NHA NlRJC VA PHAP LUAT
CHE DINH CHU TICH NlTdC TRONG HItN PHAP NAM 2013 VA VIEC XAY DIING
[OAT VE HOAT OONG CUA CHO TICH NOOC
CAO VU MINH'
mm
VO PHAN Lt NGUYEN"
Hien phap nam 2013 du'dc thong qua la su" kien chfnh trj, phap ly dac biet quan trpng, danh dau bu'dc tien m6i trong lich sii" lap hien nu'dc ta. Vdi dac dienn the che chfnh tn va mo hinh to chu'c bo may nha nu'dc cua Viet Nam thi che djnh Chu tich nu'dc trong Hien phap nam 2013 da co nhiJng thay doi tfch ci/c, hdp ly.
Bai viet phan tich mot so diem tien bp ve che djnh Chu tjch nu'dc trong Hien phap nam 2013, dong thdi de xuat mot so kien nghj trong viec xay duYig Luat ve hoat dong cua Chu tjch nu'dc.
1. Nhirng diSm ti^n bd ve che dinh Chu tich nir^c trong Hien ph^p nam 2013 Trong Hien phap nam 1992, che dinh Chu tich nude din?c quy dinh tai Chucmg VI gdm 8 dieu, tu Bihu 101 ddn Bihu 108. Chi dinh Chu tich nude trong Hiln phap nam 2013 vIn duge quy dinh tai Chucmg VI gom 8 dilu, tir DiSu 86 din Dieu 93. So vdi Hien phap nam 1992, che dinh Chii tich nude trong HiSn phap nam 2013 giu nguyen 3 di6u, sua ddi, bo sung 5 dieu.
vi vi tri, tinh chat phap ly. Dieu 86 Hi6n phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Chu tich nude la ngudi diJmg d4u Nha nude, thay mat nude Cpng hoa XHCN Viet Nam v8 ddi noi va
ddi ngoai". Vdi vai tro "la ngudi diing dau Nha nude", Chu tich nude the hien trach nhiem ciia Nha nude trong moi quan he vdi nhan dan, eac nha nude va eae to ehiic khac.
Vdi vai tro "thay mat nha nude", Chu tich nude the hien tinh thong nhat vS quyen luc nha nude trong moi quan he vdi ben ngoai.
Nhu vay, quy dinh tai Dieu 86 Hien phap nam 2013 da de cao vai trd cua Chu tich nude, vi tri, tinh chat phap ly ciia Chii tich nude da the hien tinh he thong va su thdng nh4t trong noi tai bp may nha nude cung nhu trong mdi quan he vdi cac chii the khac'.
Trinh tu thanh lap. Chu tich nude do Qude hpi bau trong so dai bieu Quoc hpi
* ThS, Dai hgc Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh.
** ThS, Bai hgc Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh.
1 Do Minh Khdi, Vai tro hien dinh cua Nguyen thu qude gia, DMc san Khoa hqc phap ly (Ve quyen con ngu'di, ve su^ doi HiSn phap 1992), 563, nam 2013.
^CUUI A S6 23(279)T12/2014V_LAP PHAPl "
NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT (Di8u 87). Nhiem ky ciia Chu tich nude theo nhiem ky ciia Qude hoi. Mot diem mdi cua HiSn phap nam 2013 la sau khi duge hhu, Chii tich nude phai tuyen the trung thanh vdi Td qude, Nhan dan va Hien phap^. That ra, khdng chi Chu tieh nude phai tuyen th.e ma ngay ea Chu tich Qude hpi, Thu tudng Chinh phii, Chanh an Toa an nhan dan (TAND) tdi cao ciing phai tuyen the sau khi nham chiie, nham tao ca sd quan trong cho nhan dan thue hien ehue nang giam sat ddi vdi nhirng ngudi giu chiic vu ehu chdt trong bp may nha nude. Tuy nhien, theo chiing tdi, viec tuyen the ciia Chu tieh nude cdn mang nhiSu y nghia sau sac hon. Tnrffc het, viee tuyen the ciia Chii tieh nude phu hop vdi thdng le quoc te^. Thir hai, hanh vi tuyen the eua Chu tieh nude la hanh vi thiSng lieng, cao ca, la ngudn cam hiing doan ket eho eae tang Idp nhan dan, the hien tinh ven toan ciia bp may quyen lire va niem tin eiia nhan dan vao chinh quyen, tir do hinh thanh nen su ddng thuan xa hoi va xay dung khdi dai doan ket dan tpc. Thie ba, ldi tuyen the eiia Chu tich nude nhan manh tinh tdi cao ciia Hien phap, dd la ldi earn doan vung ehae v8 viec Chii tich nude cd trach nhiem bao ve Hien phap theo Dieu 119.
