CHUYEN MUC GlAO D g c HOC
T 6 CHCFC VA VAN HANH HE T H P N G
GIAO DUC NAM KY THO"! THUOC PHAP (1861 - 1945)
NGO THI MINH H A N G °
Bii viet trinh biy qui trinh ra ddi vi boat dgng cua hi thing glio due phi thong vi day nghe eung nhw eic lin cii cieh eiia he thong giao due niy a Nam Ky thdi thude Phip. Qua dd cho thay nhirng die diim nil bit vi sw to chirc vi vin hinh he thing giao due Nam Ky giai doan 1861 - 1945.
Tw khda: t l chuc, giae due, he thing giao dpc Nam Ky
Nhin bii ngiy: 6/11/2019; dwa vio bien tip: 12/11/2019; phin bien: 4/1/2020;
duyet ding: 10/2/2020 LDANNHAP
Giao due phugng Tay sau khi thoat khdi anh hudng cua nha thd Cdng giao, trg thanh mdt nen giao due t h i tgc tldn t i i n , duge to chire mdt each hp thong, khoa hpe vdi nhirng npi dung va phugng phap giap due tien bd. Giao dije phugng Tay la mpt thanh tuu van hda ma nhan loai da dpt duge. D i n thdi can dai, giae due phugng Tay da cd s u phat triin vugt bpe, dpt dugc nhDng thanh tuu v i to chDc quan ly, van hanh va hinh thanh nhung dae trung cila van hda giao due hipn dai. Vdi kinh nghiem eiia mpt nude ed n i n giao dijc phat trien, thue
Trudng Bpi hpc Luat Thanh pho H i Chi Minh.
dan Phap hiiu rd sue manh eua giao due, hp da sir dung giap dijo nhu mpt edng eu d i e lue vao qua trinh thong trj d Viet Nam d i ed mpt dpi ngu nhung ngudi phue vy edng cupe "khai hda".
1. KHAI LLfOC GlAO DUC NHO GlAO tt NAM K'y TRU'OC KHI P H A P X A M L U ' O C
Giap diJC g Nam K^ trude khi Phap xam ehiim la mpt he thing giaa due nho giao eua trieu dinh phong kiln nha Nguyin. Qua trinh to chDe va van hanh duge thg'o hien nhu sau:
V i to chire va van hanh he thong giao dye thi he thong giao dye Nho giao thdi nha Nguyen ed hai loai trudng la trudng cdng va trudng tu. Trugng cdng do trilu dinh m d va dat dudi su quan ly eua nha nude va ken ehpn
NGQ THI MINH HANG - TO CHlJC VA VAN HANH HETHPjjG^
eae quan van lo viee day hpe: "Nam 1803, Gia Long eho ddi Qude Tir Giam vao H u l va giao cho Q u l c T u Giam nhiem vtj khae khda hpe trd va chpn con cae quan lai, hpe trd gioi eae noi eu len d i dao tao thanh nhDng ngudi ed hpe v l n ra iam quan"
(Nguyen Dang T i l n , 1996: 137). Trilu Nguyin da lap ra eae loai trudng tinh, phu, huyen thupe he thong "hugng hoc", ed trach nhiem ren hpe sinh d i du trinh dp di thi hugng.
cao trudng hpc d cae tong, xa, I p la eae lopi trudng dan lap hay t u thue do eae thly do hay eae nho sT m d ra va true t l i p giang day, quan ly (Nguyin Q. T h i n g , 1993: 56). Cae doe hpe, giap thy, huan dao thi an lugng cua triiu dinh; eon cae t h l y do d eac hugng hge thi song b l n g t i i n ddng gdp eua phy huynh hpe sinh.
D l i vdi eae trudng t u thi bat cD nhe sT nae eung ed quyen md trudng day hpc hay cae gia dinh rude thay v i day hpe ngay tai nha minh. Ngudi day ed t h i la nhung ngudi ed hpe dang ehd eae ky thi, nhung ngDdi eae quan v i iam n g h i day hpe,
Ve npl dung day hge, trliu Nguyen van l l y Nho hpe iam phuong tien de giao hda eon ngudi. cae sach TO' thw, NgO kinh la nhung tai lieu day hge ehu y l u trong nen giao dye nho giao. Hoe trd phai eung kinh, hilu thao vdi cha me, tu dudng ban than cho nghiem chinh, sieng nang hpe hanh, den saeh, theo gugng nhung ngudi xua ma "tu than, t i gia, trj qude, blnh thien ha".
Nhung e u l n saeh dung d i day eho tre
em ed t h i k i nhu: Sg hpe van tan, Au hoe ngu ngon thi, Minh tam buu giam, Minh dap gia h u l n , Hilu kinh, Nhat thien t u , Nhj thien t u . . . Tir 10 tuoi trd len hpc trd mdi bat dau hge Kinh truypn, Co van, thg Dudng, tap viet am ta, v i i t van... "Ndi dung nhOng saeh Sg hpe nham tap eho hpc trd hilu l i , trgng nghTa, b i l t sir saeh d i noi gugng tit". "Kinh truyen (td thu va ngu kinh) giup eho hpc sinh thIu re nghTa ly eua dap Nho de trd nen ngudi h i i u blit, mong sau nay giup Ich cho ddi bang each thi do, lam quan, giup vua, giup nude" (Nguyin Q.
