Tap chi KHLN 1/2014 (3206 - 3215)
©: Men KHLNVN - VAFS
ISSN: 1859-0373 Pang tai tai. www.vafs.gov.m
CAY THU6C CUA NGLfdl HRE
VA De XUAT MOT SO GIAI PHAP BAO T 6 N , PHAT TRIEN TAI HUYEN BA TO, T I N H QUANG NGAI
Vd Van Minh, Pham Thj Kim Thoa, Nguyen Thi Kim Yen Dai hoc Dd Ndng
Tie kfida: Cdy thuoc ddn lpc, ddn toe Hre, da dang cdy thuoc, huyen Ba Ta, tri ihirc bdn dia.
T O M T A T
Tri thiic ban dja ve sir dung cay co lam thuQc ciia cac dan tgc 6 Vi|t Nam la ngu6n tai nguyen quy gia, co gia tri khoa hpc va c6 y nghTa thirc tiln to ldn.
Bai bao trinh bay kit qua dilu tra tri thirc, kinh nghiem va thirc trang sir dung cay thu6c cua cpng dong nguoi Hre tai huyen Ba To, tinh Quang Ngai nham xay dung cac ca c h i quan ly, cac giai phap bao ton va sir dung ben virng hieu qua nguon tai nguyen cay thuoc tai dja phuang. Ket qua dS dieu tra xac dinh dupe 45 loai cay thudc, thupc 26 hp, thong qua viec sir dung trong cudc sdng hang ngay ciia cdng dong nguai Hre huyen Ba Ta, Quang Ngai. Trong do cd 2 loai thuSc quy trong danh luc Do cay thuoc Viet Nam, 6 loai quy theo kien thiic ban dia ciia nguai dan Cay thuoc duac khai thae chii ylu tir ty nhien (84,44%), kiln thirc ban dja phong phii the hien d kinh nghiem sir dung d l chira trj 12 nhdm benh khac nhau, sd lugng cac loai cSy thuoc dugc su dung chua cac nhom benh ca - xuong - khop, than, ngi tiet, gan la nhilu nhdt. Cach thirc ch6 biln su dung kha da dang. Nhiing loai cay thudc quy ch\ uu ti6n bao ton la Ba kich {Morinda officinalis How), Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabre), Sa nhan tim {Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu), cin nhan gidng md rdng diSn tich cac loai cay thudc duoi tan rimg trdng, vuon nha, dong thdi khoanh vimg bao ve tai chd (Bao tdn nguyen vj). Di kem vdi bien phap tuyen truyen khai thae hgp ly cay thudc, va tu lieu hoa cac bai thudc dan tdc.
Keywords: Ba To
district, diversity of medicinal plants, elhnobotany, Hre Ethnic, traditional knowledge.
Medicinal plants of Hre ethnic and propose some solutions to conservation and development of medicinal plants in the Ba To district, Quang Ngai province
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by ethnic groups in Vietnam is precious resources, valuable scientific and practical significance tremendous. This paper presents the results of the survey of knowledge, experience and the actual use of medicinal plants of the Hre community at Ba To, Quang Ngai Province to develop management mechanisms, conservation measures and use sustainable resource efficiency in local medicinal plants. Survey resuHs identified 45 species of medicinal plants belonging to 26 families, through the use of everyday life of the community Hre Ba To, Quang Ngai. There are 2 species of medicinal plants in the Red List medicines Vietnam, 6 species according to local knowledge of the people. Medicinal plants is mined primarily from natural ( 84.44 % ), rich indigenous knowledge expressed in the user experience team to treat 12 different diseases, the number of medicinal plants used to treat muscle - bone disease group - joints, kidney, endocrine, liver is the most. Uses the processing is quite divers. Many medicinal plant need to be conserve:
Morinda officinalis How, Smdax glabre, Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu, should expand the area of medicial plant in plantations, gardens, and situ Conservation. Rational exploitation of medicinal plants, and documentation of all traditional medicine.
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I. D^T VAN DE
Viet Nam la mot trong nhung quoc gia dugc (Janh gia cao ve tinh da dang sinh hoc, phong phu ve cac nguon cay thuoc. Do su khac biet Ion v^ khi hau tu vung gan xich dao toi giap viing can nhiet doi, cung vai su da dang ve dia hinh da tao nen sir da dang ve canh quan thien nhien, cac he sinh thai, cac kieu rung...
