'^' /%' V' /N"
MOT SO VAN DE VE
VAN HOC Ntr QUYEN TRUNG QUOC
NGUYEN THi HIEN'*>
^ ^ a n hpc nfl quyen la mdt khai niem V hien cdn nhieu tranh eai b Trung Qud'c, trong dd ndi len 3 quan diem tieu bieu. Quan diem thd nhat eho r i n g ehi can npi dung t i e pham viet ve nfl gidi thi du la sang tac cua nam tac gia hay nfl tac gia eung deu dUde gpi la van hpc nfl quyen. Quan diem thd hai cho ring, tat ea nhflng sang t i e cua nha van nfl deu dUde gpi la van hpe nfl quyen. Cdn quan diem t h d ba, theo chung tdi la thuyet phuc hdn ca, cho ring, ehu the sang tac van hpe nfl quyen la nfl gidi va npi dung, de tai, ehu de cua tac pham phai mieu ta ve cupc sd'ng nfl gidi.
Hinh thanh tfl nhflng nam 1970 va phat trien t h a n h mpt ddng van hpc ddc lap khoang mpt thap nien sau dd, van hpc nfl quyen da lam nen mpt dien mao mdi eho van dan Trung Qud'c dfldng dai.
Trong pham vi bai viet nay, chung tdi mudn dem den cho ddc gia cai nhin tdng quan ve qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien cua van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c cung nhu linh vife ly luan phe binh ddng van hpc nay.
1. Qud trinh phdt trien ciia vdn hoc niif quyen Tnmg Quoc 1. Giai doan ddu: tii cudi nhiing ndm 1970 den ddu nhiing ndm 1980
Trong giai doan nay cd eac tac gia ndi tieng nhU DUdng Giang, Vi Quan Nghi, Tdng Phac, Nhu Chi Quyen, Trinh Min. Ngoai ra cdn ed nhdm tac gia tudi trung nien nhfl Trfldng Khiet, Tham Dung, Ddi Hau Anh, Ddi Tinh, Trinh Nai San, Hang Ung, Diep Van Linh, Lang Lfle, Hoae Dat, Lflu Chan,...
Tac pham van hpc nfl quyen giai doan nay the hien y thflc giai phdng tfl tfldng, khat vpng tinh yeu tfl do va keu gpi y thflc nfl quyen. Nhflng sang tac tieu bieu cd Yeu la khong the quen (TrUdng Khiet), NgUdi den tudi trung nien, Mdi mdi Id miia xudn (Tham Dung), Quyin dUdc yeu, Bac ciic quang (Trfldng Khang Khang), Giac md tren phim ddn (Tdng Phac), La cd den (Lflu Chan), Con dUdng nhd tren thdo nguyen, Cdu chuyen bi cat xen sai (Nhfl
'*' ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi.
tHot so van de ve. 41 Chi Quyen), Gdc bi bo quen (Trfldng
Huyen),...
T r o n g so' cac n h a van nfl quyen thdi ky d i u , tac p h i m cua Trfldng Ai Linh, Trfldng Khiet, T h a m Dung... cd i n h hfldng hdn ca. Cac nfl si nay eho r a n g , tac gia nfl c i n p h a bd nhflng r a n g budc t r u y e n thd'ng, hfldng r a xa hdi, g i a n h quyen b i n h d a n g n a m nfl. Nhflng v a n de m a tac gia nfl q u y e n thdi ky d i u dfla r a da gay sd'c eho gidi v a n chfldng, vi s a u thdi gian dai bi a p bfle, day la l i n d i u tien p h u nfl T r u n g Qud'c d d n g len va keu gpi quyen cd b a n cua m i n h trong lich sd T r u n g Hoa.
