^ DIEN DAN NGHIEN CLTU
/ s '
KIEN TRUC QUANG TRUONGdCACDOTHI
L O N VIET NAM
Quang trudng la mot thanh phan khong the thieu trong cau trijc khong gian cac do th| tCr xua den nay. Ve ban chat, quang trucsng la
mot khong gian cong cong, dam nhiem nhOng cb(sc nang cong cOng va chung sdng cija dan ca do
th|, nhu la noi to chiic hoat dOng si; kien xa hoi, nhOng sinh hoat van hoa - le hOi, buon ban va, don gian, la noi de thi dan sum hop hoac dgo choi. Dong thdi dong vai tro tgo thj va tao ti'nh chat thanh thj cho moi do thi, to chUc va gan ket cong dong dan cu do thi vdi dac trung noi troi la su can bang giUa cai "rieng" va cai "chung".
ISKTSla Nam Chien
HE THONG QUANG TRadNG
Ve phuong dien quy hoach, mdi thanh phd can thie't lap he thdng quang trudng cd tang bae de dam trach vai trd djnh hudng khdng gian, gdp phan tao lap co the va dien mao thanh phd, bao gdm cac quang trudng chinh (quang trudng trung tam) va cae quang trudng khu vue. Trong khi eac quy chuan va quy pham ciia Nha nude ve giao thdng, ve cdng trinh ha tang xa hdi va cay xanh sir dung cdng cdng da kha rd rang va day dii, thi mdt thanh phan dd thi rat quan trgng la quang trudng lai chua dugc de cap tdi. Viec phat trien dd thi hien nay theo kieu "vet dau loang", thieu sg kie'm soat, ciing vdi viec xem nhg vai trd quang trudng trong eau triie khdng gian do thi da han ehe su hinh thanh he thdng quang trudng trong eac dd thi Idn. Trong khi d cac khu vgc mdi phat trien, eac quang trudng khdng xuat hien, thi d cac khu vue eu, thudng la nhii-ng trung tam thanh phd, eac quang trudng san cd eung mat di vai trd ma ehiing tung cd.
Viec thieu mgt he thdng quang trudng trong cac dd thi Idn d Viet Nam ed the ly giai bdi: thieu quang trudng (ty le dien tich quang trudng/dien tich dat dd thi chf chiem 0,0040%; ehi tieu dien tich quang trudng tren dau ngudi rat thap: 0,0220m^), dae biet la eac quang trudng khu vuc (trong so 18 thanh phd duoe khao sat, chf cd 9 thanh pho cd quang trudng khu vue, vdi so lugng la 17/35 quang trudng...) va thieu su ket noi.
6 2 KIENTRUC/i;iH/\.vl.ORG.VN So 8 - 2 0 1 1
VEV!TRi QUANG TRUONG
Mac dii mdt quang trudng ed the tap hop quanh nd cac tda nha ed chue nang khdng tuong thich (vi du mdt nha thd va quanh nd la eac tda nha van phdng, quan ea phe, cua hang an uong ...), song ngudi ta vin cd the xac dinh dugc cdng nang chinh ciia quang trudng. Cdng nang nay, ve mat vi tri, can phii hgp vdi chue nang ciia khu vuc dd thi. Vi du, trong khu vuc hanh chinh va chinh tri cua mgt thanh pho, khdng
! nen ed cac quang trudng chg, quang trudng tdn giao, hoac mgt khu vuc nghi ngoi gin vdi canh quan thien nhien ciia I thanh phd thi chf nen bd tri cac quang
trudng nghl ngoi, danh eho eac hoat ddng van hda...
Trong khi dd, d Long Xuyen, d Quy Nhon va d Nha Trang, cac quang trudng vdi nhung tuong dai mang y nghTa Idn, lai nim ngay trong khu vuc dan eu...
Ngoai ra, trong sd 35 quang trudng duoc khao sat cdn ed 20 quang trudng khac cung cd nhung bat cap ve vj tri nhu vay.
CONG NANG VA TiNH CHAT suf DUNG
Mdt quang trudng thich hgp eho eac hoat ddng cdng dong phai cd su phan djnh rd rang cac khdng gian danh cho cac hoat ddng cd tinh chat khae nhau, d§c biet la sg phan djnh giua giao thdng (cho eo gidi) vdi eac hoat ddng cdng , dong khae. Trong khi dd, theo khao ' sat cua chiing tdi cd de'n 23/35 quang trudng bj eac phuong tien cogidi lan at, trong dd ed 18 quang trudng duge thie't Igp gin vd chirc nang giao thdng chinh ciia thanh phd.Quang trudng d cac dd thi Idn Viet Nam phat trien chu trgng lech ve chue nang chinh trj, hanh chinh vdi eac quang trudng trung tam, trong khi chiing dang dugc sir dung mdt each tu phat, da chirc nang, khdng cd su quan ly (17/35 quang trudng). Theo sd lieu tir eac cudc phong van, ngudi dan den quang trudng chu yeu vdi mue dich thu gian, dao choi, ngim canh dudng phd hole xem cac hoat ddng khac (cung la tu phat) dang didn ra, chiem ty le 41%
d Ha Ngi; 35% d Oa ning va 44% d thanh phd HCM. Hon the nua, mdt sd quang trudng thudng xuyen cd cae hoat ddng khdng phii hgp, nhu sinh hoat gia dinh, dd xe bua bai, ban hang rong, quang cao thieu tham my (8/35
quang trudng).