Thdm quyen cua Chu tich nuac. Thim quyen cua Chu tich nude duge quy dinh trong Hien phap nam 2013 nhin chung khdng thay ddi nhieu so vdi Hiln phap nam 1992 nhung da ed su sip x6p lai cho hop ly, khoa hgc hon.
Cu thi, theo Khoan 1 Di6u 103 Hiln phap nam 1992 thi "Chii tich nude ed nhiem v\i, quyin han cdng bd Hi8n phap, luat, phap
lenh". Tuy nhien, each quy dinh nhu vay la ehua khoa hgc, rat de dan den nhan thiic sai l4m; "cdng bd phap lenh la nghia vu ciia Chii tich nude". Tren thue tl, viec cong b6 phap lenh khdng phai la nghia vu eua Chu tich nude vi Chu tich nude ed quyen "phii quylt m6m" ddi vdi phap lenh"*. Chmh vi vay, tren ca sd tiep thu tham quyen cua Chu tich nude trong Hien phap nam 1992, Hi8n phap nam 2013 quy djnh thdng nhat han:
"Chii tich nude cdng bd Hien phap, luat, phap lenh; de nghi Uy ban thucmg vu Quoc hoi (UBTVQH) xem xet lai phap lenh trong thai han muai ngay, ke tic ngay phap lenh duac thong qua" (Khoan 1 Dieu 88). B8n canh do, Hien phap nam 2013 da loai bo nhung quy dinh khdng nhat quan trong tham quygn cua Chu tich nude trong Hien phap nam 1992. Theo Di8u 88 va 93 Hiln phap nam 1992 thi "Nghi quyet eiia Quoc hpi va Nghi quyet eua UBTVQH phai duge cdng bd" nhung ai cdng bd thi lai bd ngd vi tham quyen cua Chii tich nude trong Hien phap nam 1992 khdng quy djnh van de nay. Khac phuc bat cap nay, Hien phap nam 2013 da bd cac quy dinh lien quan den viec "cdng bo Nghi quyet ciia Quoc hdi va Nghi quyet ciia UBTVQH". Dieu nay cung hoan toan phu hgp vdi quy dinh la Chu tieh nude chi phai cdng bd Hien phap, luat, phap lenh tai Khoan 1 DiSu 88 Hiln phap nam 2013.
Hien phap nam 2013 tilp tue khang dinh Chii tieh nude thdng ITnh luc lugng vii trang nhSn dan, giu chuc Chu tich Hgi d6ng qude phdng va an ninh. Trude day, Khoan 9 Bihu 103 Hi6n phap nam 1992 quy dinh:
"Chu tich nude quylt dinh phong ham, cap
2 Khoan 7 Dieu 70 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Sau khi du'dc bau, Chu tieh nUdc, Chu tich Quoc hdi, Thu tudng Chinh phu, Chanfi an TAND toi cao phai tuyen the trung thanh vdi T6 quoc. Nhan dan va Hien phap".
3 Theo muc 1, Dieu II Hien phap My till trong le nham ch&c, Tdng thong l^y phai dSt tay Ien cuon Kinh Thanh de tuyen tiie nhd sau: ''Toi trinh trong tuyen the rang toi se hanh x& ditfc vu Tong tiiong My mot each tmng tiianh va se cSgSng ha kha nSng cua minh de bao ton, che chd va bao ve Hien phSp cua nwdc My". MMc du khdng co luat nao quy dinh ring Idi tuyen the nharn chi/c phai duUc mot ngudi dac biet nao do chu tii nhutig cae vi Tong tiiong thu&ng bjyin the tnfdc SI/chu tn eua Chanh an Toa an Toi cao My. . ^ = - • 4 Nguyin CuU Viet, Khai niem VBQPPL (tiep tiieo) va he thong VBQPPL, Tap chi Nghien c&U Lap phap so 51, nSm 2005.
