NGHiA VU CUA CAC QU6C GIA TRONG VUNG BIEN CHONG LAN THEM LUC DIA VA DAC QUYEN KINH TE THEO CONG l / d C LIEN HOP QUOC VE LUAT B I E N 1982
Tran Him Duy Minh*
Tom tdt: Cdc qudc gia ven bien cd ba bien ddi dien hogc liin ke nhau se cd thi co cdc viing biin chdng ldn chua phdn dinh. Trong cdc vung bien chdng ldn chua phdn dfnh ndy. Cdng u&c Lien hgp qudc ve Lugt Bien 1982 quy dinh mgt sd n^hia vu cho cdc qudc gia lien quan. Bdi viet se phdn tich cdc nghia vu tren theo dn li quoc ti gdn ddy vd neu y nghia thuc tiin cita chung ddi v&i Viet Nam.
Abstract: According to the UNCLOS of 1982, coastal states with opposite or adjacent coasts may have overlapping areas of their continental shelves and exclusive economic zones. Pending maritime delimitation. UNCLOS imposes concerned states several obligations. This article interprets the meaning of these obligations in line with relevant recent case law and tries to put it into the context of Vietnam.
1. Yung bien chong lan va Cong udc Lien hpp quoc ve Luat Bien 1982
Theo quy dinh ciia Cong udc Lien hgp quic vi Ludt Biin 1982 (CULB 1982), cac quoc gia ven bifin cd cdc viing bien thuflc chu quyfin vd quyfin chu quyfin cua minh, bao gflra ngi thuy, lanh hdi, viing tifip giap lanh hdi, vimg dac quyfin kinh te va them Iyc dia. So sanh vol quy dinh cua Cflng udc Geneva vfi thfira lye dia nara 1958, co thfi thdy Ludt quflc tfi da rad rflng mfit each ddng kfi thdra quyen cfia qufic gia ven biin vfi phia bien ea. CLTLB 1982 xdc lap thfim mgt viing dac quyfin kinh te rgng tii da 200 hai Iy, dong thdi xac dinh lgi mgt vimg thfim iuc dia rgng tfii thifiu 200 hai ly vd cd thi each dudng co sd d khoang each tfli da 350 hai ly hodc ban mfic do. Viec md rgng thdm quyen cua quflc gia ven bien vfi phia biin ca ddn dfin sy xudt hien hang logt cac vimg bifin chfing ldn giua cac quflc gia co bd biin liin kfi hogc dfli difin nhau. Cac vung biin ching
lan hifin nay chu yfiu lien quan den ehflng Idn vimg ddc quyen kinh te va them lye dia.
Van de phan dinh ranh gidi cdc vimg chong ldn ddc quyen kinh tfi va them lye dia dugc quy dinh d Dieu 74 va 83. Ngi dung cua hai dieu nay vfi ca bdn Id giing nhau, theo do "vific phdn dinh vfing dgc quyfin kinh tfi/thfim luc dia giua cac quflc gia co bd biin lifin ke hodc dfli dien nhau dugc thyc hign bang con dudng thoa thudn phu hgp vdi ludt phap quoc tfi quy dinh d Dieu 38 cua Quy chfi Tda an edng ly qudc tfi de di den mgt giai phap cflng bang"^. Thflng qua cac dn Ifi phdn dinh bifin cua cac co quan tai phan qudc ti, quy dinh tren da dugc lam ro hem. Trong do, phdn quyfit cua Tfla dn cflng Iy quic ti (Tda ICJ) trong vu Phdn dinh biin & khu vuc Biin Den giUa Romania vo Ukraina nam 2009 dugc xem la mgt dn I?
diin hinh xac dinh ro vi nguyen tdc cfing bdng va phuong phap ba budc de phan dinh
ThS., Khoa Luat qufic te, Hgc vifn Ngoai giao.
80
' CUlB 1982, Diiu 74(1) va 83(1).