T h i n g , 1993:74).
cae nha nhp sir dung phugng phap day truyin thing la chp hpe trd hpe thude Idng d i tham nhuan Idi ndi thanh h i i n . Ngudi hge t l i p thu kiln thue met each thy dpng, thiiu tinh t h i n sang tao, theo III "thuat nhi b i t tae, tin nhi h i i u co" (thuat lai chu khdng sang tao, ehi tin vao dao I;? eiia thdi xua)". Vua Gia Long md ky thi Huong dau tien vao nam 1813, trong dd Nam Ky ed trudng thi Gia Djnh.
Trudng thi Gia Djnh la mdt trong nhung trugng thi Idn, tuyin ehpn duge nhilu nhan tai viing d l t Nam Ky cho triiu dinh. Ky thi Huong c u l l eung duge to chuc d Nam KJ la vao nam 1864 d ba tinh m i i n Tay.
Nhu vay g Nam Ky, trudc khi Phap xam chiem, hoc sinh khdng duoc trang bj kien thire v i khoa hpe t u nhien va ky thuat; chua cd trudng Idp to ehue thanh he thing nhu giao due phuong Tay thdi ky nay.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258) 2020
3. HE TH6NG TRU'O'NG HOC d NAM KY THOI PHAP (1861 -1945) 3.1. Sir ra dd'i cua he thdng cac trifdng pho thdng
Ngay 16/7/1864, Thong doc Nam ky Grandiare ra nghj djnh to chirc eae trudng t i i u hgc d tinh d i day chu quoe ngu va toan phap. V i giao dye pho thdng thi day la nhtrng trudng hpc dugc thanh lap sdm n h l t d Nam Ky.
Nam 1873, Trudng Taberd de linh mye Kerlan thanh lap. Trudng dugc gel theo tan Giam mye Taberd, giam muc dja phpn Nam Ky t u 1830 d i n 1840. Day la mpt dang trudng nghTa thue day eae tre bj bo rgi, trong s i dd cd nhiiu tre em lai (https;//vi.vKikipe dia.org/).
Trugng Nu sinh Ao Tim duge thanh lap theo d i nghj eiia Nghj vien Hpi dpng Quan hat Nam Ky Le Van Trung eung vg eua Tong doe Phugng, la trudng da e l p danh eho nu. Trudng duge khgi edng nam 1913 va den nam 1915 thi xay dung xeng va khai giang. Khda d i u tien trudng t u y i n 42 nu sinh, d i n g phye khi nay la ao dai tim, tugng trgng cho su tinh khilt eua phu nD Vi$tNam.
Ngay 14/1/1874, Thong doc Nam Ky, Chuan Dd doe Phap Jules F. Krantz che thanh lap Trugng College Indigene (Trung hoe ban xu) danh eho eon em ngudi Phap tai Sai Gon, sau d i i ten thanh College Chasseleup Laubat, t6n Bp trudng Bp Thude dja Phap. Trudng duge khdi edng xay dung 1874 va hoan thanh 1877, luc dau trudng chi nhan hpe sinh ngudi
Phap, d i n dau t h i ky XX thi nhpn them hpe sinh ngudi Viet cd qude tjch Phap. Trudng ed hai khu danh cho hoc sinh ngudi Phap va khu danh che hpe sinh ngudi Viet (khu ban xD), nhung d i u duge day ehung chuong trinh Phap va thi tu tai Phap. Thang 11/1927, Trudng College Chasseleup Laubat dat mpt phan hieu tai Chg Quan cho hpc sinh ban xir lay ten la Cpllege de Coehinehine, dat dudi su d i i u hanh eua Ban Giam d i e Trudng Chasseleup Laubat va mpt giap su iam tong giam thj (Nguyin Q. Thing 1993: 152).
Ngay 11/8/1928, Tpan quyin Ddng Duong tam quyin Rene Rebert ky Nghj djnh se 3116 thanh lap tal Chg Quan Trudng Cao dang T i i u hpc Phap ban x u tren eg sd phan hipu eiia College Chasseleup Laubat va sat nhpp he trung hpe dp nhj d p ban xu (Lycee) d i thanh Ipp trudng mdi ed ten la Lycee Petrus Truong VTnh Ky, hay trudng Petrus Ky (Trung tam Luu trD Q u l c gia 1,2016; 774).
Ben eanh eac trudng ndi tren, Igi dyng Idng md dao eCa ngudi dan cdng giao, thye dan Phap edn tao diiu kien eho vipe thanh lap eae trudng ddng d i thu hut eae hgc sinh la eon em giao dan vao hpe va dap tao hg thanh nhDng thdng ngdn, thu ky. Chinh quyin tiin hanh nhiiu bien phap d i thu hut hpc sinh di hpc, nhu thugng t i i n che tre em b i l t dpe, biet viit, trap phln thugng cho hpe sinh gioi, loi kee con em d i n g bao Cdng giao d i n trudng...