2. Giai doan hai: nhUng ndm cudi thdp nien 1980
Day la giai d o a n v a n hpc nfl quyen T r u n g Qud'c bflde vao thdi ky mdi, ddng vai trd k h a q u a n t r p n g t r e n dien d a n van hpe T r u n g Qud'c. N h i e u tac p h a m xuat hien trong giai doan nay, chu yeu p h a n a n h sd' p h a n ngfldi p h u nfl, hoc Id y thdc b i n h d a n g gidi, due vpng ca n h a n va nhflng yeu c i u n h a n v a n k h a c eua ngfldi p h u nfl. Nhflng s a n g tac giai doan n a y da tflng bflde t a c h khdi c h i n h tri, xa hdi, t h i e n ve "ca t h e hda". T h a m chi ed nhflng s a n g t a c d a c h u y e n tfl de tai t i n h yeu s a n g t i n h due, d a m n h i n t h a n g vao t i n h due, nhflng t i n h due dfldng nhfl dflde t h a n g hoa va m a n g y n g h i a t r i e t hpc.
Tieu bieu cd PhUdng chu, Vd tU (Trfldng Khiet), Hdnh lang tinh di, NgUdi ban dn minh, Tdc nU (Trfldng K h a n g K h a n g ) , c h d m thd Con gdi (Cu Vinh Minh), c h u m thd Phong ngu cua ngUcfi phu nU ddc thdn (Y Ldi),...
3. Giai doan ba: nhUng ndm 1990
Trong giai d o a n nay, n h i e u tac p h i m t h e hien rd n e t ca n h a n hda tieng ndi nfl quyen. Bi ap che lau ngay, khi dflde ca't cao t i e n g ndi, cac tac gia nfl quyen b e t m i n h b a y td sfl p h a n no vdi
" t r u n g t a m n a m quyen", t h o i i m a i p h a n a n h sfl t h e n g h i e m n h a n gian mdi la va t i n h c i m bi a n cua nfl gidi. Gidi phe b i n h v a n hpc T r u n g Qud'c coi n a m 1995 la n a m p h a t t r i e n h u y h o a n g nha't cua van hpe nfl quyen. Sfl x a m n h a p d a t cua ly l u a n chu n g h i a nfl quyen phfldng Tay, mdi trfldng s a n g tac d a n chu, rdng md cflng nhfl sfl t h a y ddi q u a n diem t h a m my cua ddc g i i k h i e n v a n hpe nfl quyen ed sfl t h a y ddi to Idn. Xem xet lai q u a n niem t r u y e n t h d n g coi n a m gidi la t r u n g t a m , khdi p h u c dia vi ngfldi p h u nfl, bieu hien k h d n g gian va thdi gian ddi sdng nfl gidi... la n g u y e n vpng c h u n g cua tac gia nfl quyen. Hp b a t d i u di theo hfldng "sang tac ca n h a n hda",
"sang tac tfl n h a n " , "sang tac t h a n the".
Cae n h a v a n nfl it de cap tdi nhflng de tai t r p n g dai m a p h i n Idn tiep can vdi nhflng cau c h u y e n ddi thfldng, t h e h i e n suy n g a m cua hp ve cudc ddi.
Tac gia v a n hpc nfl quyen giai doan n a y p h i i ke den Phfldng Phfldng, Tri Ldi, Trfldng H a n , T a t T h u c M i n , Tfl Tieu Ban, Tri T d Kien, T r i n N h i e m , L a m Bach, H a i N a m , Tfl Khdn, Tu Lan, Ngd D a m Nhfl,...Cae tac p h a m tieu bieu la Cupc sd'ng rieng tU ( T r i n Nhiem), Cupc ddu tranh cua mpt ngUcfi (Lam Bach), Anh liia bo chay, Nudc di theo trdi (Phfldng Phfldng), NU nhdn truyen (Hai N a m ) , . . .