NGHIA V{!CUA CACQUOCGIA ...
vung chdng lan dac quyfin kinh tfi va thfim lye dia"'
Mac dfi nguyen tdc va phuang phap eu thfi dfi phdn dinh bifin da dugc phdt trifin khd ro rang, nhung do thyc ti dia ly, dia chdt va hodn cdnh dac thu cua timg khu vuc bien nen hien nay van con nhieu vung bifin chflng ldn chua dugc phdn dinh. Xet trudng hgp cfia Viet Nam, co thfi thdy con mgt difin tich bien rgng ldn hien nay chua dugc phdn dinh, vi dy nhu vimg bien ngoai eua Vinh Bac Bg vdi Trung Qudc, vung dgc quyfin kinh ti vdi Indonesia, vung bien ehong lan vdi Campuchia vd Malaysia trong Vinh Thai Lan, hay cac vimg xung quanh quan dao Trudng Sa vdi cac nudc lang gieng.
Mgt van de can luu y la, cd su khac nhau gifia viing bien tranh chdp va vimg bien chfing ldn. Mgt vimg bien ehflng ldn chac chdn la mgt virng bien tranh chap, nhung chifiu nguge lgi se khflng hoan toan chinh xdc. Theo dinh nghia, vung bifin chong lan dung dfi chi cae vimg bifin co cdc yfiu sach cua cac quflc gia Uen quan chong lan Ifin nhau, ma cae yeu sach nay phai dugc dua ra phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua CLTLB 1982. Nfiu CO mgt yfiu sach hogc tat cd cdc yeu sdch dugc xem la khdng phu hgp hoac chua thfi xdc dinh cfl phu hgp voi C U L B 1982 hay khflng, thi chi cfl the dugc coi la mgt vfing hanh chdp ndi chung. Hien nay, CUTLB 1982 khflng CO quy dinh cu the difiu chmh nhiing vimg tranh chip noi chung nhu thfi.
^ Tfia an cong ly quoc te. Maritime Delimitation m the Black Sea case (Romania vi Unkraine), Phin quyet (2009), xem tai wwvy.ici-cii.org. Theo Tfia, Luit qudc tfi khdng gidi h^n phuang phip phan djnh biln nhung dat ra yfiu cau li kit qui phan dinh phii cfing bang. Phuong phip ba budc mi Toa su dyng Ii' (1) Xic dinh dudng phan djnh tam thdi (thong thufing li dudng cich deu), (2) Xem xfit cic hoin cinh hftu quan de difiu chinh dudng tam thdi, va (3) Kilm tra lai tinh tuong xung cua vi?c phan dinh.
2. NghTa vu cua cac quoc gia trong vung bien chong lan theo quy dinh cua Cong U'dc Lien hgp quoc ve Luat Bien 1982
Trong giai doan cac quflc gia chua gidi quyet dugc vdn dfi phdn dinh biin thi CU1.B 1982 ddt ra mflt sfl nghia vy cho cac quflc gia, dugc quy dinh tai khodn 3 Dieu 74 va khoan 3 Dieu 83: "Trong khi chua dat dugc thoa thudn theo khodn I, cdc quflc gia lien quan, trfin tinh thdn hifiu bifit va hgp tac, no luc het sue mmh dfi dat dugc cdc ddn xfip tgm thdi cd tinh chdt thyc tifin va khdng Idra phuong hai hay can trd viec di den mgt thoa thudn phdn dinh cufli cung"^. Muc dieh eua quy dinh nay nham thue day vific cac qufic gia lifin quan thoa thudn ragt sd bifin phap hgp tac tam thoi, dflng thdi ciing dat ra cdc ban chfi cho mgt sd hogt ddng don phuang cua hg trong vung chdng lan^. Quy dinh nay da dugc Tda trgng tdi thanh lap theo Phy luc VII eua CUlB 1982 giai thich va dp dyng khi gidi quyfit tranh ehdp trong vu Guyana v.