Tri thiic ban dia ve su dung cay thuoc cua timg cpng dong dan tpc thieu so, dugc truyen mieng tir doi nay sang doi khac. Moi dan tgc CO tap quan, tri thirc va kinh nghiem sir dung thuc vat lam thuoc khac nhau. Dieu nay dan den su da dang v^ tri thirc sir dung cay thu6c 6 Viet Nam. Trong s6 3.948 loai cay thu6c o Viet Nam da dugc th6ng ke (Vien Dugc lieu, 2007) CO nhiSu cay thudc dan tgc da dugc phat hien va nghien cim phat trien thanh cac dang thudc mdi, chSng han nhu Day khai {Coplosapella tomentosa (Blume) Vahl. ex Heyne var. dongnaiensis (Pit.) Phamh.) thuoc ho Rubiaceae la cay thuSc day tgc cua dong bao Hre dugc sir dung tir rdt lau voi cac tac dung dang chii y nhu tri thdp khop, ru'a vet thucmg phSn mSm tranh nhiem trirng va sir dung nhu thuoc b6. Tren co so do da co nhttng nghien cim vS tac dung sinh hgc cua day khai tao co so va tiSn d^ cho viec nghien cim img dung Day khai thanh dang che phSm khang viem hieu qua, an toan ( I r k Thi Van Anh, 2010).
Tuy nhien, nhidu loai cay thuoc va nhung kinh nghiem six dung g cac cgng ddng dan tdc ngudi Hre (Nam Trung Bg) vln chua dugc thdng ke diy du. Mat khac do su pha rimg dd canh tac, chuydn doi co ciu kinh te cay trdng, canh tac kem hi$u qua... dang lam cho dien tich rimg bi thu hep. Ngudn thuc vat, trong dd cac loai cay thudc dang khan hiem dan. Tri thirc va kinh nghiem sir dung cay thudc cua cac dan tpc, nhdt la cac dan tgc thieu sd dang CO xu hudng bi lang qudn va bien mat. Xa hdi
phat tridn, thudng keo theo su lang quen va xdi mdn cac kinh nghiem va tri thirc dan toe truyen thdng.
Xuat phat tir thuc tien trdn, chiing tdi thuc hidn dd tai nghidn cim "Cay thudc ciia ngudi Hre va de xuat mdt sd giai phap bag tdn va phat tridn tai huydn Ba To, tinh Quang Ngai"
nham bao tdn tri thirc ban dia va cac loai cay thudc quy tai dia phuang.
II. DOI Tl/ONG VA NOI DUNG NGHIEN
ciru
2.1. Doi tugng nghien ciiii
Doi tugng nghien ciru la thuc vat dugc ddng bao dan tdc Hre sir dung lam thudc chiia benh tai huyen Ba To, tinh Quang Ngai.
2.2. Ngi dung nghien ciru
- Thu thap kinh nghiem sir dung thuc vat lam thudc ciia ddng bao dan tdc Hre, bao gdm ten cay, da dang vd dang sdng, bd phan diing. Thu thap tieu ban thuc vat cac loai cay thudc, thdng ke xac dinh ten khoa hgc va xay dung danh luc,
- Hien trang khai thae va sir dung cac loai cay thuoc ciia ngudi Hre tai huyen Ba Tg tinh Quang Ngai.
- Nghien cim va dd xudt bien phap bao tdn cac loai cay thudc quy tai dia phucmg.
III. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 3.1. Phuong phap thu thap sd lieu + Thidt lap phidu didu tra phii hgp cho cac ddi tugng la dng lang, ba lang, trudng ban ngudi Hre dd thu thap tim hidu cac loai cay thudc tai dia phuang bao gdm ten cay, mdi trudng sdng. bd phan diing, each sir dung, va cdng dung chua bdnh.
+ Phdng vin trirc tidp: Cac lang y, can bp y td thdn ban, nhimg ngudi Hre biet nhieu cay
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thudc, bai thudc... de tim hidu ngudn cay thudc va phuang phap su dung cay thudc tai dia phuang.
3.2. Phu-omg phap danh gia tinh da dang ngudn tai nguyen cay thuoc
Cac chi tidu dugc danh gia dua tren phuong phap danh gia ciia Nguyen NghTa Thin et al, (2001), bao gdm: da dang vd loai; da dang ve dang song; da dang vd mdi tnrdng sdng; da dang cac bp phan sir dung; da dang vd cac nhdm benh chiia tri.
3.3. Phuong phap danh gia miic do nguy cap ciia cac loai cay thuoc
Dua tren Sach dd Viet Nam, phan Thuc vat (2007); Nghi dinh sd 32/2006/ND-CP.