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NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT SI quan cap cao trong eac lire lugng via trang
nhan dan". Tuy nhien, ham, c§p sT quan ckp cao trong eae lue lugng vu trang nhan dan la nhimg ham, cip nao thi Hiln phap khong quy dinh. Dieu nay ehi cd the duge lam rd thdng qua Luat ST quan quan ddi nhan dan (QDND) Viet Nam nam 1999 (sua ddi, bd simg nam 2008) va Luat Cdng an nhan dan (CAND) nam 2005. Dilu 25 Luat ST quan QDND Viet Nam quy dinh: "Chu tich nude phong, thang quan ham Dai tudng, Thugng tudng; Thii tudng Chinh phu phong, thang quan ham Trung tudng, Thilu tudng".
Tuang tu, Didu 25 Luat CAND nam 2005 eung quy dinh: "Chu tich nude phong, thang elp bac ham Thugng tudng, Dai tudng. Thii tudng Chinh phu phong, thang cdp bae ham Thieu tudng, Trung tudng". HiSn phap nam 2013 da quy dinh cu the, rd rang han. Theo dd, Chu tich nude "quyet dinh phong ham, cap SI quan cap tudng trong cac lue lugng vu trang nhan dan" (Khoan 5 Dilu 88). Vdi quy dinh nay, viec phong, thang cap ham Trung tudng, Thieu tudng trong quan ddi va edng an trudc day thudc vk Thii tudng Chinh phu thi nay thudc ve Chu tich nude.
Trudc day, viec bd nhiem "Phd Dd doc Hai quan, Chuan Dd ddc Hai quan" la thudc tham quyen ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu^ thi nay, Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh quyen nay thude ve Chu tich nude. Theo edp bae quan ham sT quan thi Chuan Dd ddc Hai quan cd cap ham Thieu tudng, cdn Phd Dd doe Hai quan cd cap ham Trung tudng*. Nhu vay, Chu tieh nude ed quyen phong ham sT quan tir cap Thieu tudng trd Ien trong cac luc lugng via trang nhan dan.
Trong moi quan he v&i ca quan hanh
phap, Dieu 90 Hien pbap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Chu tieh nude cd quyen tham du phien hgp ciia Chinh phu". Day la quy dinh ki thira Digu 105 HiSn phap nam 1992.
Diim mdi la trong Hign phap nam 2013 cd quy dinh: "Khi cEin thi§t, Chii tich nude yeu can Chinh phii hgp ban v6 nhirng vin 6e thudc nhiem vu, quyin han eiia Chii tieh nude". Day Ik mdt budc tiln rit Idn trong tu duy lap hien d nude ta. Thu nhat, theo quy dinh cua Hiln phap nam 2013 thi Chu tich nude ehi dung dau Nha nude ma khdng dung dau Chinh phii - ca quan hanh chinh cao nhat cua nude ta - nen khong thi ehu toa cac phien hgp eua Chinh phu, ma ehi yen clu Chinh phii hgp ban vl nhirng vIn dl thudc nhiem vu, quyin ban ciia Chu tjch nude. Thie hai, vi ea ehe chiu trach nhiem thi Thu tudng Chmh phu la ngudi diing diu Chinh phu, do dd, Thu tudng Chinh phu phai chiu trach nhiem trude Qude hdi vl hoat dgng ciia Chinh phii (Khoan 2 Dilu 95 Hien phap nam 2013). Trong trudng hgp Thii tudng Chinh phii chu toa cac phien hgp Chinh phu ma ed nhung quyet saeh ehua phii hgp thi ca che chiu trach nhiem da duge quy dinh rd rang, trong khi do, nlu Chii tich nude ehu tga eae phien hgp Chinh phii ma cd nhung sai sot thi khdng the "dd ddn"
trach nhiem cho Thii tudng Chinh phu. Viee ddn trach nhiem ciia Chii tieh nude sang cho Thd tudng trong trudng hgp nay hoan toan khdng hgp ly. Thie ba, xuat phat tu md hinh the che bg may nha nude Viet Nam hien nay, Hien phap nam 2013 khdng quy dinh Chii tich nude chu tga eae phien hgp Chinh phii ndi rieng va true tiep dieu hanh hanh phap ndi ehung la hgp ly, bdi neu thira nhan
Diem b, Khoan 1, Dieu 25 LuSt Si quan QDND Viet Nam nam 1999 (s&a doi, bS sung nSm 2008).