4. Giai doan bdn: nhUng ndm ddu the'ky XXI
Day cung la thdi ky b u n g nd cua
42 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so 12.2010 ddng van hpc Linglei'*'. Trao lflu van hpc
Linglei bao gdm truyen ngan, tieu thuyet, thd ca... Mdt so' tac p h i m cua Linglei la nhflng ghi chep chan thflc ve cudc sd'ng dd thi. Van hpc Linglei khac biet vdi ddng van hpc chinh thdng, the hien d each dat va'n de, phong each sang tac va ldi h a n h van. Van de dflde de cap den trong ddng van hpc nay rat da dang, mdi me, hien dai va nhay cam nhfl tinh due, ma tdy, ldi sdng hfldng thu... Theo trao lflu do, van hpc nfl quyen nghieng ve viec the hien sd phan ea nhan va due vpng cua ngfldi phu nfl. Rat nhieu tac pham "ndng" gay mfla gid tren van dan, sfl ra ddi cua nd la nhu c i u phat trien tfl than cua van hpc, cung la ket qua cua khuynh hudng quang cao san pham trong thdi dai tieu dung. TrUde va sau nam 2000, nhdm mpt so' t i c gia "my nfl"
da cho ra ddi mpt loat t i c pham gpi la
"sang tac t h a n the" gay sdt bdi viec bde t r a n bi mat sinh boat rieng tfl, tap trung mieu ta quan he nam nfl va viet nhieu ve tinh due.
NhQng dai bieu xua't sic cua ddng Linglei la my nfl Linglei va the he nha van 8X. Hp la Ve Tue vdi cac tac pham Dien cuong nhU Ve Tue, Cd trdn trui nhu the, Thien cua toi, ThUdng Hdi bdo bdi; la Mien Mien vdi Keo; la An Ni Bao Bd'i vdi Ddo Tudng Vy, Hoa ben bd; la Bi Bi vdi Tinh xUa mpng cd, Oi ddn dng, Ddu chdm tinh yeu; la Xuan Thu vdi Bdp be Bac Kinh; la TrUdng Duyet Nhien vdi Thuy Tien da cUdi chep vdng di, Gidy do, MUdi yeu... Trong cae tac gia nay, Ve Tue dUde xem la canh chim dau dan cua my nfl Linglei.
'*>Phien am tieng Trung Quoc, linglei co nghla la
"mot dang khac, mot loai khac". Van hoc Linglei dUdc coi la dong van hoc khac biet vdi van hoc truyen tho'ng (BBT).
Ngoai nhflng gfldng mat tieu bieu theo trao lflu van hpc Linglei, nhflng nam d i u the ky XXI cdn cd mdt sd nha van nfl quyen khac da gat hai dflde nhieu thanh cdng khi viet ve ngfldi phu nfl ndng thdn Trung Qude, trong sd dd phai ke den Trfldng Tieu Ngan, Cat Thuy Binh, Ma Hieu Le,...
G i n day, nhieu ten tudi tac gia van hpc nfl quyen tudi teen dflde^ ddng dao ddc gia biet den nhfl Tan Di O, Cd Man, Au Dfldng Tinh Nhfl, Cd Nham Nhuy Vi, Tinh Khdng Lam He, Tam Doanh Cdc, Minh Hieu Khe,... vdi cac tac pham Thuy tinh trong sudt, Cdu chuyen thdn thoai, Mat trifi rUc rd nhdt ngdy dong.
Bong bdng mua he, Se cd thien thdn thay em yeu anh (Minh Hieu Khe), Ben nhau trpn difi, Yeu em td cdi nhin ddu tien, Sam Sam den ddy dn di (Cd Man), Anh CO thich nUdc My khong, Hoa ra anh vdn d day, Binh minh vd hodng hon, Anh trdng khdng hieu long toi (Tan DiO),... _
Nhin chung, sang tie cua van hoc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c van chfla hoan toan phu dinh quan diem "hien the Ifldng m i u " truyen thd'ng, xuyen sudt cac tac pham chu yeu v i n la the hien van menh cua ngfldi phu nfl, trong do diem ndi bat khdng phai la y thflc ca nhan eua ngfldi phu nfl ma ehi la dai dien cho y thflc cua sd' phan ngfldi phu nfl ndi dd, thdi dd.