Suriname^. Cho dfin nay, day la phan quyfit duy nhdt cua mgt co quan tdi phdn qufic te giai thich quy dinh nay.
Trong vy Guyana v. Suriname, Suriname cao buflc Guyana da vi phgm nghia vu d Diiu 74(3) va 83(3) khi Guyana da khdng thflng bdo trudc cho Suriname vfi viec don phuong cap phep cho ragt cong ty tien hanh khoan thara do ddu khi d khu vuc bifin ching Idn chua phdn dinh gifia hai nudc.
^ CUlB 1982, Difiu 74(3) vi 83(3).
' Satya N. Nandan vi Shabtai Rosenne (chu bien).
United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, vol. II, Nxb. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 1993, ft. 815.
* Tda trgng tai theo Phu luc VII, Guyana v Suriname case, Phin quyfit trgng tii (2007), www.pca-cpa.org.
tmy cap ngiy 06/4/2015.
^ Guyana v. Suriname case, chti thich sfi 6, doan 459 -470.
NHA NUOC VA PHAPLUATSO 5/2015
Theo Toa trgng tai, Dieu 74(3) vd 83(3) trfin dat ra hai nghia vu cu the cho cdc quoc gia lien quan: nghia vu no lye dgt dugc mflt dan xfip tara didi co tinh thyc tien va nghia vy no lye khflng gay phuang hgi hay can trd den vific di dfin mflt thoa thudn phdn dinh cuoi cimg. Hai nghia vu ndy cd tac dyng vfia thfic ddy hgp tac giiia cdc qudc gia, vfia gioi ban pham vi hogt dgng cua timg quflc gia trong viing bifin chflng ldn chua phdn dinh.
NghTa vy dau tifin yeu cdu cdc bfin cdn phdi nfl lye dfi dat dugc mflt ddn xep co tinh thyc tifin nhara thiet lap ragt co che hgp tac tam thoi de khai thdc, sfi dung cac tai nguyfin cua vfing bien chflng lan trong khi chua the phan dinh bien. Dieu nay sfi giup mang lgi lgi ich kinh te cho tat cd cdc bfin lien quan. Tda Trgng tai cho rang, cdc ben,
"trfin tinh than hifiu biet vd hgp tac," phai tifin hanh dam phdn mgt each co thien chi va sdn sang dua ra cdc nhugng bg cdn thiet vdi each tifip can hoa gidi. Cdn luu y rang, nghTa vy nay khong bdt bugc cdc quflc gia phdi dgt dugc mgt dan xfip hay thoa thudn tgm thoi, nghTa vu ndy nhdn manh dfin "no Iue" ciia cac quflc gia.
NghTa vy thfi hai yfiu cau cdc ben edn nfi lye khflng gay phuang hai hay can trd din vific di den mgt thoa thudn phan dinh cuoi cimg. Muc dich cua nghTa vu nay nham ddt ra gioi hgn cho cdc boat dflng don phuang cua cac quflc gia lien quan trong vung biin chflng ldn chua phdn dinh. CLTLB 1982 khfing cam mgi hdnh vi, boat dgng dan phuang trong vimg bifin chflng Idn. Cac quic gia lifin quan co quyen ty minh thyc hien mgt sfl hoat dgng trong vimg bien nay nhu vigc tham dd dia chdn; (seismic test). Nhung mgt so boat dgng khac thi cdn phdi cfl thfla thuan cua tdt ca cac bfin lien quan, nhu vific khai thac tdi nguyfin ddu khi chdng hgn, boi
le cdc hogt dgng nay se xam pham vdo quyfin vd lgi ich cua cdc bfin lien quan khac.