Khoan 3 Dieu 10 Luat Si quan QDND Viet Nam nam 1999 (su^ doi, bo sung nam 2008) quy dinh:
Cap TUdng co bon bac:
Thieu tdd^g, Chuan Dd ddc Hai quan;
Trung tudng, Phd Do dSc Hal quan;
Thu'dng tudng, Dd doc Hai quSn;
Dai tudng.
, NGHIEN CUUI I S6 2 3 ( 2 7 9 ) T 1 2 / 2 0 1 4 ^ L A P P H A p l '
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LUAT quyIn nay thi da cd su chuyen doi chinh the tir md hinh Viet Nam hien nay (cd nhilu tinh ehlt dai nghi) sang md hinh che do tdng thdng hoac ban tdng thdng. Dieu nay cd the thay ddi khdng ehi thi chi nha nude ma ca thi ehl chinh tri ndi ehung^.
Tir trong coi ngudn td chdc nha nude, ehl dinh nguyen thu quoc gia ludn ludn la mgt chi dinh tilm tang de xu ly cae tinh hudng can kip phdng khi eae che dinh dan chii khac da khdng cdn tac dung". Ndi each khac, vdi vi tri dung diu nha nude, thay mat eho dit nude, dai dien cho su tap trung, thdng nhit, doan kit qude gia, nguyen thu qude gia ed Igi the dac biet trong viee quyet dinh tinh hudng khan cap cua dat nude.
Theo Khoan 13 Dilu 70 Hiln phap nam 2013, Qude hdi "quy dinh ve tinh trang khin cap". Theo Khoan 10 Dieu 74 Hien phap nam 2013, UBTVQH "ban bd, bai bd tinh trang khln cip trong ca nude hoac d timg dia phuang". Khi UBTVQH ban bd tinh trang khIn elp thi Chinh phu cd nghTa vu
"thi hanh lenh dgng vien, lenh ban bd tinh trang khan cap va cac bien phap cdn thiet khdc de bao ve Td qude, bao dam tinh mang, tai san cua Nhan dan" (Khoan 3 Dieu 96 Hiln phap nam 2013). "Cac bien phap can thiet khac" d day ed the la trung mua, trung dung tai san eua td ehiie, ea nhan^ hay trung dung dat'" nham dap ung ve mat nhan lire, vat lire img phd vdi tinh trang khan cap.
Ddng thdi, Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh eho Chu tich nude cd quyen "cdng bd, bai bd tinh trang khan cap trong ca nude hoae d
timg dia phuang trong truang hap UBTVQH khong the hop duac" (Khoan 5 Dilu 88 Hiln phap nam 2013). Day la mdt quy dinh rlt ed y nghia trong viee chii dgng ung phd va khSc phuc tinh trang khIn dp.
Dilu khoan nay khdng ehi de eao vai trd cua Chu tich nude ma cdn dap iing yeu clu kit hgp hai hoa giiia quyIn lap phap vdi quyen hanh phap.
Ngoai ra, tham quyen eua Chu tich nude lien quan din "dam phan, ky dieu ude qude tl" trong Hien phap nam 2013 cung duge quy dinh ro rang, chinh xac han.
Khoan 10 Dilu 103 Hien phap nam 1992 quy dinh, Chu tieh nude "tien hanh dam phan, ky kit dieu ude qude te nhan danh Nha nude Cdng hoa XHCN Viet Nam vdi ngudi dimg diu Nha nude khac". Theo Khoan 4 Dilu 2 Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thue hien dieu ude qude te nam 2005 thi "Ky kit la nhung hanh vi phap ly do ngudi hoac ea quan nha nude cd tham quyen thue hien, bao gom dam phan, ky, phe ehuan, phe duyet dieu ude quoc te hoac trao ddi van kien tao thanh dieu ude quoc te". Do do, each,quy dinh nhu Hien phap nam 1992, Chu tieh nude "tien hanh dam phan, ky ket dieu ude quoc te" la ehua ehinh xac, vi khai niem "ky ket" da bao ham ca giai doan "dam phan". Khac phuc diem khdng ehinh xac nay, Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh ro rang han la: "Chii tieh nude quyet dinh dam phan, ky dieu ude quoc te nhan danh Nha nude"".