Den nam 1866, so trudng ddng da len
NGO THI MINH HANG - TO CHli'C VA VAN H A N H H E T H Q N G _
47 trudng vdi 1.328 ngudi (Nguyin Dang T i l n , 1996; 193). Chinh quyin Nam Ky eung m d them trudng trung hpe d Chg Ldn eho hoc sinh Hoa k i i u va lai Hoa k i i u .
Buc tranh tong t h i v l giao dye pho thdng la he t h i n g eac trudng pho thdng da duge md k h l p cac dia phugng d Nam Ky tD Sai Gdn d i n My Tho, c l n Thg. Tinh d i n nam 1886, d Nam Ky ed 17 trDdng do ngudi Au quan ly, trong dd ed 10 trudng nam va 7 trudng nu. Sd hpc sinh trudng nam la 1.829 hpe sinh, do 48 giao vien ngudi Phap va 78 giae vien ngudi Viet day. Hpe sinh trudng nir cd 992 hpe sinh do 25 giao vien ngudi Phap va 25 giao vien ngudi Viet day.
Trudng hang quan ed 16 trudng vdi 1.553 hpe sinh va 24 giao vien ngudi Phap va 51 giao vien ngudi Viet.
Trudng hang t i n g cd 219 trudng vdi 10.441 hoc sinh do 270 giao vien ngudi Vipt day. Trudng hang xa cd 91 trudng vdi 3.416 hoe sinh va 91 giao vidn ngudi Vipt (Nguyin Oang T i l n , 1996: 193).
3.2. S y ra ddi he t h i n g cac tru-dng d?y n g h i 6' Nam Ky
Ben eanh he thong eac trudng p h i thdng, chinh quyin Nam Kyf edn md ra he thdng cae trudng day n g h i d i dap tap n g h i . Trudng day n g h i d l u tien la trudng Thong ngdn An Nam, cdn gpi la Trugng Ba Da Loe, duge thanh lap vao ngay 8/5/1862. Trudng Su pham thude dia Sai Gdn dugc thanh lap ngay 10/7/1871, d i n nam 1874 bi bai bo va d i n ngay 1/6/1897
thi tai t l chire lai. Trudng Su pham T i i u hpe Nam Ky duge thanh lap ngay 24/2/1886. Nam 1874, Phap eho thanh lap Trudng Hpu bo nham dao tao nhung thanh tra dan s u . Trudng Y t i thue hanh ban xu d Nam Ky" thanh lap ngay 25/8/1903. He thdng cac trudng day nghe ky thuat gdm cd;
Trudng Day n g h i Sai Gdn (11/4/1904);
Trudng C g khi A Chau tai Sai Gdn (20/2/1906); Trudng Thue hanh Ndng - Lam B i n Cat (tinh Thii Dau Mpt) (10/12/1917); Trudng S u pham Sai Gdn dao tao giao vien nu t i i u hpc ban xu (25/7/1923); Trudng Nu hp sinh Chg Ldn (28/5/1924), Trugng Day n g h i d Sa Dec, Ha Tien...
4. T(S CHLFC, VAN H A N H HE T H O N G GIAO DUC P H A P T H U Q C 6 NAM KY
4.1. Td chirc quan ly giao due cac elp Thir nhat, he thong quan ly giao due o cap do toan Nam Ky Trong thdi gian d l u , trude nam 1906, la giai dean thir nghipm v i giao dye mang tinh chat dja phugng eiia chlnh quyin thupe dia bdi nhDng van ban duge ban hanh chi ap dung g Nam Ky, noi Phap xam luge sdm nhat g Deng Duong va xem nhu thupc dia cua minh. Giao dye chii yeu do eae dd d i e hai quan kiem quyin thong doe Nam Ky true t i l p quan ly va ban hanh cae van ban thanh lap eae trudng nhu trudng thong ngdn va eae trudng t i i u hpe. Quylt djnh ngay 17/11/1874 eua Chuan Dd d i e - quyin Thing d i e Nam Ky dat Quy e h l eho nganh hoe chinh Nam Ky, chia giae due pho
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 thdng lam 2 bpe la tieu hoc va trung hpe. Nghj djnh so 55 ngay 17/3/1879 eIJa Thong doc Nam Ky v i to ehue sg hpe ehinh Nam Ky, chia he thong giao dye lam 3 cap I, II, III. Hai van ban quy djnh eac trudng thupe dja, chuong trinh giao di,ie edng tai Nam Ky hoan toan mien phi va mang tInh t u nguypn.
Trugng tu ehi duge md khi chinh quyen cho phep va ngudi xin m d trudng phai dap irng d l y du cac diiu kipn v i nang lue, dao dire va ehju su giam sat eua ehinh quyin (Trung tam Luu tru Quoc gia I, 2016: 11).
Ngay 14/11/1905, Tong thdng Phap ra s i c Ipnh v i viec thanh lap Nha hpe ehinh Ddng Duong, eg quan quan ly giao dye eua Phap tren toan eoi Dong Duong. Quan ly true t i l p Nha hpc ehinh Ddng Dugng la Toan quyin Ddng Dugng. Toan quyin Bdng Ducrng ed Hgi d i n g T u v l n Hpe ehinh (1924) giup tu v l n eho Toan quyin cae van d i v i giao due. Cy eae ky ed Hpi dong Hpe ehinh cap Ky giup t u vln cho Thing d i e (Nam Ky), Kham sir (Tnjng Ky)'^', Thing s u (Bae Ky).