3.4. Didu tra khiio sat ngoai thuc dia + Liy mSu cay thudc tai dia phuong iQ xac dinh ten khoa hpc, mau dugc bap quirn thich
hgp va ghi ten cay thudc theo ten dia phuong.
Mau dugc xac dinh chtj yeu dua vao dac diem hinh thai so sanh theo cac tai lieu cua cac tac gia chti yeu sau:
• Tir didn cay thudc ctia Vo Van Chi (2012);
* Nhiing cay thudc va vi thudc Viet Nam cua Do Tdt Lgi (2006).
+ Khao sat sd lugng cac loai cay thudc cdn lai tai dia phucmg.
IV. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ VA THAO LUAN
4.1. Thdng ke cac loai cSy thuoc cua dan tgc Hre tai Huyen Ba Tg, tinh Quang Ngai Trong qua trinh didu tra qua tri thirc ban dia cua ddn tdc Hre huydn Ba To chiing tdi da thu thap dugc 45 loai cdy thudc, thudc 26 hp (bang 1).
T T
1 2
3 4
5
6 7
8
B a n g 1. T h o n g ke cay thuoc cua nguai Hre, huyen Ba t a , t i n h Quang N g a i Ten cay
thuoc cua ngu-ai Hre C o XU'OC
Day xiJ
Cau B 6 cong anh
Ngai CLKU
Mhp n6i B6 hoi
Dgu ma
Ten pho thong Co xut/c Ghom rCpng
Cau Bo cong anh
Ngai cuu
Co mvc Co hoi
Thao quyet minh
Ten khoa hoc
Ahyranthes aspera L
Annonaceae Carabao Areca catechu L.
Lactuca indica L
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Eclipta prostrata L
Ageratum conyzoides L Cassia tora L
Ten ho
Amaranthaceae Annonaceae
Arecaceae Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae Asteraceae
Caesalpiniaceae Bp phan su-dung La Ca cay
Qua Than, la
Ca cay
La La
Hat, than Dfng song Than thao
Day leo
Than go Than thao Than thao Than thao Than thao
Than thao
Cong dgng cay thudc theo tri
thiFC ban dja ngieiyi Hre Lp'i tieu, thgn, khang viem Trj dau [U'ng, nhLKC xu-ong kh^p.
Trj sot nhau Trj b^nh ngoai da
Dau byng, kinh nguyet khong deu.
Trj viem xoang, th?n, cam mau...
Thanh nhi?t, viem hgng, xoang, vifim dyang tiet nifu,.
An than, thanh nhiet, trj kh6 tieu..
V6 van Minh ef a/. 2014(1) Tapchi KHLN 2013
TT
g 10 11 12
13 14
15
16 17
18
19 20 21
22
23
24 25 26 27
Ten cay thu6c cua ngu^i Hre Cay Y hit Sam riFng*
Cay trui Co Hui ra za*
Rau ngot Cay Toicio
Cay Vay 6c
Cay Cho de Cay Tra Cling
Cay Y lieu
Ria rac Que Cay khong
r l
Dau rirng
Chua dat Day ICim bup Trau khong Ldlot Co man trau
Ten pho thong
Day chiu 36ng bong, Mam ty ba Cum rum Co dot
86 ngot Cay cam ngupi, cay nhgi Tra CQC rao, Che tau Di§p ha chau Cay Jatropha, dau me cay, cgc rao, dau lai MSc c&, xau ho, Trinh nir, ham tu thao Muong trau Que Tang ky sinh
Dau t i m
Chua me dat hoa vang Lgc tien Trau khong Lal6t Co man triu
Ten khoa hpc
Telracera scandens (L) Mess.
Dracaena angustifolia Roxb Carmona microphylla (Lam)
Equisetum debile Roxb ExVauch Sauropus androgynus Merr Bischofia tnfoliata (Rixb) Hook. F Acalypha siamensis Oliv ex Gage Phyllantus urinaria L.
Jatropha curcas
Mimosa pudica L
Cassia alata L.
Cinnamomum cassia Loranthus parasiticus (L)Merr
Morus alba
Oxalis comiculata L
Passiflora foetida Piper battle L.
Piper lolot CDC.