7 Do Minh Khoi, tidd.
8 Bui Xuan D&c, Si/keth&a, phat trien che dinh Chu tich nu'dc trong Hien phap 1946 qua cac ban Hien phap ViStNam va mot so yeu cau do) mdi, Ky yeu Hdi thao khoa hoc "Phat huy nhOhg gia tn chinh tn, phap ly cua Hien phap 1946 trong s& nghiep doi mdi hien nay" do Tmng tam Thong tin, ThW viin va Nghien c&u khoa hgc - Van phong Quoc hoi to chu'c, 9 Khoan 3, Dieu 32 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dmh: "Tn/dng hdp that can thiet vi ly do quoc phdng, an ninh hoSe vi idi ich quoc gia, tinh trang khan cap, phong chong thien tai, Nha nu'dc truhg mua hoac tiUng dung co boi thudng tai san ciia to ch&c, ca nhan theo gia thi tnfdng".
10 Khoan 4, Dieu 54 Hien phap nSm 2013 quy dinh: "Nha nddc tn/ng dung dit trong tivdng hdp that an thiet do luat dinh de tii&c hien nhiem vu quoc phong, an ninh hoac trong tinh trang chien tranh, tinh tiang tihan rSp, phong, chong thien tai".
11 Khoan 6, Dieu 88 Hien phap nam 2013.
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2. De xuat, kien nghi ve viec xSy dung LuSt vl ho^t dgng cua Chu tich nude
Tren ca sd phan tieh nhung quy dinh mdi trong Hiln phap nam 2013 vl ehl dinh Chu tich nude, chiing tdi cd mdt sd dl xult sau:
Thu nhat, theo Khoan 6 Dilu 70 Hiln phap nam 2013, Qude hdi cd quyen quy dinh td chire va boat ddng cua Qude hgi, Chu tich nuac, Chinh phu, TAND, VKSND, Hdi ddng BIU CU qude gia, Kilm toan Nha nude, ehinh quyen dia phuang va eo quan khac do Quoc hdi thanh lap. Hien nay, viee quy dinh chuc nang, nhiem vu, quyIn ban cua Chu tich nude ehl mdi dimg lai d tim Hien phap hoae neu ed quy dinh d luat thi ciing dang chung ehung va tan man. Hiln phap la dao luat ca ban ciia Nha nude nen chi quy dinh cac vIn dl Idn, do vay, cin sdm ban hanh Luat ve hoat dong cua Chu tich nuac. Dilu dang ngac nhien la trong khi td chire va hoat dgng eae eo quan khac trong bd may nha nude duge dilu chinh bing mdt, tham ehi nhieu dao luat do Qude hdi ban hanh thi hoat dgng eua Chu tich nude lai khdng duge dieu chinh d tam luat. Day la mdt dieu hoan toan khdng hgp ly can sdm khac phuc. Luat ve hoat ddng ciia Chu tich nude ra ddi se tao ra khung phap ly quan trgng de Chii tich nude thue hien tot quyen han, nhiem vu ciia minh. Xay dung va ban hanh Luat ve boat dgng ciia Chii tich nude la bieu hien eu the nhat nham thue hien quyen hien dinh eua Quoc hdi.
Thie hai, lien quan den ndi dung Luat ve hoat dong cua Chu tich nuac, theo ehung tdi, can lam rd nhiing van de ma Hien phap nam 2013 cdn quy dinh d tam khai quat chung nhu van de bieu quyet eua Hdi ddng qude phdng va an ninh do Chu tich nude lam Chii tieh.
Khoan 1 Dieu 89 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Hdi ddng quoc phdng va an ninh
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LUAT lam viec theo ehe do tap the va quylt dinh theo da sd". Tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp
"hai ben bieu quylt ngang nhau" dii giai quylt nhu the nao lai khong duge quy dinh trong Hien phap nam 2013. Do do, se la hgp ly neu van de nay duge quy dinh trong Luat ve boat ddng cua Chu tieh nude. Theo chimg tdi, trong trudng hgp nay cd thi quy dinh:
"Trong trudng hgp bieu quyet ngang nhau thi thue hien theo y kiln ma Chii tieh Hdi ddng qude phdng va an ninh da bilu quylt".
Quy dinh nhu vay mgt mat van dl cao hmh thiic hoat ddng tap thi cua Hgi ddng Qude phdng va an ninh, nhung mat khac ciing tang cudng vai trd ca nhan cua Chu tieh nude. Thilt nghT, day la mgt su bd sung quan trgng nhIm lam rd vai trd "thdng ITnh lire lugng via trang nhan dan va giii chiic Chii tich Hdi ddng qude phdng va an ninh"
eua Chu tieh nude.