Cac hogt dflng khong dugc phep thyc hien don phuang la cac hoat dong cd khd nang tgo ra sy thay ddi, bien dfli thue te dii vdi mfli truomg bien raflt each viiih vien, vi du nhu boat dgng khai thac ddu khi. Tifiu chuan de phan biet hai nhora hogt dflng ndy dugc Toa trgng tai gcri y tir vy Biin Aegean cfia Tda ICJ. Vu Biin Aegean lifin quan dfin viec Hy Lap yeu cau Tda ICJ dua ra bi?n phap tgm thoi de ngdn can vific Tho Nhi Ky tien hanh thdm dd dia chdt khu vuc thim Iyc dia tranh chdp gifia hai nudc. Toa ICJ dd dua vao cac tifiu chi cu the sau day: (I) Nguy ca ldm ton hai den day bien hay long ddt dudi ddy bifin, (2) Ti'nh chdt cfia boat dgng la tgm thdi hay lau dai, cd hay khflng vific ldp ddt cflng trinh nhdn tao, va (3) Co hay khong hogt dflng khai thae, chifim dyng hay sfi dyng tdi nguyen. Tda trgng tdi trong vu Guyana " Suriname cho rdng, eac hogt dflng thfla man cdc tifiu chi neu tren cung thda man tieu chudn tdi thiiu dk h\ xem la mgt hogt dgng vi phgm nghia vu nfl lye khflng lam phuang hgi hay cdn trd din viec di dfin mgt thfla thudn phan dinh cuii cimg theo Diiu 74(3) vd 83(3). Co thfi thdy, Toa trgng tai da sfi dung cac tifiu chi dfi dua ra bifin phap tgm thdi cua Tda ICJ d i lara can cfi xac dinh vi pham ddi voi nghia vy cua cdc ben trong vfing bien ehflng lan chua phan dinh theo Diiu 74(3) va 83(3).
Trong ba tifiu ehi nay thi Toa trgng tdi cho rang, tieu chi dau tifin ve nguy ca gay tfln hai d i n day bien va long ddt dudi ddy bifin Id mflt tifiu ehi thich hgp khi xem xfit nghia vu d Diiu 74(3) va 83(3). Theo do, Tda cho rang, mgt sd boat dflng khoan tham dd (exploratory drilling) ed thi gdy ra t i n hai vTnh vien din khu vuc tranh chdp, nhung
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NGHiA V^ CUA CAC QU6C GIA .
thdm do dia chdn lai la hogt dgng dugc phep.
Co thfi thdy, cac hogt dgng don phuong se bi cdm neu no lam thay doi vTnh vien vfi mat vat ly viing bifin ching ldn ehua phan dinh, it nhdt la dfli voi vfing ddy bien.
Tfi dn lfi tren cd thi thdy, Diiu 74(3) vd 83(3) khuyfin khieh cac ben lien quan phdi CO nfl luc thyc sy vd thien chi hgp tdc voi nhau, dflng thdi yfiu cdu cac ben khflng tifin hdnh cdc boat dgng dan phuang gay tfln hai vTnh vifin dfin khu vye chflng lan chua phdn dinh.
Cdn luu y,vy Guyana v. Suriname la an Ie duy nhdt rad ragt ca quan tai phdn quflc te xem xet vd giai thich rd ngi ham cfia Dieu 74(3) vd 83(3) CUlB 1982. Ddy la nhung giai thich ban dau cho dieu khoan nay, va van con nhitng difira chua dugc giai thich thdu dao va cu the. Hon nua, ciing cdn thoi gian va cac an lfi tuong tu trong tuong Iai dfi CO thi xac lap ragt cdch giai thich thflng nhat, dugc chap nhdn rgng rdi cho hai quy dinh nay. Qua do, c6 thfi xac lap mgt tifiu chi thing nhdt cho vific phan bifit nhfing hdnh vi dugc phep thuc hifin don phuong va nhiing hdnh vi phai cfl thfla thuan dfi co the tiin hanh trong vfing biin chflng ldn chua phdn dinh.
