TAPCiCiK
DAY MANH CO GlOfI HOA TRONG KHAU THU HOACH LUA
dTiNH SOC TRANG
• PHAM C H A N H TONG - N G 6 HUY THAI
T6MTAT:
Co gidi hoa \k m0t chii tniong Idn cua Dang vi Nh^ nudrc nham xay d^rng n§n nong nghi?p Vi^l Nam hi?n dai mang I?! hi?u qua kinh l^ cao. g6p phSn cai thi?n ddri s6ng nhan d a n l r o n g san xuit lua. v i ^ co gioi hda co y nghia d$c bi?t quan trpng trong vi?c gi^m ty l§ hao hyt Ithi thu ho?ch. giim chi phi san xull, giai phong sue lao dpng cho ngudi nong dan. Trong nhOtig nSm via qua. chinh quyen vi nhin dan tinh Soc TrSng da c6 nhik no Ivc trong vi?c co gidi h6a s ^ xuit nong nghiep. nhat Ik khau thu ho^ch lua. ^ _
Bai viet phan rich mOt s6 vin dk d$t ra cSn ti^p tyc giii quygt d6 hudng tdi n6n ndng nghi$p Idn, hi?n d^i. mang tinh hif u qua va tning thi/c hon. ^
Tir kh6a: Co gidi hda, ndng nghiep, nong dSn, tich ty rupng dat.
1. Vai trd cua cor giM hda trong san xuat ndng nghifp
Cdng nghiep hda - hi^n d^i hoa nong nghiep, nong thon la mpt trong nhutig chu truong Idn cua Dang va Nha nude nhdm thuc dSy phdt triSn n€n ndng nghiep va ddi sdng ndng dan d ndng thdn ctia nude ta trong thdi ky md cira va giao luu, hgp tiic qudc te. Vdi thuc trang ve tinh chat vk trinh dp cua nen ndng nghiep nude ta hi^n nay, thi mpt trong nhihig yeu td quan trpng de th\rc hi?n chu truong nay chinh la co gidi hda trong tat ca cac khau san xuat nong nghiep.
Vi?c CO gidi hda se gdp phan nang cao nang suat, san lugng, giai phdng sue lao ddng trong ndng nghiep, ddng thdi tao di^u ki§n cho ngudi ndng dan chii dpng tham canh tang vu, chuySn ddi nhanh co cau canh tac va nang cao gia tri cua ndng pham.
\'0i hi?u qua to Idn tir co gidi hda mang lai cho nen ndng nghi?p. B0 Ndng nghi?p v4 Phat trien Ndng thdn d3 de ra myc tieu dinh hudng den nSm 2030 Ik phan dau muc dp co gidi hda
cac khSu trong san xuSt nong nghi?p d^t tic 80 - 100%; cac nganh hing ndng sin chii lire dugc CO gidi hda dong bg gan vdi cdc viing nguySn li?u t^p trung [5]. DSy la mOt dinh hudng tdt vk cd tinh thyc tiln cao ndu nhin vao xu the phdt tridn tir h^ qud cua cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 hien nay.
Tuy nhidn, cd mgt thyc tS hien nay Id khi co gidi hda phdt tridn thi trong timg khSu hay tat ca cac khdu lai xuat hi?n nliihig h?in ch^, bat cap nhdt dinh. Ndu cd giai phdp hi?u qua de giai quy6t nh&ng han chd, bat cap do thi vifc CO gidi hoa trong tfimg khau hay tat cd cdc khau sdn xuat ndng nghi?p deu se phat huy dugc tinh hi?u qua cao. Bai vidt t i p trung phdn tich sdu y§u td CO gidi hda d khau thu hoaeh lua.
2. T h y c t r a n g cua vifc c o gidi hda trong khau thu b09ch Ifia d tinh Sot TrJng hi$n nay
Nh?n thirc rd tSm quan trpng cua co gioi hda trong san xudt ndng nghiep, nhdt l i trong san xuit va thu ho^ch 16a, chinh quy^n tinh s '
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Tiing dS trifin khai d^ an "Hd trg ndng dan mua may g$t d?p Hen hgp thyc hi?n ca gidi hda khau Ihu ho9ch trong san xuit lua trdn dia ban tinh Soc Trang giai doan 2011 - 2015". Kdt qua la, tfr 84 may g$t d?p lien hgp (2010) tang Ign 700 mdy (20IS) vd tren 100 mdy tir cdc tinh khac tham gia thu ho^ch lua tren dai ban Sdc Trang.