Thie ba, vdi vai trd "thdng ITnh luc lugng vu trang", Chu tich nude cd quyIn chi dao, dieu hanh true tiep hoat ddng quoc phdng va an ninh. D I thue hien nhiem vu nay, Chu tich nude phai cd nhung quyen mang tinh true tiep nhu td chire lue lugng, thue hien eac bien phap xir ly... Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh ciia phap luat hien hanh thi viec thue hien eae bien phap ke tren ehua phai thudc quyen chii dgng hoan toan eiia Chii tieh nude.
Dan cu, theo Dieu 30 Luat Qude phdng nam 2005, Chu tich nude cd quyIn ban bd tinh trang khan cap ve qude phdng trong ca nude hoae d timg dia phuang'^, my nhien, Chu tich nude lai khdng ed quyen ra lenh tdng ddng vien hoae dgng vien cue bd nlu khdng duge sy ddng y eua UBTVQH. Gia su, trong trudng hgp chien tranh xay ra mgt each nhanh ehdng, chop nhdang, UBTVQH lai khong the hgp duge thi quyen ban hanh lenh tdng dgng vien hoac dgng vien cue bd
12 Dieu 31 Luat Quoc phong nam 2005.
, NGHIEN CUUI ' S6 2 3 ( 2 7 9 ) T 1 2 / 2 0 1 4 ^ U H P P H A p l
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT eua Chu tich nude se bi "treo" vd thdi han'l Dilu nay rlt nguy hilm, anh hudng den kha nang ung phd eiia ea dit nude khi xay ra tinh trang khIn d p vl qude phdng. Ben canh dd, trong trudng hgp tinh trang khan cap ve qude phdng hay chiln tranh, khi an ninh chinh tri, trat tu, an toan xa hdi d mgt hoac mgt sd dia phuang bi xam pham nghiem trgng tdi miic chinh quyIn d dd khdng cdn kilm soat duge tinh hinh thi can phai ap dung bien phap thilt quan luat. Viee ap dung bien phap thilt quan luat thudc tham quyen eua Chu tich nude. Tuy nhien, Chu tich nude se khdng thi ra lenh thiet quan luat neu khdng cd dl nghi eua Chmh phii'''. Nlu vay, quyIn ehu ddng iing phd vdi tinh trang khan d p , tinh trang ehiln tranh, trach nhiem chinh tri cua Chu tieh nude da ehuyin sang eho Chinh phii. Trong khi dd, tren thue te, Chinh phu Ididng thi ed vi tri, tinh chat phap ly chinh dang hem Chu tieh nude. Ngugc lai, nlu Chu tich nude ty y ra lenh thilt quan luat thi lai trai vdi quy dinh phap luat. NIU dilu nay xay ra thi khdng the huy dgng duge sire manh tdng hgp cua toan dan vao nhiem vu bao ve To qude, ddi phd kip thdi vdi tinh trang bit dn dang diln ra'^
La mdt thiet che thye Men quyen hanh phap'*, Chu tieh nude can phai duge trao nhirng quyen ban phii hgp vdi kha nang nhanh chdng, kip thdi ddi vdi nhimg dien biln phire tap, dac biet la trong tinh trang khan cap, tinh trang chien tranh. Do do, theo chung tdi, tren ea sd Hien phap nam 2013, Luat ve hoat dgng cua Chu tich nude nen trao quyen cho Chii tieh nude can eu vao
tinh hinh thye tl eua timg dia phuang hay trong pham vi ea nude de ra lenh thiet quan luat ma khdng cIn cd "su de nghi" eiia Chinh phii. Trong trudng hgp nay, chiing ta cd thi tilp thu kinh nghiem lap hiln cua Han Qude. Dilu 77 Hiln phap Han Qude quy dinh: "Khi cIn thilt phai ddi phd ve mat quan su hoae de duy tri trat ty va an toan cdng cdng va nham huy dgng luc lugng quan sy vao thdi dilm ehiln tranh, xung dot vii trang hoae tinh trang khIn d p tuang ty, Tong thdng cd thi tuyen bd thilt quan luat theo cac dilu kien do luat dinh. Khi Tong thdng ban bo thilt quan luat, Tdng thdng cIn phai thdng bao ngay lap die eho Quoc hgi".