Ngoai nghia vu theo Difiu 74(3) va 83(3) da dugc phdn tieh d tren, CULB 1982 cung nhu Ludt quoc tfi ndi chung ciing dat ra cac nghTa vu khde cho cdc qufic gia lifin quan. Cac quoc gia lien quan cfl nghia vy khfing dugc su dyng hay de dga sfi dung vu tyc chflng lgi quic gia khac^. Day Id mgt nguyen tdc jus cogen efl gid tri phap ly cao
•nhdt trong he thflng phap luat qufic ti vd khflng cho phep bdt ky vi phgm nao^. Difiu
ndy khdng cd nghia Id ragi hanh vi sfi dung vu lye trfin bifin dfiu bat hgp phap. CLTLB 1982 cho phep cac qudc gia cd the su dung vu luc trong boat ddng chdp phap cua minh, tuy nhien vific sfi dung vu lye chi efl thi la gidi phap cuoi cimg, khflng the tranh khdi va chi sfi dyng d mfie do tfli thieu, ean thiet, tranh lara tfln hgi den tinh ragng con ngudi'°. Neu vu lye dugc su dung trong cac boat ddng chdp phdp trfin bien vugt qua mfic do trfin thi se dugc xera Id vi pham nguyfin tdc cam de dga sfi dyng hay sfi dyng vu luc trong lugt phap quoc tfi.
Hon nfia, cdc quflc gia ciing phdi tudn thu nguyen tac gidi quyfit tranh chap bang bign phdp hoa binh". Nguyfin tdc nay lien ket ehat che vdi nguyfin tac cara sfi dung vu luc d tren, theo do khflng ragt quflc gia nao dugc phep su dung vu luc dfi gidi quyfit cdc tranh chdp. Bat kfi s\x thifiu thien chi, khflng nhugng bg hay khieu khich tfi mflt bfin tranh chap, ben cdn lai cfl nghia vy phdi kifin tri sfi dung bien phap hoa binh, phi vu lye dfi giai quyfit. Su thdt bai cua cdc cugc dam phan Iau ddi hay sy tfi choi tham gia dam phan khong thfi bifin minh cho hanh vi sfi dung vu luc.
3. Lien he voi Vi^t Nam
Cho din nay, Viet Nara da dam phan thanh cong vd ky ket ragt sfl thda thudn phdn dinh biin voi cdc nudc ldng gieng nhu Hifip dinh phdn dinh ranh gioi trfin bifin vdi Thai Lan (1997), Hifip dinh phan dinh Vinh Bdc 86 vdi Trung Quflc (2000) va Hiep dinh phan dinh ranh gidi thera luc dia voi Indonesia (2003). Hifin nay, chfing ta vdn dang tiip tyc dam phdn dfi xac dinh ranh gioi
"CU'LB 1982, Dilu 301.
' Uy ban Lu§t phip qudc t l Lifin hgp quoc. Yearbook of the International LOH' Commission (1966), tr. 248, http://www.un ore/law/ilc/. truy cap ngiy 06/4/2015.
'° Tfia ITLOS, The M/V 'SAIGA' (No 2) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), Phin quyfit (1999), doan 155; Toa ITLOS, The M/V 'VIRGINIA G' (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau), Phin quyfit (2014), do^n 359; Guyana v. Suriname case, doan 445
" Hiin chuang Lien hop qudc (1945), Difiu 2(3) va 33.
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 5/2015
cho cdc vimg bien ehdng lan khac, nhu vung bien chflng ldn ngoai eua Vinh Bdc bfl hay vimg chdng lan dac quyen kinh te voi Indonesia.