Eleusine indica (L)Gaertn
Ten hp
Dilleniaceae Dracaenaceae Ehretiaceae Equisetacea
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae
Moraceae
Oxalidaceae
Passifloraceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Poaceae
Bp phan si> dung Than, la R l R l , than Than
La La
La
Ca cay La
Ca cay
La Vo Ca cay
Re, than
La
Ca cay La La Cacay
D^ng s6ng Day leo Than
hao Cay byi Than thao Cay bui Than g6
Cay bgi
Than thao Than g6
Than thao Than go nho Than go Day leo ky sinh
Than g6
Than thao Day leo Day leo Than thao Than thao
Cong dung cay thuoc theo tri thiJc ban dja
ngu^i Hre fri dau nhLFC xu'O'ng, dau li/ng.
SOI than fri dau lu'ng, te ay Chan Dau mlt, dau U'ng, benh tieu du'ong..
Trj sot nhau Tri soi than, trt
Tn dau bung, kich thich tieu hoa Tn b?nh gan, vang da Tri sot nhau
Dau nhuc lung, tieu dpe, an than.
Tn b^nh ngoai da Kich thich an uong, dau byng.
Dau lu'ng, dau nhuc xu'O'ng khop, tieu duffng An than, bo mau, chung kho 6 tre em Thanh nhi?t giai dpe, lpi tieu, th|n, benh phu ni>..
An than, tri mlt ngu Bpnh ngoai da.
t i l l ni^u Oau lu'ng Trj benh ngoai da
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TT
28
29 30 31 32
33
34
35 36
37 38
39 40 41 42 43
44 45
Ten cay thudc cua ngu'OT Hre Co Tranh
Cay ram dai Cay Chi kinh Trang rirng Ma rifng
Day roc *
Day khai
Cay Bong niii Cam thao dat Tn uong CuKun mem*
CuKun cifng' Cay che CayXi ng§u Sa nhan Gij'ng
Nghe Wan gan'
Ten pho thong Co tranh
Cay nghi Cay mam xoi Dan do Ma rifng
Ba kich
Vang hoan
Cay Buai Cam thao dSt
LQ' dang can Tho phuc linh, cay Cam Cang, Khiic khiic Kim cang tai la nho Cay Che Bach d6ng nO' Sa nhan tim GCfng
Ngh?
Nga truat [nghe lim)
Ten khoa hpc
Imperata cylindrica ( L ) P . Beauv. Van Cylindrica Polygonum hydropiper Rubus alceaefolius Poir Ixora coccinea L.
Paederia microcephalaierre Monnda officinalis Hovj
Coptosapelta tomentosa (Blume) Vahl. ex Heyne var dongnaiensis (Pit.) Phamh Citrus grandis Osbeck Scoparia dulcis L.
Llndemia Crustacea (L) F, Muller Smilax glabra
Smilax adhaerens Gagnep Camellia sinensis Clerodendron paniculatum Amomum longiligulare T L. Wu Zingiber officinale
^osc Curcuma longa L.
Curcuma zedoana 3erg Rose
Ten hp
Poaceae
Polygonaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularlaceae Smilacaceae
Theaceae Verbenaceae Zingiberaceae
Bp phan SIF dgng Re, La
Than, la Day, la R§
La
Re
Ca cay
Qua Ca cay
Ca cay Cu
Cu La R i Qua, la Than r l (cu) Than r i (cu) Than r i (cu)
Dfng sdng Than thao Than thao Day leo Than byi Day leo
Day leo
Day leo
Than g i Than thao Than thao Day leo
Day leo Than bui Than bui Than thao Than hao Than
hao Th^n
hao
Cong dung cSy thuoc theo tri thiJc ban dja nguai Hre Lp'i tieu, sol than . Tri rln cln Tri dau nhicc xuang, dau lu'ng.
Trj dau nhire lu'ng.
Tr| dau nhifc lung, dau byng, kho tieu, Tri benh nam giai, SOI than, soi mat, tilu duong, gan.
Trj viem nhiim, khang viem
Trj buau co, kich thich an uong...
Thanh nhiet, m^t gan, benh ngoai da Phy nii' sau khi sinh OTa d$m, dau xu'ang, tieu dyang, gan.
Tieu du'ong, gan..
Tn dau lung, bgch dai a phu nu.
Trj da day, kich thich tieu hoa Am phoi, trj ho khan, kich thich :ieu hoa Dg ddy, ho.
Da day, ho ra mau CA/ chii. •: Cac loai cay thudc quy theo kinh nghiem su- dung cua nguoi dan dia phirong
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Tap chi KHLN 2013 Cac loai cay thudc cua ngudi Hre huyen Ba
To sit dung kha phong phu. Voi mot s6 ho giau loai nhu: Euphorbiaceae (6 loai), Asteraceae (4 loai), Zingiberaceae (4 loai)...