Cupe cai each giao due l i n thu nhat duge danh dau bang su kien, ngay 8/3/1906, Toan quyln Ddng Dugng Paul Beau ban hanh Nghj dinh thanh lap Hpi dong Hoan thien n i n giao due ban xD. T l i p theo, ngay 16/5/1906 cd 4 nghj dinh dugc ban hanh de hoan thien nghj dinh ndi tren, trong dd ed viec thanh lap tai mSi xu g Ddng Dugng mgt Hpi dong Hoan thien n i n giao di^c ban xu. Thanh phan Hpi dong da duge Toan quyen Ddng
Duang an dinh ed dai dipn cae quan eai tri, eae trudng hoc va eae dja phugng'^'. Nhu vay, eung vdi cae xir khae, trong quan ly hoat dpng giao dye, ben epnh S g Hoe ehinh. Nam Ky cdn ed Hpi dong Hoan thien ve giao dye vdi eae tieu ehi cho xu eiia minh.
Hgi dong Hoan thien giao due ban xu cd nhipm vy nghien cuu mpi v l n d i lien quan den "thilt lap hope eai to n i n giao dye ban xir", "hgp tae vdi eae nha xult ban (trong vipe xult ban sach giao khoa)"; "tuyin dung va dao tao giao vien"; "nghien euu, thu thap, bao quan" nhu'ng tae phIm van hpc, triit hpe, Ijeh sir (Trung tam Luu tru Quoe gia I, 2016: 13).
Quan ly giao dye g cac Ky do cac So Hpe ehinh dam nhlpm. Dirng dau cac Sd Hoc chinh la Chanh Sd Hpe ehinh.
Chanh Sd Hpc chinh duge dat dudi quyin quan ly eua Thong doe Nam Ky v i nhCVng v l n dk lien quan d i n tai ehinh va ngan sach, d i n g thdi ehju su giam sat eiia Giam d i e Nha Hpc chinh Ddng Duong v i phuong dien ky thuat va nghe nghiep. Ngay 25/11/1906, Toan quyin Ddng Duong quylt dinh phan loai chuc Chanh So Hpe ehinh tai Nam Ky thanh 3 hang theo ngudi Chau Au hay ban xu vgi eae mue luong eu the.
De t u van, theo ddi va giam sat qua trinh van hanh eiia bp may quan ly giao due eae cap, Toan quyin Dong Duong da thanh lap eg quan Thanh tra - Co van Hoe ehinh. Theo Nghj djnh ngay 10/9/1914, quy djnh hoat dpng va quyen han cua Thanh tra - Co van hoc
NGO THI MINH HANG - TOCHI>CVAVAN HANH HfTHONG..
ehinh nhu sau: glDp Toan quyin " t l ehue hoat dgng giao dye cdng va t u thye d cac cap"; "tap trung tai lieu huu Ich d i n each thuc va t i chDc hoat dpng eua cae Sd Hgc ehinh"; "bao cao thong ke chuong trinh, saeh giao khoa, thinh nguyen d i hoan thien giap dye dja phugng"; "giam sat ky thuat, ehuyen men t i t ca cae trudng edng lap va t u thue" (Trung tam Luu trir Quoc gia 1,2016; 280).
Thw hai, to chirc quan /y giao due or cac hat (tinh), phu, huyen
Theo Quylt djnh so 44 ngay 31/3/1863 cija Phd Do d i e kiem Thong d i e Nam Ky v i vipe tai lap n i n hpc chinh Nam Ky, thi dDng d l u mdi hat (tinh) la mpt d i e hpe. Doc hpc ed quyin to ehue va tpp trung mpi v l n d i Hen quan d i n chuong trinh giang dpy cae phii, huypn va eae xa trpng tinh; cac ky thi;
e h i dp dai ngp vdi nhe sT va hpc sinh;
d i xuat k;/ thi tuyin dung tho lai trong bd may ehinh quyin eac tinh; giup ehc ehu tinh ddn doe cac vien chuc, giao thy va huan dao tai eae khu vue thuc thi nhiem vu dDge giao. D i e hpc ehju su chi dac true t i l p cua chu tinh, an nghi tpi tinh ly.
M i l phu ed mdt giao thy, m i l huyen ed mdt huan dae. Cae vien chuc nay ngoai viee chiu s u quan ly eua cac doe hpc edn ehju su ehi dao eiia quan huyen, quan phii va thanh tra t i i u khu.
Cy eac t i i u khu true thupc, nhung vien ehue nay ed quyin han nhu doc hpc d p tinh.
Thir ba, ve to ehii'c quan ly & cac trwong hgc pho thong
cao trudng d l u dpt dudi s g quan ly eiia Sd Ngi vu va cac chu tinh. M i l trudng d p I cd mpt hipu trugng ngudi Phap. M i l trudng e l p II cd 2 giao vien ngudi Phap va mdt giao vien ngudi Vipt. Mdi trudng cap HI cd 4 giao vldn ngudi Phap va mdt giao vien ngudi Viet.
