ky thoa thuan trgng tai hoac hpp ddng duge giao ket bang ldi ndi, bang hanh vi hoac bang bat ky each thiic nao khae.
Ba Id: Yeu cau rang thoa thuan trpng tai phai xac lap dudi dang van ban dugc dap iing bdi thdng tin dien tir neu thdng tin chiia dyng kem theo dd cd thg tigp can dugc den miic cd the su dung dg tham chieu phii hgp; "thong tin dipn tir" nghTa la bat ky thdng tin nao ma eac ben tao ra qua thdng diep du lieu; "thdng diep dir lieu" nghTa la thdng tin duge phat tan, duge gui, nhan hoae luu trii bdi cac phuang tien dicn tir, tir tinh, quang hpc hoac bat ky dang thiic tuang ty khac, nhung khdng gidi ban doi vdi viec trao doi dir lieu dien tir (EDI), thu dien tir, dien tin, telex hoae sao chup.
Bon Id: Ngoai ra, thoa thuan trpng tai bang van ban neu no dugc chira dyng trong viee trao ddi cac ban khieu nai va bien hd trong dd sy tdn tai ciia thoa thuan trpng tai dupe mdt ben vipn ddn va bgn kia khdng phan ddi,
Nam Id- Su tham chieu trong hgp dong tdi bat ky van ban nao ehiia dyng mdt dieu khoan trpng tai tao nen mdl thoa thuan trpng lai bang van ban, vdi digu kien su tham chieu lam cho dieu khoan nay trd thanh mpt bd phan khdng tach rdi ciia hgp ddng.
Luat Trpng tai Anh tham ehi cdn cu thg han trong viee xac djnh pham vi thda thuan bang van ban, theo dd, dupe eoi la co mdt thoa thuan bdng van ban khi '^: Thoa thuan dupe lap bang van ban (cho du dugc cac ben ky hay khdng);
Thoa thu^n dugc lap bdng vipc trao ddi cac thdng tin bdng van ban; Thoa thuan dugc
* England Arbitration Act 1996, Article 5.
^Arbitration Law of China. Article 17.
*Di6u 2 Lufit Trpng tai thuang m^i nam 2010.
chiing minh bang van ban;
Theo Luat Trpng tai Anh, neu cac bgn cd thoa thuan khac khdng phai bang van ban bang viee dan chieu dan eac dieu khoan trong mdl van ban thi coi nhu cac ben da ed mpt Ihoa thuan bang van ban. Trudng hop mgt thoa thuan dupc chimg minh bang van ban neu thoa thuan dd dugc xac lap khdng phai bang van ban nhimg dugc mgt trong cac ben hoac ben thli ba ghi lai theo sy uy quygn cua cac ben tham gia thoa thuan. Viec trao doi cac van ban ngu y kign trong Id lung trpng tai hoac td tung tu phap trong do su tdn tai ciia mpt thoa thuan khdng dugc xae lap bang van ban dugc mdt ben vien dan de chdng lai bgn kia va khdng bi ben kia phii nhan trong phan tra ldi ciia minh thi viec trao doi dd tao thanh giiia cac ben mpt thoa thuan bang van ban ed gia tri phap ly nhu da dupe vien dan.
6. Kha nang giai quyct bang trong tai Trong Ihoa thuan trpng tai, cac bgn co thg thoa thuan ve viee xac dinh pham vi nhirng tranh chap cd the giai quyct bang trpng tai. Tuy nhign, viec xac dinh pham vi giai quygt bang trpng tai can phai dua trgn cae quy dinh ctia phap luat. Vi du, theo Luat Trpng tai Trung Qudc, thoa thuan trpng tai se vd hieu ngu van dg dugc dua ra giai quyet bang trpng lai nam ngoai pham vi luat phap cho phep sir dyng trpng tai'\
Lual phap cac nudc deu eo quy djnh vg cac loai hinh cd the giai quyct bang trpng tai. 0 Viet Nam, Luat Trpng tai thuang mai ghi nhan tham quyen eua irpng tai ddi vdi tranh chap giira cac ben phat sinh tir boat ddng thuong mai; Iranh chap phat sinh giiia cac ben trong dd it nhat mpt ben eo hoat dpng thuang mai;
tranh chap khac giiia cae bgn ma phap luat quy dinh dugc giai quygt bang Trpng tai '^
Lithuania, Ucraina eung ghi nhan trpng tai cd tham quygn ddi vdi tranh chap thuang mai (tranh ehap giiia eac bgn phat sinh tir quan he
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hgp ddng hoae ngoai quan he hgp ddng, ngoai trir tranh chap ma theo quy dinh ciia phap luat la khdng thude tham quygn eiia trpng tai)'^.