II. Ve ly luan phe binh van hpc nir quydn Trung Quoc
Dau nhflng nam 1920, Ld Tan, A Anh, Gia Ngpc Ba, Thao Da, Td Tuyet Lam... la nhflng ngudi d i u tien dat nen mdng xay dUng ly luan van hpe nfl quyen d Trung Qud'c. Nhflng nghien cdu eua nhdm nay p h i n nhieu la nghien cflu
ropt sd van de ve... 43 mdt tac gia cu the. Suo't 30 nam tiep
theo, ly luan cung nhfl phe binh van hpe nfl quyen kha "im hdi lang tieng". Mot so' cdng trinh nghien cflu ve van hpc nfl quyen dflde edng bd' nhflng hau nhfl it phe phan nam gidi va nhan dien ban than, chi chu trpng nghien cflu dae trflng my hpe cua van hpe nfl quyen.
Tfl nam 1978, mpt so' dich gia bat dau dich va gidi thieu sach ly luan van hpc nfl quyen phfldng Tay. Day chinh la tien de khai md cho ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c nhflng nam 1980. Viec gidi thieu ly luan cung nhfl tac pham nfl quyen phfldng Tay d Trung Qud'c thdi ky nay tfldng dd'i thich hdp vdi nhu ciu tfl thflc tinh y thflc nfl gidi Trung Qude. Chu Hdng cflng bat diu gidi thieu va nghien cflu mdt sd tac pham van hpc nfl quyen phfldng Tay, phan tich va phe phan van hda ba quyen trung tam nam gidi. Thdng qua viec gidi thieu mpt so' tac pham cua cae tac gia nfl hi vdi lap, ddng thdi ddng tfl gdc dp lich sd van hpc va xa hpi hpe de xem xet lai khuynh hfldng ly luan phe binh hinh thflc ehu nghia coi thfldng chu the tac gia, gidi ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c da phan anh quan diem nfl quyen ehu nghia tfl giac nhflng nam 1970-1980.
Budc vao nhflng nam 1990, cd the ndi, ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qude ed sfl thay ddi sau sac va da bflde dflde nhflng bflde di dai, d i n d i n phat trien theo chieu sau va bat d i u quan tam den y nghia, gia tri cua ngfldi phu nfl.
Nam 1992, cud'n Phe binh vdn hpc nd quyen dUdng dai do TrUdng Kinh Vien xua't ban da anh hUdng Idn tdi gidi ly luan phe binh dUdng thdi. Song song
vdi viec truyen ba ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen phfldng Tay, cae nha ly luan phe binh Trung Qud'c da sd dung phfldng phap ly luan phe binh phfldng Tay de nghien cflu tac pham, tac gia nfl quyen Trung Qud'c cung nhfl mdt sd' van de ly luan chung ve ddng van hpc nay d Trung Qud'c.
Sang tac cua cae nfl tac gia thdi ky nay da thdc day ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c phat trien.
Cac nha ly luan phe binh nhfl Ddi Cim Hoa, Ly Tieu Giang, Vfldng Phi da gianh dflde nhflng thanh tflu dang ke vdi quan diem va phfldng phap nghien cflu mdi. Tuy vay, cac nha ly luan phe binh cung gap tfldng dd'i nhieu khd khan de bat nhip vdi sang tac eua cac nfl si tre tudi. Chinh vi vay, nha nghien cflu Ha Que Mai cho ring, tfl nam 1990 trd lai day, gidi nghien cflu van hpe nfl quyen thfldng xuyen sd dung nhflng tfl dai loai nhfl "khd khan", "nguy cd" de hinh dung hoan canh cua minh. Ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c mat di sfle tien cdng rdng md trflde va sau nam 1990, nhat la tranh luan xung quanh "sang tac ca nhan hda". Van hpc nfl quyen dflde coi la "sang tac than the", "van hpc my nii", cdn gidi ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen thi chfla the cd cau tra ldi hflu hieu, thda dang cho nhflng van de dd. Khi phan tich van de nay, nhieu nha nghien cdu cho rang
"van hpe nfl quyen ra sfle tiep nhan ly luan phe binh nfl quyen chu nghia phfldng Tay ma khdng de y den tinh hinh thflc te Trung Qud'c..." (14).