Theo Sach do Viet Nam - Phin Thuc vat (2007), chiing toi da th6ng ke duac t6ng s6 co 2 loai cay thu6c, trong do loai Th6 phuc linh (Smilax glabra) miic do de doa bac V (Sach do Viet Nam - trang 368), Ba Kich {Morinda officinali.i How) loai c i p EN (EN Alc.d Bl+2a,b,c). Do la nhung loai quy c4n duac iru tien bao ve.
- Su- da dang vi cdc dang sdng city Idm thudc cua cdng dong ngu-M Hre
Tu viec phan tich tinh da dang vg dang sdng ciia cay thudc se giiip ich trong dinh huang khai thae va su dung ben virng.
(46,67%) tap trung nhiSu o cac ho nhu ho Asteraceae, Poaceae, Scrophulariaceae...
- Sir da dang ve cdc bg phan diing ciia cdy thuoc nguMHre huyen Ba To'- Qudng Ngai
Bang 3. Cac bo phan diing ciia cay thuoc ciia ngudi Hre Bo phan SIP dung
LiS Rl Than
Vo Qua
Cu Ca cay
So loai 14
7 5 1 3 6 10
Ty le (%) 31,11 15,56 11,11 2,22 6,67 11.11 22,22
Bang 2. Cac dan
Dang s6ng S6 lu'p'ng loai Tyir(%)
Cay thao 21 46,67
g song cua cay thuoc Cay g6
7 15,56
Cay bui 6 13,33
Day leo 11 24,44 Tinh da dang ve dang song cac cay lam thudc ctja nguai Hre tai huyen Ba To la kha phong phu. Nhom cay than thao chiem ty le cao nhk
Ket qua diroc neu trong bang 3 cho thSy su da dang trong viec sir dung cac bg phan khac nhau cua cay thuoc de chiJa benh. Thuang diing hem ca la la, ca cay va re. Cac bo phan nhu vo, qua, cu cung dupfc su dung dk chQa benh nhung so lugng khong loii.
4.2. Hien trang khai thae va sii- dung cac loai cay thuoc cua ngu'oi Hre tai huyen Ba T o , tinh Quang Ngai
- Ty ie khai thdc cdy thuoc theo nguon goc Bang 4. Ty le khai thae cay thuoc theo nguon goc
Moi tru'O'ng song
Tu' nhien (rung, d6i nui, nu'ong rSy, trang cay bui, khe su6i..) Trong tai vyan nha
Ket hpp
So loai 38 4 3
Ty 1? % so vai tong so loai 84,44
8.89 6,67
Cay thuoc duac nguoi dan dia phuong khai thae CO nguon goc chii yeu la trong rirng. Dan tai viec sir dung cay thuoc hoan toan phu thupc vao tu nhien, kho khan trong viec chii dpng nguon cung.
- Cdch thu hdi, che bien cdy thuoc cua ddng bdo ddn tpc Hre tai huyen Ba To; tinh Qudng Ngdi
Cach khai thae:
+ Ve thai gian; cay thuoc duac thu hai thong thuang vao buoi sang, \i nhieu loai eay thuoc
trong rimg sau, kho lim va theo quan niem tam linh ciia dong bao dan tgc tai dia phuang.
+ Miia: cay thuoc duac thu hai quanh nam, khong theo miia va cQng khong theo miia phan bo loai.
+ Ve thai tiet: cay thuoc dupe thu hai vao liic troi nang, thuan tien cho qua trinh di lai thu hai.
+ Trang thai cay: da so cay thuoc dugc thu hai liic gia dc dam bao dupe tich ciia cay.
Tap chi KHLN 2013 V6 Van Minh etal.. 2014(1)
Cach ch^ bi^n cay thudc cua ddng bao Hre kha da dang, cay thudc co the dupic dung tuai nhu:
Chua me dit hoa vang {Oxalis comiculata L.), cay Bd ngot {Sauropus androgynus Merr)..., nhai sdng nhu Lu: dSng cdn {Lindernia Crustacea (L.) F. Muller); phai khd, say khd nhu: Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabra), Ba kich {Morinda officinalis How), Co dot {Annonaceae Carabao)...; ha nong nhu qua
cay Budi {Citrus grandis Osbeck); gia nat dung ngoai da nhu cay Nghe {Polygonum hydropiper); ham, sac nhu Lac tien {Passiflora foetida). Cd tranh {Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.