Da s i giao vien ngudi Viet la thu k^
Sd Ndi vy, hp khdng dugc dao tao ve su pham do dd vipe giang dpy va lap k l hoach chuong trinh dao tpo d i u cd nhiiu bat cap. Cae ehu tinh thi thiiu quan tam d i n giao dye nen eg sg vpt ehlt thiiu t h i n , saeh giao khoa va chugng trinh c h i p va lam cho hipu qua giao dye khdng cap.
Nhln Chung, thdng qua each to chuc cae trudng hgc eiia Phap tai Nam Ky, so vdi giao dye thdi phong kiln dd la mpt to chuc chat che va ce su giam sat lan nhau.
4.2. Hoat dong ciia he t h i n g t r u d n g hoc d Nam Ky
Giai doan trwdc nim 1874, d Nam Ky m i l tinh cd mpt trudng t i i u hpe do mpt SP thdng djch vien lam t h l y giae.
Chugng trinh hpe ehi tap dpc, v i l t chD quoc ngD. Sau khi t i t nghiep cae hgc sinh duge phep v i lang minh md trudng day hpe. Nam 1867, chinh quyin to chDc mdt ky thi ehung cho eac dja phugng. Chinh quyin eung d i n g thdi t i chuc b i i dudng eho cac giao vien tap su va giao vien ehinh thue.
ri> nam 1874, quyin Thing d i e Nam Ky ban hanh Quy e h l che nganh hpc chinh tai Nam Ky, day la ban quy c h i
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257+258) 2020 giao dye d l u tiSn ciia thye dan Phap.
Quy c h i chia giao dye ra hai bSe t i i u hpc va trung hpc. So vdi n i n giao dye trude dd, n i n giao di^e do Phap ap dyng vao Nam Ky cd nhiing net khac biet vdi giao dye thdi Nguyen nhu sau;
v i npi dung hpe. Trudng tieu hpe dugc md tap trung d 6 noi: Sai Gdn, Chg Ldn, My Tho, VTnh Long, B i n Tre, Soc Trang, cd eae mdn nhu hpc doe, viit chu q u l c ngu, ohD nho, chu Phap, so hpc. Kj thi t i t nghipp t i i u hpc gem cd thi v i l t va thi van dap.
Trugng trung hpe chi md d Sai Gdn, dpy 3 ban vdi cac mdn; tiing Phap, ehu q u l c ngtr, toan, dia ly, lich sii' (day lich su Phap, khdng dpy lich sii' Viet Nam).
V i sach giao khoa va tai Hpu hgc tap.
Chinh quyin che in cae quyin saeh giao khoa v i mau t u chu quoc ngu, hai quyin v i s i hgc va hinh hpe eg ban. Chinh quyln cdn phat eho hpe sinh td Nguyet san thude dia va t d Gia Binh big de dung nhu sach giap khpa ma hp bien span chua kjp, cung nham de tuyen truyin cho c h i dp thupc dja.
Thing 3/1879, Latent ky quylt djnh ban hanh Quy c h i mdi thay Quy c h i nam 1874. Theo quy e h i nay, he thing giap dye dugc chia iam ba cap, g i m trugng hang t i n g ( d p I), trudng hang quan ( d p II), trudng hang tinh, trudng trung hpc ( d p III). M i l huyen ce mpt trugng cap mpt, d m i i tinh ed 6 trudng d p hai va trung hpc Chasseloup Laubat d Sai Gdn. D i n nam 1880, chinh quyin m d them trugng trung hge g My Tho, mpt trudng
g Chg Ldn eho ngudi Hoa va mpt trudng t i i u hoe eho ea nam l i n nu.
V i ehugng trinh. Thdi gian hpe duge quy djnh lai: e l p I hpe sinh hpe 3 nam gem eac mdn tiing Phap, b i n phep tinh, each do ludng, ehD Han va chu q u l c ngu. d p II, thdi gian hpc la 3 nam, cae men hpc g i m ed tilng Phap, toan, Ijeh sir Viet Nam, dja ly Viet Nam, chu Han va chD q u l c ngu, tdt nghiep hpe sinh dugc nhan blng So hpc (Brevet Elemantaire). C l p III, hpc sinh hpe 4 nam, ehugng trinh cc nhung mpn mdi nhu thien van, dja ehlt, sinh vpt, eac mdn hpe d i u hpe blng tilng Phap, tot nghipp hpe sinh dugc d p bang Cao dang tiiu hpc (Brevet Suprieur). Se vdi ehugng trinh giao due nho hpe, thi chuong trinh giao due Phap cy t h i va hpe can blng eae mdn hpc hgn, thdi gian hgc quy djnh rd rang theo tung c l p hoc.
Ve myc tieu giao due. Trong giai doan dau to ehue giao due g Nam Ky, ngudi Phap da tap trung vao dao tao thdng djch vien va vien chire phuc vu bp may chinh quyln thue dan va bude d l u ap dat n i n giao dye mdi t u Chau Au vao Nam Bd.
Nam 1906, P. Beau dua ra k i hoach cai each giao due l l n thu nhlt eiia Phap tai Viet Nam, t i i n hanh ap dat giao dye cua Phap vao Viet Nam bang each vua m d rgng trudng Idp, vua eai t i dan n i n giao dye cu d i t i l n tdi thiJ tieu han giao dye phong kiln. Thee eai each nay, s u van hanh he thdng giao dye d Nam Ky cd su thay del nhu sau;
NGO THI MINH HANG - TO CHO'C VA VAN HANH HE T H O N G ^ He thong trwong Phip Viet, dugc
chia iam hai bae t i i u hpe va trung hpe.