Phan tich tfl tfldng ehu nghia ba quyen nam gidi trong van hpc, lat lai ket ca'u chu nghia trung tam nam gidi ehinh la hat nhan tfl tfldng va efldng
44
linh Cd ban cua ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qude thdi ky nay. Chu Hdng chl ra r i n g , "hinh tfldng phu nfl do sfl tfldng tUdng va nguyen vpng cda nam gidi xay dung nen. Nhflng cd gai
"bd cau nhd", "ngUdi dep ngu"... deu la san pham trong tfldng tUdng chu quan cua nam tac gia; vai trd, ban chat, dia vi nfl gidi hoan toan do nam gidi thao tdng, dinh doat, giai thoat, khien nfl gidi khdng the thoat khdi su rang budc eua nam gidi, lich sd xay dung hinh tUdng van hpc la mpt lich sd diy bi kich
ma nfl gidi bi nam gidi ldi dung, bde lot..." (15).
Cac nha ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c thdi ky nay chu yeu n h i m vao lich sii van hpc truyen thd'ng, phe phan chu nghla trung tam nam quyen trong van hpc, tim ve van hoe nfl quyen truyen thdng va phUdng thdc the hien dae biet cua nfl gidi. Ly luan phe binh nfl quyen phfldng Tay ngay eang tham nhap sau hdn vao ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qude. Chinh nhd dd ma ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c phat trien da dang hdn. Cd the thay rd dieu dd qua cac va'n de dUde dUa ra cung nhU each van dung phUdng phap, sd dung thuat ngfl, tham chi la khung ly luan...
Nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu ve van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c l i n Ifldt xua't hien trong quang thdi gian nay. Dd la eud'n Lich sd vdn hpc dUdng dai Trung Qud'c cua Hdng Td Thanh (1999), bai viet Bdn vi sU md rpng khdng gian sdng tdc nU quyin vd coi dd Id sU md rdng khdng gian sdng tdc mdi cua Tran Tfl Hda trong Gido trinh lich sd dUdng dai Trung Qud'c (1999), bai viet Bdn vi y thUc nU quyin vd sdng tdc nd quyin cua
Thong Hn Khoa hpc xa hoi. sd 12.2010 Dfldng Khudng Han, Manh Phdn Hoa trong eudn Ndm mUdi ndm vdn hpc
nude cpng hoa (1999), bai viet Bdn ve sUc manh cda vdn hpc nU quyen eua Trfldng Quynh trong cud'n Lich sd vdn hpc Trung Qud'c mdi (1999)...
Than phan xa hdi cua nfl gidi dfldng nhfl la de tai xuyen sudt cua ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qude thdi ky nay. Nha nghien cdu Manh Duyet chi ra ring, "trong lich sd 2000 nam, nam gidi cd quyen dien ngdn, sang tao phu hieu lien quan den nfl gidi, nfl gidi chang qua chi la ddi tfldng khach quan dflde dfla ra ban luan, quyen dien ngon cua nam gidi thao tdng ca he thdng ngd nghia. Nam gidi sang tao nen gia tri nd gidi, hinh tfldng nfl gidi va quy pham hanh vi nfl gidi, vi the sang tao nen tat ca tran thuat ed lien quan den nd gidi..." (16). Ly Tieu Giang cung cd mot loat bai viet cd cung quan diem vdi Manh Duyet.
Mdt so van de ly luan quan trgng eua van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c cung nhfl mdt so' edng trinh ly luan phe binh van hpc nfl quyen phfldng Tay da dflde cac nha ly luan phe binh nam gidi quan tam triet de. Tuy nhien, sd Ifldng cac nha ly luan phe binh nfl van chiem p h i n Idn va dd la diem cd p h i n gidng vdi phfldng Tay cua ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c.
Mpt sd hpc gia nflde ngoai cd each danh gia mdi ve van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c, trong dd cd hai cdng trinh tieu bieu nghien cflu ve van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c d My la NU quyen vdi sdng tdc hien dai Trung Qud'c cua tac gii Wendy Larson (1998) va Quan diem nU quyen vdi tii sU chinh tri Trung Qud'c hien dai ciia Sally Taylor Lieberman
HIpJ sd van de ve... 45 (1998). Hai tac gia ngfldi My da di tfl
nhieu gdc dp khac nhau, dung quan diem ly luan phe binh nfl quyen ehu nghia ly giii van hpe hien dai Trung Qud'c, dung md'i lien he cua nfl tac gia vdi sang tac va hinh tfldng ngfldi me lam trung tam de danh gia lai lieh sd van hpc Trung Qud'c hien dai.