Beauv. Var. Cylindrica)...; ngam rugu nhu Bdng bdng {Dracaena angustifolia Roxb)...
Tuy nhien each dung phd bien nhat la cay thudc duac phai khd sac uong.
- Gid tri su' dung theo nhdm benh Bang 5. Thdng ke ty le cay thuoc dupe sir dung theo nhom tac dung chua benh
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nhom tac dung Nhom chua benh ca xu-ong khop Nhom chua b?nh than - tilt nl?u Nhom chu'a benh byou - npi tiet Nhom chu'a benh gan Nhom chu'a benh ngoai da Nhom chu'a benh phu nil' - thai san Nhom chu'a benh suy nhugc ca the Nhom chua benh tieu hoa Benh tre em
Nhom chu'a benh tai - mui • hong Nhom chua benh ngo doc Nhom chua benh con trung d6t, rln doc
Sd loai 12 7 6 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
Ty lo % 26,67 15.56 13,33 11,11 11,11 6,67 6,67 4,44 4,44 2,22 2,22 2,22
Qua 12 nhom benh duac dieu trj thi cac bai thuoc chua nhom benh ca - xuong - khop chiem ty le lan nhat, ke den la nhom chu'a benh than - tiet nieu, buau - ndi tiet... Da phAn cac bai thudc la su ket hcrp ciia nhieu loai cay, mpt loai cay co the chu:a nhieu benh.
4.3. De xuat bien phap bao tSn va phat trien nguon cay thuoc
Cdc yeu to tdc dong den nguon tdi nguyen cdy thuSc cua ngifdi Hre lgi huyen Ba Ta, linh Qudng Ngdi: Ngudn cay thudc trong nhi6u nam chii yeu dua vao thu hai tu nhien, khai thae khdng co ke hoach bao ve, nen san luong giam silt, nhieu loai ngay cang tra nen khan hiem. Them vao do la viec phat rirng, ddt
rimg lam ray qua cac miia khong dii thoi gian cho viec phuc hdi cac loai cay thudc, sir chuyen ddi rirng tu nhien sang trdng rirng thuan trdng Keo la tram da lam suy giam da dang sinh hgc trong dd co cac loai cay thudc.
Tri thuc ban dia ngay cang mai mpt dan, nhieu bai thudc bien mat, cdng tac dieu tra, luu tru thdng tin con thieu, chua duac quan tam dung muc.
Tren ca sa lien trinh hoat dong bdo ton cay ihuoc lai cong dong de su dung ben virng ldi nguyen cdy ihiioc (Luu Dam Cu, 2009). Tien hanh theo 3 buac chinh sau:
Buac I: Xac dinh ddi tuOTg can bao tdn va uu lien bao tdn.
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Xac djnh cay thudc trong khu vuc bi de dpa ciin dupe bao tdn va trong sd do loai nao cdn phai khan truong bao tdn va co th^ bao tdn duac.
- Miic dp quy hilm trong tu nhien.
- Muc dp bi khai thae.
Lua chpn cac loai uu tien bao tdn trong cgng ddng (tir kk qua cac loai da xac dinh) theo cac tieu chi sau:
->- Thucmg xuyen bi khai thae vi muc dich thucmg mai.
+ Co nhu c§u sir dung lan trong cpng ddng.
+ Nguyen vpng cua nguai dan dia phuang ddi voi phal trien ddi tuong.
Budc 2: Lira chpn md hinh bao tdn va nhdm tham gia.
Lira chpn md hinh thich hop vai dieu kien va dac diem cua dia phuang.
- Mo hinh vuon cay thudc,
- Md hinh bao tdn cay thudc trong vudn rirng.
Budc 3: Nghien ctm va trien khai bao tdn cay thudc tai cpng ddng. Trong qua trinh iri^n khai cdng tac bao tdn cay thudc tai cdng ddng cac npi dung sau day can duac quan lam de dam bao thanh edng: Nghien ci'm tinh thich nghi eiia thuc vat.
Tap chi KHLN 2013 Can cu vao thuc trang khai thae va sir dung cay thudc ciia dia phuang, va thue hien cac buac tien trinh bao tdn cay thudc trong cpng ddng chung tdi xin dk xuit cac bien phap, md hinh bao ton sau :
- Lua chon cdc lodi cdy thudc duac lua chon uu tien bdo ton:
* Ba kich {Morinda officinalis How)
* Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabre)
Sa nhan tim {Amomum longiligulare T.
L.Wu)
- Bdo ton nguyen vi
Day la hinh thiic khoanh viing bao tdn tai cho.