Vi$c irng dyng ca gidi hda trong sdn xuat lua tren dja ban tinh dd cd nhimg chuyen bien tich cyc, gdp phan ndng cao ndng suat lao dgng va chit lugng sdn phdm, t^o ra vdi sy tang tmdng cua sdn xuit ndng nghi$p. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh tbyc hi^n cung phat sinh mgt sd van de cingidi quydt.
Thi nhdi, ve cong tac guy hogch.
Do chua cd quy ho^ch phdt tridn cy the, sy d^u tu trang thi^t bj phyc vy ndng nghi?p cdn mang tinh ty phdt, din d6n vi0c phan bo may khdng deu, cd viing thira mdy, cd viing l^i thieu mdy. Ben c^nh dd, vi?c sir dyng cac mdy mdc trang thiit bj cdn nhieu ton tai. Da sd ngudi dan chua Idm chCi dugc quy trinh cdng nghf - ky thu$t sir dyng cdc lo?ii mdy mdc, dan ddn ndng suit cua mdy chua cao, quy trinh sijr dyng chua hgp ly, 1dm giam hi?u qua va tudi thg cda may.
Thu hai, ty le hao hi^t trong khau thu hogch vdn cdn cao.
Theo bdo cdo cua UBND tinh Sdc Trang, hdng ndm tdng dien tich gieo trdng toan tinh Id 350.017 ha, dien tich lua thu hoaeh dugc co gidi hda Id 192.511 ha (chiSm 55%), thu hoaeh thii cdng la 157.506 ha (chi6m 45%), ty ie thit thodi trong khdu thu hoaeh va sau thu hoaeh khodng 12 - 1 4 % , trong dd rieng cdng d o ^ cdt lua thit thodt trung binh 5,1% [2]. Nhu v^y, vdi n&ng suit lua binh quan hi^n nay ciia Sdc Trdng Id 56,19 ta/ha thi lugng liia thit thoat do thu ho9ch thii cdng khoang 2,87 ta/ha (tuong duong 45.136,34 tin/ndm), thi^t hai vd kinh td khodng 225,68 ti ddng (tinh gia lua binh quan khoang 5.000 ddng/kg). Ddy Id nhijng con sd Icfaien Idnh d^o dia phuang va cac chu thd trye tiip tham gia sdn xuit liia ludn ludn trdn trd.
Sii dyng mdy g$t d | p lien hgp thi ty le hao hyl chi cdn khodng 2% (gidm dugc 3,1%), vgy sdn lugrng lua se tdng them khodng 27.435,8
tdn, tuang duong khoang 137,18 ti ddng [2].
Co gidi hda khdu thu hoaeh liia thdng qua vi$c sii dyng mdy gdt dap lien hgp khdng chi don thuan gidm ty 10 hao hyt khi cdt liia md con mang l^i hi^u qua trong cac cdng do^n khde nhu Id gom lua, van chuyen, tudt, phai,... hem ban so vdi thu h o ^ h thu cdng. TiJr dd, gidm thdi gian thu hoaich, gidm chi phi, liia s^ch han, chat lugng ddng ddu dd ban, gid thdnh cao ban.
Thu ba. ve su manh mun, thieu dong bg trong sdn xudt lua.
Nhd nude d^i di^n qudn 1^ vd giao quyen sir dyng dit lau ddi cho ngudi dan. Do t$p qudn canh tde nhd le, dya vdo kinh nghi?m, phy thugc nhieu vao ty nhien,... nen tu duy sdn xuat Idn, tang cudng khoa hgc ky thu^t nang cao ndng suit, hieu qud kinh ik chua dugc trien khai rgng rSi. Ngudi ndng ddn dugc tv chii san xuit, ty quydt djnh giong liia gieo trong, thdi gian xudng giong,... Vi vay, vi^c sdn xuit tren nhihig cdnh ddng thiiu ddng b$, thidu lien ket trong cdc khau ciia chuSi gid trj. Day Id mgt trd ngai Idn trong thyc hi?n chii truong co gidi hda san xuat ndng nghiep ndi chung va khau thu hoaeh liia ndi rieng.