Den cudi the ky XX, mpt so' cdng trinh Idn dflde cdng bd' nhfl Lich sd vdn hpc nU quyen Trung Qud'c the ky XX do Thinh Anh lam chu bien va cac cdng trinh nghien cflu chuyen biet cd lien quan den nghien cflu va ly luan van hpc nfl quyen eua Ly Td Van, Luu Tu Khiem, Ly Tieu Giang, Ddi Cam Hoa, Ngd Tdn Hue, Vudng Phi, Kieu Di Cfldng, Lam Dan A, Nham Nha't Minh, Dam Tfldng, Hoang Lam, Khuat Nha Quan, Trieu Thu Can,... Trong mdt sd' nha ly luan phe binh dd, "cd ngfldi van dung phe binh xa hpi - lich sd hay phe binh my hpc - lich sd, dae biet chd y den thflc te phat trien eua van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c va dung kinh nghiem sd'ng cua ban than, b i t d i u xay dflng ket cau phe binh va nghien cdu van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c dfldng dai; cd ngfldi de xfldng phe binh nfl quyen ehu nghia, dung quan diem lien nganh de tien hanh khao sat lich sd va hien trang van hpc nfl quyen, day phe binh van hpc nfl quyen den gidi ban nghien cdu lien nganh; cd ngfldi xua't phat tfl van hpc md rpng tdi linh vfle van hda, phan nhieu nghien edu ve lich sd va hien trang van hpe nfl quyen..." (17).
Trong cac loai hinh phe binh, ly luan phe binh tieu thuyet phat trien nhat bdi cd dpi ngii ddng dao, hdn nfla cdn tien hanh nghien cflu nhflng van de ed tinh dot pha, ndi bat. Ly luan phe
binh tieu thuyet ddng bd vdi sang tac, tham chi di trude sang tac. Quan niem ve tieu thuyet phong phu va md rdng.
Cac nha phe binh da de xua't menh de
"tieu thuyet la hinh thdc tU do", cho r i n g "tieu thuyet cd the md rdng bien dp va ndi dung",... Cac nha ly luan phe binh nfl quyen cdn chi ra xu hfldng phat trien cua tieu thuyet vdi "luc bien": giii phdng he thd'ng phong be chu nghia hien thflc; nghieng ve bieu hien chu quan cua tac gia; nghieng ve mieu ta hinh thai ndi tai cua cudc sd'ng xa hdi, tfle the gidi npi tam cua eon ngfldi;
chuyen ket ca'u tinh tiet ddn hfldng thanh ket cau tam ly da hfldng; thay ddi kieu ddn tuyen tfl sfl thanh da tuyen;
nghieng ve phfldng thflc the hien va van dung ky xao.
Tuy ly luan cua hp chfla thflc sfl chin mudi, nhflng cd the ndi dpi ngfl ly luan phe binh van hpe nfl quyen Trung Qud'c giai doan nay da tien dflde nhflng bflde dang ke.
Cd the ndi, trong hdn 30 nam phat trien, nghien cflu van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c da trai nghiem qua thflc tiln, d i n d i n hinh thanh mpt linh vfle hpc thuat dae biet. Thanh qua nghien cflu cua nd the hien b nhieu hinh thflc xua't ban nhfl bai viet, in sach. Trong qua trinh nghien cflu, cac nha ly luan phe binh ehu yeu trien khai b dd'i tUdng nghien cflu, khai niem cd ban, ban ve trpng diem ly luan va thao tac nghien cflu.
Tdm lai, van hpc nfl quyen Trung Qud'c la mpt ddng van hpc mdi phat trien theo hfldng khac biet vdi ddng van hpc truyen thd'ng Trung Qud'c ca ve ndi dung va nghe thuat. Nhflng tranh luan ve anh hfldng va tinh mdi me, tao bao