Hinh thiic nay dupe ap dung cho xk ca mpi ddi tugng can duac bao tdn, nhimg ddi tupng chua CO nguy ca tuyet chiing hoac xam hai, hoac trong dieu kien con nguai cd the can thiep bang cac bien phap de quan ly, bao ve.
De thuc hien tdt cdng tac bao ton cay thudc ngay tai chd can xac djnh viing phan bd cay thudc (bang 6), huy ddng su tham gia ciia nguoi dan dja phuang vao viec di^u tra khao sat, khoanh vung bao ve. Day la thanh ph^n cung cap thdng tin quan trpng vimg phan bo, trir lupng ciing nhu chal lupng cay thudc.
Bang 6. Vung phan bd mdi so loai cay thudc tai huyen Ba Ta TT
1 2 3 4 5
Ten cay thu6c Loai Tho Phyc Linh {Smilax glabra) Ba kich (Monnda officinalis How ) Sa nhan tim {Amomum longiligulare T L Wu) Co iJot {Equisetum debile Roxb Ex Vauch,) Cay che (Camellia sinensis)
Viing phan b6 Xa Ba Cung, Ba Bich, Ba Nam. Sa Le Xa Ba Nam, Ba Xa, Ba Trang Xa Ba To, Ba Trang Xa Ba Dien Xa Ba Vinh
- Khoanh vimg. ndm duac trif lirang doi luong khai thdc:
+ Khu vuc khai thae ngay: cay mgc tap trung, phan Id^n la cay trucmg thanh.
+ Khu vuc chgn lpc: Chi chpn nhung cay Ion, sd luang nhieu, bao ve eay cdn nho.
+ Khu vuc bao ve: da sd la cay cdn nhd, rat it ea\' Id'n.
Tapchi KHLN 2013 Vo Van Minh et al.. 2014(1)
- Bdo tdn chuyen vi
Bien phdp nhdn giong md rong dien lich cdy thuoc dudi ldn rimg trong, vudn nhd.
Vdi cac loai nhu Ba kich (Morinda officinalis How), Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabra): la nhiing loai thudc quy hien cdn rat it tai dja phuong vi trong qua trinh phat ddt ray lam nuang thuang xuyen. Can nghien ciru dieu kien sinh thai ciia cay Ba kich {Morinda officinalis How), dieu kien tu nhien ciia huyen de cd the dua cay trdng duai tan rimg tu nhien va rimg trdng. Co the sii dung gidng invitro de chii ddng ngudn cay gidng.
Tiep tuc phal huy ket qua de tai ''Nghien ciru gay trdng cay Sa nhan tim (Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu) 6f mien niii tinh Quang Ngai" do Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng nghiep Duyen hai Nam Trung bp chii tri (2008 - 2011) va hoan thien quy trinh dua vao gay trdng Sa nhan tim duoi tan rimg keo va rimg tu nhien tai Ba To, gdp phSn han ehd xoi mdn, lu lut vira bao tdn va phat tri^n dupe ngudn cay thudc quy tai dia phuang.
- Bien phdp tuyen truyin khai thdc hop iy cdy thuoc
Tuyen truyen, huong din cac lang y, cdng ddng lai dja phuang khai thae hop ly dd cd th6 bao ve, tai phuc hdi cac loai thudc quy. Tranh lam can kiet ngudn cay thudc dk ed thi tidp tuc khai ihac trong tuong lai. Ndu lam tdt cdng tac nay se ed kha nang lan toa lan irong cdng ddng.
Chi thu hai cac bd phan lam thudc, tranh chat pha ca cay.
- Chi thu hai d cae cay thuoc da truong thanh.
- Chii y luu giu cac cay gieo gidng.
- Thu hai theo thoi vu, theo miia phan bd: didu nay giiip ich cho viec thu duac dugc lieu cd ham luang hoat tinh eao (co thd dir trij cay
thudc trong thai gian dai), dam bao kha nang tai sinh cua cay thuoc.
- Nam vung ky thuat, phuang phap (vi du: thu vd cay - nen vao mua Xuan hoac dau Ha, cay dang phat trien manh, vo nhieu nhua, dl hoc;
Thu hai nhimg phan ngam duai dat - nen vao liic cay bat dau tan lui, Itic nay bp phan chira nhidu hoat ch^t nhit...) (Luu Dam Cu, 2009).