YEU TO CHU OAO
Mac dii khdng phai tat ca cae quang trudng deu budc phai cd yeu td ehu dao, nhung hau het, yeu td chii dao vin thuc su can thiet, dae biet ddi vdi cac cau triic khdng gian ed true. Trong khi hinh thai khdng gian eac quang trudng d dd thj Viet Nam thudng la ed true (31/35 quang trudng; trong dd ed true va ddi xung la 13/35; cd true nhung khdng ddi xung la 18/35; chf cd 4/35 quang trudng cd cau triie khdng true), thi yeu td chu dao hau he't lai chua cd vj tri va ty le phii hgp, hinh thue va gia trj nghe thuat ehua cao, lam mat di vai trd ehu dao ma chung can ed.
YEU TO GIOll HAN KHONG GIAN
Mdt quang trudng duoe gidi han chieu ngang bdi mat nen va theo chieu dung bdi cdng trinh kien triic hay cac cau true, vat the khac.
Nghien cuu ve yeu td gidi han khdng gian eua quang trudng d dd thj Viet Nam, ed the thay bd cue thudng thieu djnh hudng va khdng bdc Id rd y do chii dao (vi du nhu bd cue theo true, bd cue tao khdng gian md, khdng gian ddng...). cae mat gidi han dirng khdng edtrattuve chieu cao, khdi tich (14/28 quang trudng cd gidi han dung), hinh thirc thieu su hai hda, thdng nhat giua cae thanh phin kien triic (21/28 quang trudng), nhieu khi cdn khdng dep va xudng cap.
a hau het cae quang trudng, cac cdng trinh bao quanh thudng la nha d tu nhan, ed dien mao kien triie tu phat, chieu cao Ion xdn, din den su giam tinh van hda va tham my eua quang trudng.
Mat khac, cac hoat ddng thudng nhat d day cdn gay mat my quan.
Mdt thanh phin khac gdp phin gidi han va bd cpc khdng gian, dd la eac kien true nhd va tac pham nghe thuat.
Mot khdng gian quang trudng dep cin ed cac yeu td nay nhim tao canh quan, tao tinh tu tudng va van hda, nhan manh tinh rieng biet ciia quang trudng, ehiing cdn tao bd cue va phan djnh cac khu vue khdng gian chue nang... Theo khao sat ciia chiing tdi, ed den 14/35 quang trudng, thieu ving eac yeu td nay;
25/35 quang trudng khdng cd cac tac pham dieu khic, cac thanh phan trang tri hay cae hinh thuc td diem khac.
• i Batthanji gho Oan so: 1.350.000 nguoi
^ B M J . K I S ^ S Tieu ctiuan(mz,»5„v 0,074
Sd lieu nam 1996, theo nghien cuu cua GS. Jan Gehl trong "Public Spaces, Public Lite - Copenhagen" va duoc cap nhat nam 2000 trong "New City Space", tdng hop cua tac gia.
...mot sd quang tru'dng thu'dng xuyen co cac hoat dpng khong phu hcrp, nhu sinh hoat gia dinh, do xe bCra bai, ban hang rong, quang cao thieu tham my.
A Quang truong thanh pho Long xuyen, ncri co tupng dai Tdn OCrc Thang
J^ Quang trucmg trung tam TP. Quy Nhon noi dat tugng dai Quang Trung.
iM^:
^ DIEN DAN NGHIEN Ciru
TO CHflC LOI VAO
Viec to' chue Idi vao quang trudng quye't dinh tam nhin, hudng nhin cua ngudi sir dung, nd cung quyet djnh bd cue eua quang trudng, tac ddng den cam thu thi giae. Nhin chung, cd ba dang CO ban cua Idi vao quang trudng:
tdi quang trudng, xuyen quang trudng va ngang quang trudng. Tu ba dang co ban nay, trong thue te, chung ket hgp vdi nhau va cdn ed the bien doi thanh nhieu hinh thai khae nti'a, tiiy thude vao sd lutpng Idi vao quang trudng, hudng vao quang trudng (hudng thing, hudng cheo) va vj tri eiia Idi vao (vao chinh tam, vao lech tam, vao d gde).
Trong khi quang trudng d cac nude phuong Tay, thudng ed Idi vao co ban, thi cac quang trudng d Viet Nam, thudng ed Idi vao ket hgp nhieu dang, theg khag sat cua chiing tdi la 23/35 quang trudng. Oae biet, cac quang trudng duge hinh thanh d thdi hien dai chiem ty le cao trong sd dd. Mdt dac die'm khac eua quang trudng thdi nay la ehiing thudng dugc gin vdi nhirng yeu td tu nhien, nhu sdng nude, mat bien...
nhu la mdt ye'u td gid han khdng gian theo chieu ngang, trong khi lai thieu, tham chi khdng cd, cac yeu td gidi han dung. Oieu dd ed the ly giai tai sao ehiing thudng cd khdng gian dang md, bd cue, hlnh thai khdng rd rang.
