VAN HOA NGHF THUAT TROMC Mqyy
HOI LANG AN HAI
PHAN DINH DO
L
ang An Hai, theo ky lie cita nhirng cu gia cao tudi thi khong khac ngay xua may. Vln nhtrng tda dinh miiu cd xua dugc phan bd diu khIp trong lang. Nhirng xdm nha chim khuat dudi rang dita xanh ngiit ngan dugc che chin bdi day niii Thdi Ldi httng vl, tao nen mdt ling que hai dao cd kinh, thanh binh. Dac biet, d c vj tiin hiin la nhtrng cu din ndng nghiep ra dao lap nghiep nen qua bao ddi, ngudi dan An Hai vln coi trgng lam ndng nghiep, trdng d c loai cay luong thuc va gia vj thuc pham nhu hanh,tdi. Bdi vay, nhiing sinh boat van boa tin ngudng d day bieu hien ro net tfnh chit cua cu dan ndng nghiep. Do tfnh chat tu cu ttr lau ddi ciia d c ddng tdc tiin hien, hau hiin d ling An Hai da tao nen mdi quan he ddng tdc, lang giing khi bin chat va d miic do nao dd, cd sir ring budc lin nhau. Chi'nh tfnh chat nay da tao
diiu kien thuan lgi cho viec bao luu, gin giir nhiing thuan phong my tue cua ddng hg va xdm lang cung nhu viec td chiic cac sinh boat tin ngudng van hda mang tinh cdng ddng. Cd the tha'y d day cdn bao luu khi nguyen ven nhimg sinh boat tfn ngudng cd xua cua cu dan Viet d ddng bing Bic Bd nhu li t i dinh, li hdi dua thuyin, hdi ddi bdng, vat, dinh du...
Mdt diiu ding chii y 11 cho de'n nay, ngdi dinh lang An Hai vln cdn luu giii dugc rat nhiiu net kiin triic cd dac sic mang tinh nghe thuat cham khic cd gia trj. Dinh dugc r.ay dung
Lang An Hai, xa An Hai, huyen Ly Son, Quang Ngai, sugic nguai Viet khai phd djnh cuf vao iia TK XVII (khoang nam 1602) khi 8 vj tien hien oi vung An Hal (nay thuoc xa Binh Chau, huyen Binh son, Quang Ngai), gom cac ho: Nguyin, Truong, Duong, Tran, Vo va Le ra dao khai hoang lap nghiep, dinh cu lau dai. Trai qua tren 400 nam khai phd va xay dung den nay An Hal la mdt lang con giiif lai duoc nhie'u gid tri van hOa truyen thong Gua nguin Viet.
theo ldi kiin true binh chtt Tam, gdm nhi tiin dudng, chinh dien va hau cung. Kit d u dinh ha va dinh trung bing khung gd lien kit bdi d c vi keo, tru. Bi mat ciia diu keo, dudi keo dugc trang trf bing d c dudng gd chdng xep va cac motif day leo thuc vat. Phin dinh bd mli cd trang trf mat trdi (d giiia) va hai rdng chau 2 ben theo kieu ludng long trieu nhdt. Hai dau cita dau hdi nha tiin dudng dip ndi mat long phti. Tren bd mai cita diu hdi trang tri rdng, phugng theo motif long phung trieu qui, ca chip hda rdng. Toan bp he thdng cita nha tiin dudng la cita bin khoa, dinh cita dugc trang tri 6 mit cita cd hoa van hoa cue. Tai dinh ha va dinh trung cdn cd nhiiu d u ddi the hien khat vgng dd dat trong thi cu cita con em tren dao: Ly San khai biit mgch/An Hdi hdi tdi nguyen.
Dinh bd mli cita dinh thugng dugc trang tri ludng long chiu vao binh hd Id; bdn gdc mli tren trang trf chim phugng, bdn gdc mli dudi trang tri rdng dip ndi. Trong khudn vien dinh lang cdn cd cac di tich tin ngudng khic nhu: nha thd tiin hiin, miiu thd Thin HoIng, miiu thd thin Thugng Thien chua quy va Nghia tu, tao thanh mdt quIn the kiin trtic tin ngudng bet siic ddc dIo.