- Tu- lieu hda cdc bdi thuoc ddn tpc Cay thudc dan tdc va tri thirc ban dia ve sir dung cay cd lam thudc ciia cac dan tdc a Viet Nam ia mdt ngudn tai nguyen quy gia, cd gia trj khoa hpc va cd y nghia thuc tien to Ion.
Day thuc su la mdt kho bau con nhieu dieu chua dupe kham pha. Viec tu lieu hda lai cac bai thudc dan tpc gop phan vao cdng cudc phat trien cay thudc cd truyen dan tdc ndi chung va tri thiic y hpc gia truyen ban dja cua ngirdfi Hre, Quang Ngai noi rieng.
V. KET LUAN VA DE XUAT
Ve da dang thanh phan loai cay thudc: Qua di^u tra thu thap thdng tin da thu dupe 45 loai cay thudc thudc 26 hp thuc vat qua each sti dung ciia cdng ddng nguoi Hre huyen Ba To, Quang Ngai.
- Hien trang khai thac'va sir dung cac loai cay thudc tai huyen Ba Ta - Quang Ngai: Phin Ion la cac cay thudc cd nguon gdc tu nhien 84,44%. Tri thuc ban dja phong phii thk hien cr kinh nghiem su dung dd chira trj 12 nhom benh khac nhau, trong do dang kd la cac bai thudc chira nhdm benh co - xucmg - khop, than, ndi tiet, gan.
- Qua dieu tra cd 2 loai thudc quy trong danh muc cay thudc do Viet Nam: Ba kich (Morinda officinalis How), Loai Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabre), 6 loai quy theo kien thiic ban dja ciia ngud'i Hre la: Cd ddt {Equisetum debile Roxb. Ex Vauch.), Sa nhan tim
3214
Vo Van Minh et a/.. 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2013
{Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu), Ba kich (Morinda officinalis How), loai Thd phuc linh {Smilax glabre), Kim cang tai la nhd (Smilax adhaerens Gagnep^, Nga truat (Curcuma zedoaria Berg. Rose).
- De xuat bien phap bao tdn va phat trien ngudn cay thudc: nhimg loai cay thudc quy cin bao tdn la Sa nhan tim {Amomum
longiligulare T.L.Wu), Ba kich {Morinda officinalis How), Tho phuc iinh {Smilax glabre), can nhan gidng mo rdng dien tich cac loai cay thudc nay ducri tan rimg irdng, vucm nha, ddng thai khoanh vimg bao ve tai cho (Bao tdn nguyen vi). Di kem voi bien phap tuyen truyen khai thae hop ly cay thudc va tu lieu hoa cac bai thuoc dan tdc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. lAn Thj Van Anh, 2010. Tr^n Hiing '^Nghien ciru thanh phSn hoa hpc cua Day khai {coptosapelta lomeniosd) theo djnh hirong tac dung khang viem". Tap chi Y hoc Tp Ho Chi Minh, Tap 14, (S6 1/2010).
2 D6 Huy Bich, Dang Quang Chung, Biii Xuan Chucmg, Nguyen Thugng Dong, Do Trung Dam, Pham V5n Hien, Vu Ngoc Lo, Pham Duy Mai, Pham Kim Man, Doan Thi Nhu, Nguyin Tap, Trin Toan, 2006. Cay thuoc va dong vat lam thu6c. Nxb Khoa hpc va Ky thuat.
J. Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe, Vien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Viet Nam, 2007. Sach Do Viet Nam - phan II - Thirc vat. Nxb Khoa hpc tir nhien va Cong nghe. Ha Npi.
4. Vo Van Chi, 2012. Tir diln cay thuoc Viet Nam. Nxb Y hoc, Ha Npi, tap l-Il.
5 Luu Dam Cu (06/02/2009 lOh: 38), Nghien ciru tn thirc va kinh nghiem y hpc c6 truySn ciia cac dan tpc de bao t6n va phat triSn cay thu6c, <http7/www botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=ne\vs&newsid=688>
6. D6 Tat Lgi, 2006. Nhirng cay thuoc va vi thudc Viet Nam. Nxb Y dirpc.
<. Nguyen Thanh Phuang, 2011, Nghien ciiu gay lr6ng cay Sa nhan tim (Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu) is mien nui tinh Quang Ngai. Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep Duyen hai Nam Trung Bo
8. Nguyin NghTa Thin, Nguyin Thi Hanh, Ngo True Nha, 2001. Cay thuoc d6ng bao Thai Con Cuong, Nghe An.
Nxb Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
Ngu-oi thiim dinh: TS. Trin Ngpc Hai