TIEP CAN QUANG TRUONG VA MpTSdVANDEKHAC
Theo quan sat, cd 20/35 quang trudng khdng thuan \o\ khi tiep can bang di bd hay xe bus do bj cac phuong tien giao thdng khae lan at, hoac xa cac tram dirng xe, hoac khdng cd su lien ket giua quang trudng vd cac khdng gian cdng cdng khac. Viec tiep can nay din de'n ngudi ta budc phai chie'm huu khdng gian quang trudng de dd xe, gay mat my quan va anh huong den cac hoat ddng khac. Oieu nay dugc khing dinh qua ket qua phong van tai 03 thanh phd Idn ve each thue tiep can quang trudng cua ngudi dan dd thj: tiep can chu yeu bing xe may (65% - 88%), tiep can bing di bd, xe dap hay phuong tign giao thdng cdng eong chf chiem 22% tai Ha Ndi va T.P HCM; 7% tai Oa Ning.
Oe mdt quang trudng ed sue sdng, can thu hut dugc nhieu hgat ddng cdng
dong. Vdi khi hau cua Viet Nam, viec cai thien vi khi hau eho cae hoat dgng ngoai trdi tai quang trudng la mdt van de Idn. Ngoai ra, eac tien nghi khac phuc vu cho cdng dong nhu nha WC cdng cdng, ghe ngoi, den chieu sang...
hay cae djch vu nhu ca-phe, an nhanh, cae quan hoa, quan sach... chua dugc ehii y. Hau het cac quang trudng d Viet Nam deu thieu eac tien nghi nay, hoac ed d mue do tdi thieu, thieu tha'm my...
Tu nhung ket qua dieu tra va nhung nhan djnh tren, ehiing tdi xin neu ra mot sd van de Idn can dugc nghien cuu va giai quyet nhim nang cao gia tri ciia quang trudng trong eac dd thi hien nay, nang cao chat lugng to chirc khdng gian kien triie va chat lugng su dung eua quang trudng:
- Nhin ve lau dai va can ban, chiing ta can xay dung dugc eac nguyen tie, eac quy djnh cu the ve viec quy hoach quang trudng ddi vdi cac dd thj mdi va ddi vdi cac khu vuc phat trien d dd thj cu. Od la eac nguyen tie ve phan cap he thd'ng quang trudng trong do thj, ve vj tri quang trudng, cac quy djnh ve tieu ehua'n sir dung, chf tieu sir dung cdng trinh, sir dung dat xay dung quang trudng trong co cau dat dd thj...
- Vd cac dd thj hien hiJu, chiing ta can dua ra nhung giai phap thich hgp de tao lap dugc mdt he thdng quang trudng trong bd khung cau true eua nd. Od ed the la giai phap cai tao eac khdng gian trdng trong dd thj thanh quang trudng, cd the la cai tao cac true dudng lien
ket nhung khdng gian cdng cdng, cac quang trudng hien hdu thanh mdt mang ludi khdng gian cdng cdng...
- Viec nang cao chat lugng td chirc khdng gian kie'n true quang trudng cung can dugc xem xet tren ea hai mat, dd la tc chue khdng gian kie'n triic eac quang trudng mdi, se duge xay dung va cai tag, kien toan khdng gian kie'n triic cae quang trudng eu hien cd.
Odl vdi cac quang trudng mdi, dugc xay dgng trong tuong lai, chiing ta can cd eac quy djnh, nguyen tic cu the cho viec thie't ke, bd tri eac cdng nang phii hgp, to chire giao thdng, tao dung cac ye'u td cau thanh quang trudng ve dien mao kie'n triic, ty le, khoi tich hinh hgc...
Odl vdi cac quang trudng hien huu, van de cai tao, kien toan khdng gian kie'n triie can dugc xem xet than trgng.
Ngoai viec dua tren eac nguyen tic to chue khdng gian, can cd nhung nghien cuu cu the de danh gia muc do cai tao, bao ton, dua ra nhirng giai phap hgp iy.
- Song song voi giai quye't eac van de tren, cung can cd sg to chire, djnh hudng cho cac hoat ddng su dung (nhu td chue bieu dl§n, trien lam, to chirc cac gian hang luu niem, ban hoa, sach, bao...). Ket hgp vdi viec xay dgng quy che quan ly, quan ly chat che ve mat kie'n true, xay dung cung nhu viec sir dung cac cdng trinh trong khdng gian quang trudng.
Mat diJng quang trudng Cho Can Tho (a) va quang truang trung tam thanh phd Rach Gia (b): cac cdng trinh cd chieu cao khdng ddng deu, hinh there kien true thieu thdng nhat vcri cdng nang la nha dtunhan w kieu Id phd.