Thyc ti cho thdy, sy thidu d6ng b$ v^ thdi gian xuong gidng, giong liia (mdi giong cd thdi gian sinh tmdng khac nhau) nen thdi gian thu ho^ch khac nhau. Di8u ndy khien vi?c di chuydn mdy mdc giu'a cdc thua mong de thu hoaeh gip nhidu khd khan, chi phi vi the ciing tang cao. Ndu tao ra dugc sy ddng bO ve thdi gian va gidng liia se tidt kiem dugc rat nhieu thdi gian vd chi phi khi thu ho^ch, ddng thdi se tao dieu kien thuan lgi trong khdu lam dit, tudi tieu, cham sdc, ban che dugc sy phd ho?i ciia cac loai dich benh, sau bg.
Thw tu, chi phi trung gian trong khdu thu hogch CO xu huang gia tdng.
Trong sdn xuit lua ludn tdn tai m0t lyc lugng mdi gidi giGa ndng ddn vdi ngudi cd mdy cdt lua; giiia ndng dan vdi nhd mdy, doanh nghiep che bien, xuit khdu g?o. Vi§c tham gia cua cdc thuong Idi vdi vai trd nhu mgt m i t xich trong khdu tieu thy lua ggo mgt mgt giiip ndng dan tieu thy lua dugc nhanh
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chdng, de dang han; m$t khac gay ra sy^ meo md trong ho^t dgng mua ban liia g^o khi cd nhihig thuang lai trye lgi ep gtd ndng dan.
doanh nghiep. Lgi ich cua ndng dan bj anh hudng. gia tdng chi phi cho doanh nghiep kinh doanh liia g^o, tu dd Idm giam kha ndng c^nh tranh ciia m^t hang g90 Sdc Trdng d thj tmdng trong nude vd g^o Vi?l Nam tren thj tmdng quoc te. Chi phi tmng gian nay thopt nhin thi dd Id mdi quan h? giira chu may cdt vd thuong Idi thu nhung thuc chit l^i do ndng ddn gdnh chju khi ngudi Idm djch vy cdt liia c$ng vdo gid thda thu^n vdi ndng ddn.
3. D^ xuit m^t so gidi phdp kf thuft nhim nflng cao mvc d$ co gidi hda khau thu hoaeh lua t^i tinh S6c Trdng
Thu ho?ich laa la khau quan trpng, mit nhidu thdi gian vd phy thupc nhieu vdo thdi tiet, didu ki?n ddng mgng, dnh hudng dang ke den so lugng, chat lugng sdn phdm. Ngodi vi?c quan tdm ca gidi hda cdc khdu khac nhu Idm dit, gieo cay, chdm sdc thi day m^nh co gidi hda khdu thu ho?ch Id hdt siic cdn thiet nhdm giai phdng sdc lao dgng, nit ngdn thdi gian, gidm ton thdt trong thu ho^ch vd ndng cao hieu qud kinh ti. Dd Idm dugc didu dd, can phdi thuc hi§n mpt so gidi phap ky thu?t chii ydu sau:
Mgt la. triin khai d^i tra cdnh ddng mdu Idn, ddn di6n ddi thOra vd tich ty mpng ddt. Canh dong mau Idn Id giai phdp hieu qua dd dugc qudn tri^t thyc hien trong nhieu ndm qua dem l^i hieu qua thiit th\rc, tdng sdn lugng, gidm chi phi ro r^t trong sdn xudt liia. Vide ddn dien, ddi thira la m^t chu tmong Idn cd tinh dot phd trong sdn xudt ndng nghi?p, tuy nhien dang bi vudng mdc bdi Ludt Ddt dai 2013 quy dinh, mdi hp gia dinh, cd nhdn thupc khu vue DBSCL dugc giao dit ndng nghiep Id khdng qud 03 ha vd thdi hgn khdng qua 50 nam. Tren dia bdn Sdc Trang, ndng hg cd di?n tich mpng ddt dudi 0,5 ha d nude ta chiem ty 1? Idn, quy md nhd le, manh mun van Id chu yeu. Vi vgy, can thyc hi^n chinh sach tich ty mpng ddt, dam bao moi thira mgng cd di§n tich tdi thieu Id 0,5 ha. Vdi di?n tich
„a,se tao di^u kien cho cac lo,. may .hl^^oacj.