Hang nam, hdi lang An Hai dugc td chtre tai dinh lang ttr ngay 1 din ngly 7 thing gieng am ljch, dugc chia lam hai phin khi rd ret: ttr ngay
1 din ngay 3, diin ra d c t i li tai dinh; ttt ngay 4 - 7 diin ra ddng thdi li va hdi.
ir|Sd318
Thang 12-2010
VAN HHA n i fONG DAI
Phan li la nghi thirc quan trgng gin lien vdi cle boat ddng diin ra tai dinh lang, gdm d c li nhu: t i thin, ddng thd, tinh sinh, ra trd, khai ha,... vdi d c nghi thitc dang li te than trong va ngoli san dinh hei sire trang trong, thi hien long tri an cita con ngudi vdi thin thanh va phan anh tam thiic d u mong d c lire lugng sieu nhien phti hd do tri cho hg mdt nam mdi no dii va binh an. Nghi thiic t i t h i n dugc td chitc trong sudt 7 ngay li bdi vdi su tham gia cita d c chttc sic, trudng tdc vl d c vj chit lan cita d c xdm trong lang, do dng d lang lam chu ti. Mdi cudc t i e d tit 25 - 30 ngudi tham gia, bao gdm: chit ti, bdi ti, hpc trd gia li (2 ngudi dang den va 2 ngudi dang rugu), ddi nhae li,... Mdi cudc t i dugc thuc hien theo 3 budc: so hiin li, a hiin li vl chung hiin li. Trong li te chinh, chit t i m a c lo thung mau dd; bdi ti, phu te mac ao thung miu xanh hoac miu den, diu ddi khan ddng.
Bit diu vlo budi ti, trdng, chieng dugc gidng len lien hdi va trong qui trinh t i li diu cd nhae li phu hga. Tie'ng chieng trdng tram httng va mtii huang trim lan tda khIp khdng gian li, dudi anh den md ao trong mai dinh cd kfnh, tao nen khdng khf uy nghi va trang nghiem cua budi li ti. Net ndi bat trong budi te li chinh 11 tiet mue dang den khi sinh dpng. Ddi ding den (hgc trd gia li) gdm cd 4 ngudi, mac lo thung xanh, diu ddi mu canh chudn, chin bd xa cap.
Khi din nhae bit am tlu len dieu nhae dang den, dgi dang den va dng chii te ttr nhi tiin dudng tiin vao chinh dien va di din ttmg ban thd de lam d c nghi li t i nhu: chim rugu, cham tra, bai... Budi t i l i chfnh thiic cung tiin banh tuan tu qua ba budc (so hien, a hien va chung hien) vl dugc kit thiic khi d c chiic sic trong lang, dai dien d c tdc tiin hiin, hau hien, dan lang du li thay nhau vlo bii kien trudc d c ban thd.
Mdt li thite quan trgng, li ddng thd diu nam, cung bit diu td chitc tai dinh rdi tiip tiic td chttc tai d c lang miiu trong ling. L i thitc nay gin liin vdi ddi sdng kinh t i ndng nghiep ciia dan lang An Hai. Theo qui djnh, khi lang chua lam li ddng thd diu nam thi mgi boat ddng lien quan din cay xdi dat dai diu bj elm.