Luat Trgng tai thuong mai qudc te cua Cdng hda Sip ciing di theo hudng tuang tu, ehi khac ve tgn ggi la cac quan he cd ban chat thuang mai 2°.
Mac dil cac bgn cd quygn thoa thuan dua vy tranh chap ra giai quyet bang trgng tai va phap luat cac nude nhin chung dgu ghi nhan quyen nang do ciia eac ben, tuy nhign, klidng phai bat ky mpt tranh chap nao ciing duge dua ra trpng tai. Giai quygt tranh chap bang trpng tai mang tinh thoa thuan, can eii vao sy thdng nhat y kien ciia cac ben nen chi nhirng tranh chap nao lign quan dgn eac bgn mdi cd thg giai quyet bang trpng tai. Vi the, thdng thudng d cac nudc, cac tranh chap lien quan den lgi ich cdng cdng thi khdng thg giai quygl bang trpng tai. Vi du, d Niu Di lan, Zimbabue, bat ky tranh chap nao ma cae ben dong y giai quygt bang trpng tai theo thoa thuan trpng tai deu cd the giai quyet bang trong tai trir trudng hgp thoa thuan trpng lai trai trat ty cdng cdng, hoae theo quy dinli ctia phap luat la tranh chap khdng the giai quyet bang trpng tai^'. Luat Trong tai Zimbabug cdn xae dinh cu the ban nhung van de khdng thg giai quyet bang trpng tai nhu van de anh hudng tdi quyen lgi ciia ngudi chua thanh men hoac mdt ca nhan khong ed nang lyc hanh vi, hoac van de lien quan den mgt hgp ddng lieu diing dugc ghi nhan trong Luat Hop ddng tieu diing, trir trudng hgp ngudi tieu dimg cd mpt thoa thuan rieng ddng y vdi quan he
hgp ddng (--).
7. Ve thoa thuan trpng tai vo hieu va thoa thuan trong tai khdng the thuc hicn dirffc
Phap luat cac nudc va thdng le quoc ta co each tigp can khac nhau ddi vdi thoa thuan trpng tai vd hieu. Nhin chung, cd the chia cac each tiep can nay thanh hai nhdm: Nhom thir nhdt la xac dinh hieu lyc cua thoa thuan trpng tai tren cd sd doi tugng tranh chap hoac can Cli vao hinh thirc cua thoa thuan trpng lal;
Nhom thif hai la chi rd nhiing trudng hop thoa thuan trpng tai vd hieu.
Nhat Ban, Angigri... la cac nudc theo each tigp can thli nhat. Vi du, Luat Trpng tai Nhat Ban xac dinh, trir tnrdng hgp phap luat quy dinh khac, mdt thoa thuan trpng tai co hieu luc ehi khi ddi tugng tranh chap la tranh chap dan sy ma co the giai quygt bang thoa thuan giu:a eae bgn^^ Theo phap luat Angieri, thoa thuan trgng tai phai duac xac lap dudi dang van ban, neu khdng thoa thuan nay se bj coi la vd hieu ^''.
Trung Quoc, Viet Nam... tigp can theo hudng thli hai khi xae dinh ro nhirng trudng hgp nao thoa thuan trgng tai bi coi la vo hieu.
Theo Luat Trpng tai Trung Qudc, mpt thoa thuan trpng tai vd hieu khi":
- Van dg thoa thuan giai quyct bang trpng tai -vugt qua tham quygn ciia trpng tai theo quy dinh ciia phap luat;
Thoa thuan trpng tai duac xac lap boi nhiing ngudi khong cd nang lyc hoac bi han chg nang lyc hanh vi;
" The Repulic of Lithunia Law on Commercial Arbitralion 2 April 1996, Article 2; Law of Internaiional Commercial Arbitration of Ucraina 1994, Article 1.
^° The Intemational Commercial Arbitration Law of Cypms 1987, Article 2.
^'Arbitration Act of NcwZealand 1996.Article 10; Zimbabwe Arbtralion Act, 1996, Article 4.
^^ Zimbabwe Arbtralion Acl, 1996, Article 4.
^' Arbitration Law of Japan (Law No. 138 of 2003), Article 13,
^•' Algerian Code of Civil Procedure (ACCP), Article 458 bis 2.
" Arbitration Law of China 1994, Article 17
- Mpt ben cudng ep ben kia phai ky thoa thuan trpng tai.