l,-,a lam viec d?l nSng sudt cao, gi."" " '" 8™
'"uaiTau W. 14 .i«n ^e da xay d.ug "en nong SgleP san xudt ion va hien dai [31^Da.hO> in
"ht- Xn (2016) cua Dang khSng dmh: C6 ehmh sich phi. hw di tich tv, tap trung mpng dSt, thu hut manh cac ngudn Ivc d4u tur phit trien nong nghiep; timg birdic hinh thanh cac to h w ndng nghif p - e6ng nghiep - dich vy c6ng ngh$ cao
Hai la, khuyen khich cac nha khoa hpc ve Itnh wc n6ng hgc nghien ciru chpn. tao cac gi6ng liia co nSng suit cao, chit lupng tot nhung phai cimg cay, thip cay, cd dp dai giOa h?t v4 bong cao,
Ba la, tich eve hon niia trong edng tde khuyln cdng, cung cip diy du thdng tin vi cic loai miy thu hojch di ndng din cd the lya chpn cic kiSu may phi hpp vdi diiu ki?n cy thi cua dia phuong minh. Hi$n tai, doi vdi khau gjt n6n chpn may gjt liia rai hang GRH-1,2, nhiing noi cd diiu kien nSn ehpn miy git djp liSn hpp GDLH - 1,4 cua Cdng ty Co khi An Giang. Ddi vdi khau dap liia nSn chpn cic loji miy djp Ilia cua Xi nghipp Co khi Nguyen Han va Co khi Cdng Thanh. D5i vdi khau v4n chuyin nSn chpn cie lo^i xe d td co trpng tai tir 2 - 4 tan, ket hpp vdi ghe thuyin vi xe trau bd k6o.
Bdn la, cd ki hoaeh dao tjo, bdi duSng thanh niSn ndng thdn trd thanh nhOng ngudi,cdng nhin sir dyng miy cd trinh dp chuydn mdn, tay nghi viing vang, biit van hinh va chira sdc bao dudng miy diing ky thuat. Khi co nh&ng ky thuat moi trong quin ly, Sl3r dyng miy can td churc t^p huin kjp thdi. Ciing cd vi hoan thi?n cic dich vy bio hanh, siia chfia, cung irng phy tung, vat tu, nhien li^u cho miy mdc hoat dOng kip thdi.
Nam la, Nhi nude cin co chinh sich cho ndng dan vay vdn vdi ISi suit uu dii di mua miy mdc thiit bi co gidd hda ndng nghipp ndi chung va miy thu hoaeh liia ndi rieng. Ddng thdi, cin phit triin tiiu thu cong nghijp, ling nghi di thu hdt lao dpng ndng thdn khi diy manh co gidi hda nong nghiep, ndng thdn*
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TAI LitU THAM KHAO;
1. Dang C^ng sin ViJI Nam (2016), Van ki$n Dgi hqi dgi biin loan qudc Idn ihirXU, Van phong Trong uong Dang, Hi Npi.
2. Vi^ Co di^n ndng nghif p (2002), Hoi thdo quoc te ve cagidi hda ndng nghipp: Nhiing van di uu tien trong giai '' ifo<in/)A(i/rrKn/rK7i, NXB Nong nghiep. Ha Noi.
3. (3ii&h4i (2013), Lujt Dat dai 2013.
4. Sic TiSng (2016,2019), Nien giim thing ke tinh Soc Tiang(2015,2018), NXB Thing ke.
Ngiy nh$n biii: 25/4/2020
Ngiy phiin bijn dinb gii v i sua chita: S/S/2020 Ngiy chip nh$n ding bii: 15/5/2020 Thdng lin tic gia:
ThS. PH*M C H A N H T O N G N G 6 HUY T H A I IVirirgg Chinh trj tinh Sdc IVing
PROMOTING THE AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN RICE HARVESTING IN SOC TRANG PROVINCE
• Master. PHAM CHANH TONG - NGO HUY THAI School of Politics - Soc Trang Province ABSTRACT:
Agricultural mechanization is a major policy of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Government of Viemam to build a modem agriculture sector with high economic eiSciency, contributing to improving the lives of people. For the rice production, mechanization play a special important role in reducing the rate of harvest loss, reducing production costs, and freeing up labor. In recent years, Soc Trang Province's authorities and local people have made great efforts in mechanizing agricultural production, especially in the rice harvest. This paper analyzes a number of issues that need to be fiirther addressed in order to move towards a larger, modem and more efficient agriculture.
Keywords: Mechanization, agriculture, farmers, land accumulation.
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