Trong giai doan dang dam phan nay, cac nudc lien quan phai tudn thu ddy du cdc nghia vy ma Cl/LB 1982 va Iudt phdp quoc te quy dinh dfli vdi cac boat dflng trong cac viing bien chua phdn dinh. Trudc mdt, Viet Nam vd cdc nudc lifin quan cfl the nfl lye dam phan de cfl the dat dugc ragt sfl ddn xep tam thdi nham khai thdc tai nguyfin thifin nhifin, raang lgi lgi ich cdng bang cho tdt ca cac ben. Cac dan xep tgm thoi nay thudng dugc ggi la thda thuan hgp tac chung hay thoa thugn phdt trien chung. Cdc thfla thuan nay co the lien quan dfin nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhau, nhu hgp tdc nghe ca, khai thdc tai nguyfin dau khi, bdo vfi radi trudng, hgp tac trong ITnh vyc chdp phap...
Lien quan dfin Viet Nam, vi du cho su thanh cflng cfia cdc thfla thuan hgp tae chung la Bdn ghi nhd gifia Viet Nara va Malaysia (1992) vfi hgp tac khai thac chung ddu khi trong khu vuc bifin chflng lan giua hai nudc tren Vinh Thai Lan. Ngay sau do, ragt thoa thudn thuang ragi da duge ky kfit gifia Tap doan Dau khi Viet Nam va Tap dodn Petronas cfia Malaysia de tien hdnh thdra do, khai thac chung d khu vuc nay, vdi kfit qud Id thfing ddu ddu tien cfl dugc vdo nam 1997' . Cd the thdy, mac dii hai nudc van chua phan dinh ranh gidi tren bien nhung thoa thuan khai thac chung da cfl ket qua trfin thyc te, mang lai lgi ich cho cd hai
Robert Beckman v i Leonardo Bernard,
"Frameworkd for the Joint development of hydrocarbon resources", tr. 9, www.cil.nus.edu sg.
truy cap ngiy 06/4/2015.
" Nguyen Hong Thao, Joinl Development in the Gulf of Thailand, IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, So 7(3), nim 1999, tr. 82.
nude d-ong gdn 20 nam qua bat chap tinh chat "tam thoi" cua no.
Gdn day, Thda thugn vfi nhiing nguyfin tdc ca ban chi dao giai quyit cac bat dfing trfin Biin Ddng gifia Vifit Nam va Trung Quic CO quy dinh: "Trong tiin trinh tim kiim gidi phap ca ban va ldu ddi cho vdn dfi trfin biin, trfin tinh thdn tfln trgng ldn nhau, dfli xix binh ddng, cimg co Igi, tich cyc bdn bac, thdo ludn ve nhiing giai phap raang tinh qua dg, tara thdi rad khflng anh huflfng den ldp trudng va ehu truang cfia hai bfin, bao gdra vific tich cyc nghifin cuu va ban bge ve vdn de hgp tae efing phdt trien" . Nhu vdy, CO thfi thay, hai nudc danh gid rdt cao vd coi viec dat dugc thoa thugn tgm thoi ve hgp tac cfing phdt trifin trfin cac vfing bifin chflng Idn ehua phan dinh la mgt trong cac trgng tdm trong qua trinh giai quyet van dfi trfin bifin.
Bfin cgnh vific khuyen khich cac dan xfip tara thoi, Cl/LB 1982 eiing dat ra nghia vu cho edc qudc gia lifin quan can han chfi tifin hanh cdc hogt dgng co thfi lam thay dfii vTnh vien day bifin hay mfli truorng biin nhu khoan thara dd hay khai thdc ddu khi, vi day la cac hogt dgng bi eara thuc hign dan phuang.
Tdm lgi, nam viing vd tudn thfi quy dinh cua CULB 1982 vfi cac nghia vu trong vung bien chflng ian chua phdn dinh se thuc day mgt moi trudng hda binh, in dinh cho qud trinh dam phan eiing nhu tao ca sd phap Iy dfi dau tranh chdng lgi cdc boat dgng don phuang trai phep cua cdc nudc lifin quan.
'* Binh Minh, Viet - Trung: Thoa thudn 6 nguyen tic gidi quyit vdn di tren biin, www.baodientu.chinhphu.vn. truy c i p ngiy 12/3/2015.
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