Bae t i i u hpc hpc trcng 4 nam, qua eae Igp t u , ba, nhl va Idp nhlt, duge day chu y l u bang tilng Phap, cdc mdn day b l n g ehu' Han va chu quoc ngu r l t it; bae trung hgc chia iam hai e l p Trung hpe dp nhat e l p va trung hgc dp nhj c l p , trung hge de n h l t e l p hgc sinh chi hpe met nam dugc chia lam 2 ban: Ban Van hpc va Ban khpa hpe.
He thong trwang chw Hin dugc chia iam 3 c l p l u hpe, tiiu hge va trung hpe. Bae l u hpe cd 3 loai trudng:
trudng mgt nam hay dudi mdt nam m d g cac vung xa xai, hep lanh chi day bang chu qucc ngD; leal trudng hai nam day bang chu Han va ehu Phap; loai trudng ba nam day b l n g ba thu ehu quie ngu, ehu Phap va chu Han. CJ hai leal trudng hai nam va ba nam, chD Han cd the khdng bat bupe nhung chu Phap thi b i t bude nhung ehu Phap thi b i t bupe. Sau khi hpc xeng bae l u hpe, hpe sinh phai trai qua mpt ky thi gpi la hach tuyen, n i u dau duge d p b l n g "tuyin sinh."
Cy bae t i i u hpe, trudng duge md d eae phu, huyen ed thdi gian hpe la hai nam, day bang ba thu tilng, treng dd ehu q u i e ngu ehiim nhilu gid nhlt.
K i t thuc chuong trinh, hgc sinh qua met ky thi (hach khda) d i l l y blng khda sinh. Quan ly va giang day d trudng t i i u hpe la de eae giae thy va h u l n dao. d bae trung hpc, trudng duge m d g eae tinh ly do cac quan d i e hpc phu trach. Chugng trinh hgc van duge day b l n g chu Phap, Han va
q u l c ngu, trong dd chu quoc ngD dugc day nhiiu thdi gian nhlt. Hge sinh dugc d p hpc b i n g , k i t thuc bae hpc phai trai qua mpt ky thi (thi sinh hach), n i u dau se dugc c l p blng Thi sinh va dugc m i i n suu, djch mdt nam, d i n g thdi duge tham gia thi hugng.
Cho d i n luc nay, ehugng trinh hgc khdng on djnh va thing n h l t do ed nhiiu loai trudng trong mdt he thdng giap dye, t i i n hanh eai each mpt each c h i p va. saeh giac khpa dugc dua t u Phap sang nhung k i t qua eung rat han e h i do khac nhau v i trinh do va van hda. Vao c u l i t h i ky XIX, Sd hpc chinh Nam Ky da eho bien soan mpt s i sach giao khoa dung d i day trong cae trudng t i i u hpe.
Giai doan 1917- 1945, thang 12/1917, A. Sarraut cho ban hanh bg Hpc chinh t i n g quy, thay del eg ban he thong giao due d Nam Ky, dugc eoi la cupe eai each giao dye Ian t h u hai. Bp Hpe chinh t i n g quy xac djnh giao dye d Viet Nam la day hpe p h i thdng va thuc nghiep. Theo bd Hpc ehinh ting quy nay, he thing giap due Nam Ky duge to chuc lai nhu sau:
He thing trudng hpc chia iam hai leal:
Trudng Phap day che hpe sinh ngudi Phap thee chuong trinh "chlnh quie"
va trudng Phap - Viet day che ngudi Viet thee chuong trinh "ban xir". Giae dye chia lam ba d p ; dp nhat c l p (Tiiu hpe), dp nhj d p (Trung hpe), dp tam d p (Cao dang va dai hge). Ngeai ra cdn ed eac trudng day n g h i (trudng thue nghiep) tugng ung vdi cae bae t i i u hpe va trung hpc.
TAP CHl KHQA HOC XA HQI so 1+2 (257+258) 2020
- Bg nhat cap, gom eae trudng t i i u hpc d eae xa; cd t h i t i chuc mpt trugng t i i u hpc cho hai, ba xa n l u xa nho. Cd hai loai trudng t i l u hgc:
Trudng T i i u hgc bj t h i (ecle primaire de pleinexerices) ed 5 Idp: d i n g l u , du bj, so dang, Idp nhl va Idp nhlt;
trudng sg dang t i i u hgc (ecle elementaire) la nhung trudng chi ed hai, ba Idp dudi danh cho nhung vung ma hpc sinh ehi e l n hpe d i blit dgc, bilt viit, khdng t l i p tyc hpc len nua.
- Dp nhi cap: bae trung hoc chia lam hai c l p , eae dang t i i u hpc va trung hpc; Cap dang t i i u hpe hpe trong 4 nam vdi 4 Idp dp nhlt, dp nhj, dd tam va dp t u nien, t i t nghiep hpe sinh thi lay bang cao dang tieu hpe (edn gpi la bang dlp-ldm hay thanh ehung). Bae trung hpe hpc 2 nam, sau dd thi lay bang tu tai, nhung chi la tu tai ban x u .