Mpt sd nudc quy dinh them nhirng vdn dk lien quan den hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hpng tai.
Vi du, phap luat Nigieria quy dinh thoa thuan trpng tai khdng bi coi la vd hieu do cai ehgt cua mgt ben ma trong trudng hop dd se dupe thi hanh bdi ngudi dai dien cua ngudi ehgt^'^. Phap luat Braxin quy dinh, tranh ehap da thoa thuan giai quygt bang trpng tai thi khdng the trpng tai neu^^:
- Trgng tai vien ty minh nit lui trudc khi co sy chi dinh minh, mgt khi cac ben the hien tuyen bd mpt each rd rang khdng chap nhan Trpng tai vien thay the;
- Trpng tai vien chet hoac rai vao tinh trang mat kha nang dua ra phan quyet, mpt khi cac ben tuygn bd mpt each ro rang khdng chap nhan Trpng tai vien thay the;
- Hgt thdi ban ra phan quyet trpng tai ngu eae ben lign quan den tranh chap ehi ra Ihdi ban dd sau khi ben cd quygn lgi da ra thdng bao tdi Trpng tai vien hoac chii tjeh Hdi dong Irpng tai, chap nhan cho ngudi nay mgt thdi h^n bd sung la mudi ngay de ra va tuyen phan quygt trpng tai.
Mpt vdn de quan trpng khdc lien quan den hieu luc ciia thod thudn trpng tdi la tnr&ng hap ihod ihugn trong tdi khong the thuc hien dti-ac.
Day la vdn dg dugc nhigu nudc Irgn thg gidi liep can va ghi nhan trong phap luat ve trpng tai Clia minh dudi nhieu dang thiie khae nhau.
Vi du, Luat Trpng tai Han Qudc quy dinh, Toa an se bac bd vipc giai quyat tranh ehap bang Toa an ncu van de dd da dugc xac djnh trong thoa thuan trpng tai ncu nguyen dan dua ra yeu cau lam rd hieu luc cua thoa thuan trpng tai.
trir tnrdng hgp Toa an thay rang ihoa thuan trpng tai la vd hieu, hoac khdng thg thyc hien duac^".
Mpt thoa thuan trpng tai chi tao digu kien cho mpt ben quyen dua van de iranh chap ra trpng tai dugc coi la mdt thoa thuan trpng tai khdng the thuc hien dugc bdi le mpt bgn cua thoa thuan do lua chpn each khdng thye hien quyen dua vu tranh chap ra trpng tai. Tuy nhien, Toa an cd thg cho rang day la van de thudc tham quyen va cd thg giai quyet bang trpng tai neu viec nay dugc sii dung nhu mdt su bao ve lgi ich ctia ben khdng lya chpn dieu khoan Irgng tai. Mpt hgp ddng cd the coi la khdng the thue hien dugc ngu cd mdt sy kien dae biet bgn ngoai nam ngoai tam kigm soat ciia cac ben dan tdi "pha buy" quan he hgp ddng, lam hgp dong cham diil va "pha huy"
dieu khoan trpng tai. Mdl vi dy vg trudng hgp hgp dong khong thg Ihyc hien dugc khi hai ben hgp ddng thoa thuan mua ban tau bign nhung Chinh phil lai ban hanh mdt quy dinh vg ticu chuan cua tau bign la doi tugng ciia hgp ddng.
Luat Trpng tai ihuang mai ciia Vict Nam cung ghi nhan inrdng hgp Ihoa thuan trgng tai khdng the thye hien duge tai nhigu dieu khoan cua luat nhu trudng hgp Toa an tir choi thy ly trong Irudng hgp cd thoa thuan trong tai (Dieu 6), tinh ddc lap cua ihda Ihuan trpng tai (Dieu 19), xem xet thda Ihuan trpng tai vd hieu, thda thuan Irpng tai khong thg thuc hicn dugc, tham quyen ciia Hgi ddng trpng tai (Diau 43), khieu nai va giai quyet khieu nai quyet djnh ciia Hdi ddng trgng tai ve vice khong co Ihoa thuan trgng tai, thoa thuan trgng tai vd hieu, thda thuan trpng tai khong Ihg Ihyc hien dupe, tham quyen cua Hpi dong trpng lai (Dieu 44)./.
"• Arbitration and Conciliation Act of the Federation of Nigieria, 1990
"Arbitralion Law ofBrazil NO 9.307 of 23 September 1996. Article 12 -" Arbitralion Act of Republic of Korea Act No. 6083 on Dec. 31. 1999. Article 9.