tranh nhiing va cham manh vao mat dl't, ke d khi t i l i tai d c dinh miiu trong lang, ngudi dan cung chi dugc dung loai trdng nhd de danh, khdng dugc dung loai trdng chiu, vi sg vang ddng din thd thin. Thdng thudng li ddng thd dugc td chiic vlo tdi ngay mting 3 tit Nguyen dan. Budi li dugc td chiic bit dau tai dinh ling vdi d c nghi thitc ciing t i b e t siic long trgng, do dng ca lang lam chit te kit hgp su thirc hien nghi li ddng thd cita phap su. De chuin bj cho li ddng thd, d ngoli sin dinh, ngudi ta elm 4 cay dud'c dang chly d bdn gdc sin va bly 3 ban li vat d i t i d o thin linh theo sit hudng din cita phap su. Viec t i ngoai sin 11 do vj phap su cita lang thuc hien. Sau khi kit thiic d c nghi thiic t i l i , theo budng din cita thiy phIp, dng ca lang din hudng dai d t - hudng tdt, xtic 1 xeng dit vl dem din hudng xlu trong nam (dai hung) de dd. Kit thiic, dng ca lang se gidng 3 hdi trdng diu nam de d c lang mieu trong lang biet, sau dd dinh miiu trong xdm tiip tue lam li ddng thd. Ong chu xdm dung dud'c mang nggn lira ttt dinh lang vi dinh xdm d i td chiic lam li ddng thd. Khi xong li, chit xdm danh 3 hdi trdng chiu (trdng Idn) bao hieu eho d c lan trong xdm biit de tiip tiic lam li ddng thd va sau dd danh trdng bao hieu cho dan lang biit li ddng thd da dugc lang, xdm thuc hien. Khi lang va xdm lam li ddng thd xong, dan trong ling mdi dugc ra ddng cudc xdi dit dai.
Ngoai ra, trong l i hdi diu nam tai dinh ling An Hai cdn td chiic nhiiu l i khac trudc khi td
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Thang 12-2010 Sd 318 VGI
VAN HOA NGHE THUAT TROMC mwg chiic hdi nhu li: ra trd (xin phep thin td cbiie hdi he), tinh sinh (giit vat biin te) va khai ha (ha neu vl kit thtic li hdi). Nhiing li tbtie nay 11 net van hda tam linh cita cdng ddng lang, phan anh y niem vi mdt luc lugng sieu nhien ma d dd thin linh ngu trj, theo ddi cudc sdng cdi tue ciia con ngudi va sin sang ctru giiip khi hg cd long thanh hudng din. Chfnh yiu td tfn ngudng tam linh sau dam dd da lam cho hdi ling An Hai mang dam ban sic van hda truyin thdng ciia ngudi Viet va thim sau vlo tam thtre cita bao thi he dan lang.
Cting vdi d c li thirc dan gian, cac trd diin dan gian cung bet siic phong phti vl hip din, mang dam sic thai van boa truyin thdng cita ngudi Viet, nhu hdi dua thuyen tii linh, d c trd diin dan gian nhu: ddi bdng, dd vat, du quay,...
Dua thuyin la li hdi Idn nhit trong nam cita nhan dan ling An Hai. Day la sinh boat phd biin ciia cu dan sdng ven sdng nude vdi mong mudn mtia mang sinh sdi, phit trien. Mdi thuyin trudc khi tham gia cudc dua deu dugc nhin din trong xdm ciing t i thin linh theo nghi thiic rieng ciia ttmg dinh miiu thd. Vdi y nghia nhu la trd diin phuc vu thin linh nen mdi cudc dua, d c tay dua diu dem bet siic de sao cho ghe cua vj thin xdm minh dugc vi nhit cudc dua. Tuy vay, hg ciing quan niem ring, thuyin nao vi trudc, ve sau la do d c vj thin slp dat nen hg chip nh|n kit qua dd. Tren co sd ay, hg cd nhung du doan cho mdt nam mdi, mua thuan gid hoa hay bao td hen mien...
Hdi dua thuyin diu xuan d lang An Hai cd ttt lau ddi, sdm nhit vao khoang thap nien 20 cua TK XIX, khi ma cdng cudc djnh cu tren dao da dn djnh, d c don vj banh chfnh dugc xic lap.
Xa An Hai cd 4 thuyin dua (ghe boi), mdi thuyin dua mang ten mdt con vat trong tii linh va dugc ban tay tai hoa cita ngudi thg tren dao cham khic diu, dudi theo biiu tugng ciia d c con vat hit siic sinh ddng. CIc thuyin dua dugc bao quan d lang mieu (diu, dudi ghe boi dugc thd trong lan). Mdi khi sita chiia hoac ddng thuyin dua mdi phai dang li xin phep thin linh.