- He thij'c nghiep a trugng tiiu hgc thwc nghiep cd cac trugng day n g h i nhu ran, mpe, n i , trudng gia ehanh, trudng canh ndng, trudng my thuat edng nghiep va my nghe. CH cac trudng trung hpe thue nghipp, day ode nganh n g h i kha hoan ehinh ehD khdng day sg luge nhu e l p dDdi. Cae trudng thuc nghiep do ngudi dung dau dia phuong quan ly true t i i p , hpc sinh sau hpc xeng se tuy theo e l p hpc va trinh dp ma cd t h i vao lam d eae eg sg san xult khac nhau.
- Be tam cap: (y Nam Ky giai doan nay khdng ed eac trudng dai hpc ma chi ed eae trudng day n g h i nhu;
Trudng Ndng nghiep Ben Cat;
Trudng Canh nong Nam Ky; Trudng
My nghe ban xu d Thu D l u Mpt day cae n g h i theu, kham va ve; Trudng Bien Hda day cac n g h i trang sue, d i gd va n g h i s i t ; Trudng Sa Dae day cdc n g h i iam mat hang t u ddi m i i ; d C l n Thg cd trudng day theu... D i i m n i i bat eiia loai trudng nay la viee dao tao g i n vdi thue nghiep, chu trgng thue hanh d i hpe sinh sau khi hpe xeng ed t h i lam viee thanh thao tai cae CO sd san xult.
V i dpi ngu giao vien, nhDng ngudi cd bang so hpc y i u luge hoae bang khda sinh ehi e l n cd Idi cam doan tuan thee luat le ciia lang, xa trong viee day d i eon em la ed the d u tuyin iam giao vien. Hang nam cae giao vien dugc d u eac Idp boi dudng chuyen mdn de 00 quan hpe ehinh tinh t i chuc trong thdi gian khdng qua 6 t u l n . Bin nam 1923, Toan quyin Ddng Dugng Meriin da cd mpt s i quy djnh thay d i i v i giap due nhu d bae tieu hpc, sau khi hpe xeng 3 nam bae so dang hpe sinh phai thi so hpe y i u luge thi mdi dugc t i i p tyc hoc len Idp tren. Nam 1927, m d them Idp nhl dp nhlt iam Idp chuyin t l i p giua Idp sg dang va Idp nhl dp nhj; md them Idp
" b i trg d u bj" ehc eae lang chua cd d i i u kien m d trudng.
He thing giao dye d i n luc nay, duge to ehue lai nhu sau;
- Bae tieu hge cd Trudng So dang Yeu luge ban x u gom eac Idp d i n g l u , d u bj, so dang, ed khi ehi ed met hai Idp sg d i n g , cdn duge gpi la trugng hugng hpe vi thudng dugc dat g cae lang, ngan saeh de cac lang
NGO THI MINH HANG - TO CHitC VA VAN HANH HE T H O j j g ^
ddng gdp. Trudng tieu hge thi cd 3 Idp nhl dp nhlt, nhi dp nhj va Idp nhat, ed khi ehi ed 2 Idp tren bae t i i u hge, duge dat d cac phu huypn hpac tinh ly.
Hpe sinh sau khi dau ky thi So hpe y l u luge dugc nhan b l n g t i i u hpe Phap - Viet.
- Bic trung hge ed hai ban Cao dang T i i u hpe va Tu tai: Cao dang t i i u hpe gem eac Idp nhat nien, nhj nien, tam nien, t u nien. Tu tai ed thdi gian hpc la 3 nam, cd cac Idp de n h l t nien, dp nhj nidn, dp tam nien. Chuong trinh tu tai ngay t u dp n h l t nien da cd s u phan ban thanh Ban Khca hpc va Ban Toan va Ban Triit. Hpe sinh hge xeng dp nhj nien cd t h i thi l l y bang tu tai ban phln. Phai ed b l n g tu tai ban p h l n thi mdi dugc thi l l y bang tu tai toan p h l n . 5. MOT S6 NHAN XET V^ T 6 CHLfC VA VAN HANH HE T H O N G GIAO DUC NAM KY THOI THUOC PHAP Trude khi thi/c dan Phap xam luge Vipt Nam, n l n glaa dye Viet Nam ndi ehung va giao dye Nam Ky ndi rieng la n i n giao dye phong k i l n , lac hau, ehju anh hudng eua n i n giao dye nho giao Trung Quie. Qua trinh tiip nhan nen giao dye mdi t u Phap da iam thay d i i dien mao giao due Nam Ky t u he thing trugng hpe d i n s u van hanh heat ddng giag dye va ndi dung giao due.
Thu nhlt, v i to chDc, dd la viec del mdi he t h i n g trudng hoc, c l p hpe, Idp hoc, vdi hinh thirc t i ehue day hgc tap trung.
Thu hai, v i ndi dung giao dye, chuong trinh g i m ed khoa hpc xa hdi, khoa
hge t u nhian, ky thuat, ngpai ngD. Hoc sinh edn duge phan ban theo cac ban khoa hpc, ban toan va ban trilt hpc.