Thuyen dua dai ttt 7 - 8m, cd dang thon va nhe
dugc ngudi thg ddng thuyin tinh toan ky ludng sao khi dua, thuyen ludt dugc nhanh. Thuyin dua dugc nhan dan bao quan cin than, chi khi nao CO hdi mdi dugc lam li ha tbiiy. Trudc khi md hdi dua thuyin, nhan dan d c lang diu chuin bj chu dao va tuyin chon 15-20 chang trai luc ludng quen nghi sdng nudc de thanh lap dgi dua. Trudng dua dugc chgn la bin nudc trudc dinh lang. Gidi ban ciia trudng dua hai diu bing 4 cgc tieu, khoang d c h chiiu dai giira 4 cgc tieu chtmg 1000m, lay hoa tieu rdn - trudc san dinh lam trung tam de xuit phat va vi dich. Trudc mdi cudc dua, lang phai td chite te than trong dinh do dng d lang llm chit te, sau dd rude thin bing long dinh ra nha trd. Li dai dugc dung ngoai san dinh va trudc trudng dua de thin linh chung kie'n cudc dua. Sau khi 4 thuyin dua vao 4 vj trf xul't phat, dng ca lang gidng hdi trdng lenh, 4 thuyin dua xe nudc lao len trong tiing trdng lien hdi giuc ga, tiing reo hd ciia hang ngan ngudi xem hdi lam vang ddng d mdt viing sdng nudc. Cac tay dua cd dua thuyin tiin nhanh va cd tranh vi di'ch trudc. Cudc dua kit thiic sau 4 vdng. Cir nhu the, hdi dua thuyin mtmg xuan tai dinh lang keo dai den ngay cudi tuin li hdi.
Hdi ddi bdng cung cd ttt xa xua, la mdt trong nhung loai hinh sinh boat van hda ciia cu din ndng nghiep d ddng bing Bic Bd, da theo chin ngudi Viet trong qui trinh di cu vao Quang Ngai, ra dao Ly Son (diu TK XVll) va dugc nhan dan lang An Hai td chirc vao ngay mting 7 thing gieng hing nam sau khi kit thiic hdi dua thuyin. Khdng gian diin ra li hdi la sin dinh, tai day, ngudi ta xay mdt li dai de lam li ggi la nha trd. Trudc nhi trd tren bai bien rdng, d 2 diu bai dung 2 cay tre cd nggn, cao chtmg 4 met. Tren mdi cay tre cd treo mdt gid tre. Khi diin ra cudc choi thi 2 phe cit 2 ngudi giit 2 cdt tre cua nhau, mdi khi qua bdng dugc ddi vao thi cd lie manh d i qua bdng khd Igt dugc vao gid tre. Niu ngudi phe nao gianh dugc qua bdng va nem Igt vao gid tre ciia phe minh, xem nhu thing cudc Qua bdng de td chtre hdi ddi bdng dugc mua tir da't liin, din ngay trdng du len
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So 318
Thang 12-2010
VAN HOA B l / O N G PAI
phicdn (ngly 24 thing chap), lang se td chiic li md cira dinh chuin bj cho d c boat ddng sinh boat li bdi va dua qua bdng vao dat tai long dinh. Vi vay qua bdng trong hdi khdng don tbuln la qua de td chiic hdi ma cdn la qua thieng cita thin linh. Theo quan niem cua ngudi dan, ai gianh dugc qua bdng trong bdi, se mang lai nhieu yeu td may min cho ban than, gia dinh va xdm lang. Qua bdng dugc ggi 11 qua sanh yen - ddu ndm dn qua sanh yenltlianh yen, vdi mong mudn dem lai dieu yen binh trong cudc sdng, d u cho mua thuan gid hda, mua mang bdi thu, dan an vat thjnh. Dd cung 11 kbit vgng mudn thud cita cu dan ndng nghiep quanh nam vat va vdi rudng ddng.
Xa An Hai cd bdn xdm: xdm Tay, xdm Trung Yen thanh mdt phe; xdm Trung Hda va xdm Ddng thanh mdt phe. Mdi phe cit mgt dai dien ggi la "trtim phe" de tham gia cudc choi.
Trtim phe mac trang phuc nhu ciia van dgng vien thuyin dua. De phan biet xdm nly vdi xdm khic, ngudi ta lam diu chu thap miu dd va mau tring tren tran cita d c trtim phe. Sau khi kit thiic cudc dua thuyin trong ngay mdng 7, dng ca lang din trudc long dinh ciii lay 3 lay va tiin de'n lay trii bdng dugc thd trong long dinh budc lui ra sat san chai de nem. Sau 3 hdi trdng hieu, dng ca lang gio cao qua bdng qua diu, mat hudng vao long dinh va nem ngugc qui bdng ra san d i d c phe tranh nhau. Trong tiing trdng giuc lien bdi, tiing reo hd cd vu cita hang ngan ngudi xem hdi, cudc gilnh qua bdng diin ra rit quyet liet giua d c "trtim phe". Cung cd khi do sir tranh nhau quyit liet, qua bdng bj vd, nen chang ddi nao gianh dugc trong hdi nam dd. Neu ngudi nao gilnh dugc trai bdng thi ngay lap tiic nem ve ddi minh de giu liy. Khi bdng dugc triim phe nem ra, mdt cugc tranh gianh niia cQng rl't quyet liet giira nhiing thanh vien trong phe da dugc phan chia theo xdm de cd gianh va giCt cho dugc qua bdng, vl ngay lap tire, thanh vien phe nao bit dugc qua bdng se nhanh chdng chay ve hudng xdm mmh trong sir truy can quyit liet ciia ddi phuang, Liic dd ngudi trtim phe cQng dudi theo di nhan lai qua
bdng ttr tay thanh vien phe minh va nem vlo gid tre treo tren cdt tre thudc dgi minh. Ne'u phe nIo gianh va nem dugc qua bdng vao gid tre cita phe minh xem nhu phe dd thing cudc vl dugc lang ban thudng. Dti thing hay thua hg vln vui ve chia tay nhau va hen lai cudc so tai trong djp li hdi nam sau.
Ndi them la vj trtim phe dai dien cho xdm phai la ngudi cd diic dd, khoe manh, cd niim tin va SU'C luc d i tranh gianh dugc qua bdng vi phe minh. Cung theo hg, viec thing bay thua trong viec gianh lay qua bdng khdng chi don tbuln chi la cudc so tii cao thip, manh yiu cita d c thanh nien trong lang ma dd 11 the bien "y mudn" ciia d c vj thin linh, cho phe nao thing - thua diu do thin linh quyit djnh. Chfnh nhirng quan niem nly da lam cho hdi ddi bdng vtta 11 ngly bdi ciia nhan dan, phuc vu nhu d u sinh boat vui choi cho nhan dan vtra la trd diin trudc thin linh, pbiic vii cho thin linh nen nd tdn tai viing bin trong tam thitc ngudi dan ling An Hai.
Hdi ddi bdng 11 mdt trd diin din gian tieu bieu cita ling An Hai mdi khi tit din xuIn vi.
Nd khdng chi phuc vu cho nhu cau sinh boat vui choi cita nhan dan, tao sir cdng d m vl thit chat tinh ling nghia xdm ma cdn phan anh nhtrng li thiic tfn ngudng dan gian cita ngudi Viet khi dac sic, gdp phan tao nen mdt lang que An Hai giiu ban sic van hda truyin thdng.
L i vl hdi trong hdi ling An Hai 11 bit site phong phu vl dac sic, phan anh su giao thoa, tiip biin va dan xen ye'u to van hda ciia cu din ndng nghiep va cu din biin. Cac gia trj van hda tin ngudng truyin thdng d lang An Hai gdp phin tao nen trong mdi ngudi con que huang tinh cam than thie't, sit gin bd mat thiit giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi thdng qua d c sinh boat li hdi cdng ddng. Nhung gia trj van hda tam linh kit hgp vdi quIn thi di tich tin ngudng dinh ling xa An Hai bet siic da dang va cd gia trj, se la tiim nang, la ddng luc quan trgng trong qui trinh xay dung v l phit triin kinh t i - xa bQi d dja phuong •
PD.D
SoSISfTI Thang 12-2010*11