Hpe sinh phai hpe ehD Phap va ehD quie ngu, cac trudng Phap - Viet va eac trudng nho giao d i u day che hpe sinh hai thir tiing d i phye vu ehp mye tieu cai trj thupc dia eiia thue dan Phap.
Thir ba, giao dye n g h i nghiep thdi k j nay r l t dugc ehu trpng, t h i hipn quan diem giao dye thuc nghiSp, dao tpp nhan Igc d i phye vy che vipe khai thac thude dja. Day chinh la ly do cac trudng n g h i d Nam Ky ra ddi trudc cac trudng p h i thdng va r l t da dang v i leal hinh. Cdng viee t i ehue va quan ly eae trudng nghe cung rat duge cei trpng. Ngpai viec eoi trpng xay dung eae chugng trinh dao tao met each bai ban, hp t h i n g , thdi gian dao tao quy djnh ro rang, edng vipe quan ly eac trudng nghe cung duge giao cho nhung ngudi cd trach nhlpm va cd kinh nghiem quan ly. Cae trudng d i u ed mdt hpi d i n g quan trj va dudi hieu trudng ed quan d i e cae phan xudng thue hanh tham gia quan ly, d i i u hanh nham khai thac t h i manh v i tai nguyen cua eac dja phuong.
Tdm lai, trong qua trinh thing tri, thue dan Phap da tim mpi each de ap dat giae dye phuong Tay vao Nam Ky, Viet Nam. Day la mdt n i n giao dye mdi, ehua tung ed trong tiln lp van hda giap due d Viet Nam t u cg e l u t i chuc d i n qua trinh van hanh cung nhu nhDng ndi dung giae due. V i mat khach quan, giao dye mdi da m d ra nhCrng hinh thire va npi dung mdi cho
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 giao dye Nam Ky dap taa duge mgt dpi ngu tri thDc Tay hpc, mpt tang Idp mdi trpng xa hpi Nam Ky lue bay gid.
Mpe du duge dao tao trong eae trudng hpc eiia Phap, ehju anh hudng cua van hda Phap, nhung t i n g Igp tri thire tan hpe d Nam Ky v l n cc met n l n tang giaa dye truyin thing r l t vung ehac. Hg am hiiu van hda, ngdn ngu Phap, hp djch eae tae pham ehD Phap ra chu quoc ngu d i p h i b i i n treng nhan dan, true t i i p truyen ba t u tudng khoa hpe, t u tudng dan ehii phugng Tay cho nhan dan thdng qua eac chuyin di du hpc va t u nguon sach bao nude ngoai.
Tuy nhien, khdng t h i phii nhan n i n giao dye Nam Ky thdi Phap thupc van la mpt n i n giap dye thue dan, phue vu eho mye dieh cai tri eua Phap tai Dong Duong. Dd la mpt n i n giap dye glee r l e nhung t u tudng no djeh, tuyen truyin cho van hda, t u tudng cua
" m l u qulc". He thing giao due cd duge m g rpng nhung ehu y i u v l n chi tap trung d nhung thanh p h i , thi xa, thi trIn phye vu ehc con em ngudi Phap va ddi ngu quan lai ngudi Viet than Phap. Day la mpt n i n giao due phye vy eho s i It ngudi ehu khdng phai eho quang dai dan ehung. Q
CHIJ THiCH
'"Nam 1908, tri4u dinh Hue Ipp ra Bft Hoc den ngpy 10/9/1932, Bao Bpi ra dpo di,i doi thanh 6$ Quoc gia Giao due. Mac dU la mOt bO cua chinh phii Nam Ky nhu vin phai theo su chi dpo cua Hi?i dong Hpc chinh Trung Ky va H$i dong Hoan thi#n giao duo Trung Ky.
"^'Theo Nghj dinh ngay 26/8/1906 cua Toan quyen Dong Duong, HOi dong gom cd; Chij tjch Lorin, quan cai trj Nam Ky phu trach dan su, phd Chu tich De Cappe, Chanh So Hpc chlnh Nam Ky; Thu ky Donnadieu, Hieu trudng Trudng Gia dinh va dgi di^n cac dia phuong cua Nam Ky.
TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. https://vl.wikipedia.org/vi/iki/Tr%C6%B0%E1 %BB%9Dng_Trung_h%E1 %BB%
8De_La_San_Taberd
2. Nguyin Dang Tiin (chu bien). 1996. Lich sw glio due Viet Nam tnrac Cich mang thing 8/1945 Ha Npi: Nxb. Giap dye.
3. Nguyen Q. Thing. 1993. Khoa cw vi giao due Vigt Nam. Ha Npi: Nxb. Van hda - Thong tin.
4. Nguyin Vipt Lpc. 2009. "Van hda to chuc Dai hpc quoc gia Ha Npi trong bii canh del mdi va hpi nhap". Tap chi Khoa hgc Bai hoc Qulc gia Ha Npi, Kinh te va Kinh doanh, so 25, trang 230-238.
5. Trung tam Luu trir Qu6c gia I. 2016. Giio due Viet Nam thai ky thuoc dia. Ha Npi;
Nxb. Thong tin va Truyin thong.
6. Tunstall, W.B. 1983. "Cultural transition at AT&T", Sloan Management Review, No. 25.