NIU tilp thu kinh nghiem nay thi Luat ve hoat ddng cua Chii tich nude d n quy dinh mgt each eu the, rd rang. Ngoai ra, de dam bao tinh thdng nhat trong he thdng phap luat thi Khoan 1, Dilu 32 Luat Qude phdng nam 2005 Cling d n duge sira ddi nhu sau: "Khi an ninh ehinh tri, trat ty, an toan xa hdi d mdt hoac mgt sd dia phuong bi xam pham nghiem trgng tdi muc chinh quyen d do khdng eon kilm soat duge tinh hinh thi Chu tieh nude ra lenh thilt quan luat. Khi ra lenh thilt quan luat, Chu tich nude phai bao eho Quoc hgi hoac UBTVQH trong trudng hgp Qude hgi khdng the hgp duge".
Thie tu, lien quan dSn van de xir ly khiem khuyet van ban ciia Chinh phu va Thii tudng Chinh phu, Khoan 1 Dieu 96 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Chinh phu td ehiie thi hanh Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet ciia Qude hgi, phap lenh, nghi quylt cua UBTVQH, lenh, quylt djnh cua Chu tich nude". De td ehiie thi hanh cac van ban phap
13 Khoan 2 Dieu 30 Luat Quoc phong nam 2005 quy dinh: "Can c& vao Nghi quyet cua UEfTVQH, Qiu tich nude ra iSnh tsng dong viin hoMc dgng vien cue bo".
14 Khoin 1 Dieu 32 Luat Quoc phong nSm 2005 quy dinh: "Khi an ninh chinh tri, trat td, an toan xa hdi d mdt hoMc mot sS dia phudng bi xam pham nghiem trong tdi m&c chinh quyen d dd khong con kiem soat dude tinh tiinh thi Chu tich nude ra lenh tiiiet quan luat theo de nghj cua Chinh phu".
15 Nguyen Hoai Nam, Tim hieu ve nhiem vu "thong linh lu'c lu'dng vu trang nhan dan" eiia Chu tich nude, "tong t& lenh l&c tu'dng vu trang nhan dan" eua Bo tru'dng Bg Quoc phdng - Hdi ddng Quoc phong va an ninh trong Hien phap nMm 1992 va quy dinh phap luat hien hanh. Tap chi TAND so 22 + 23, nMm 2012.
16 TrWdng dai hoc Luat W. Ho Chi Minh (2010), Giio trinh LuSt Hanh ehinh Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hoc quoc gia TP. Ho Chi Minh, 0:66.
81
NGHltN CUU ,L A P P H A P ^ S 6 23 (279) Tl 2/2014
luat cua Qu5c hoi, UBTVQH, Chu tich nuac thi Chinh phu va Thii tuang Chinh phil phai ban hanh cac van ban phap luat nhSm chi dao true tiip hoat dpng ciia d6i tuong quan ly. Van dS co tinh thue tiln quan trong dat ra la xu ly nhu thS nao d6i vai nhung van ban quy ph^m phap luat (VBQPPL) co khita khuySt nay ciia Chinh phu va Thii tuang Chinh phu. Cu thS, nSu VBQPPL ciia Chinh phu, Thii tuong Chinh phii trai vai cac VBQPPL ciia Qu6c hoi thi se bi Qu6c hoi bai bo (Khoan 10, Didu 70 Hiln phap nam 2013); nlu trai vol VBQPPL ciia UBTVQH thi cung bj UBTVQH bai bo (Khoan 4, Dilu 74 Hiln phap nam 2013).
M3t cau hoi dat ra la nlu VBQPPL ciia Chinh phii va Thii tuong Chinh phu trai vdi VBQPPL cua Chu tich nuac thi Chii tjch nuac CO quyIn dinh chi, bai bo hay khong?
Hiln phap nam 2013 khSng c6 quy dinh, do do, vin dl nay ein phai duge giai thich ro trong Lu4t ve hoat dong ciia Chii tick nuac.
Thu nam, Luat ve hoat dong cua Chu tich nuac can phai quy djnh cu thi quyIn cua Chii tjch nuac trong ITnh virc tu phap.
Dan eu, Khoan 2 Dilu 88 Hiln phap nam 2013 quy djnh: "Chii tjch nuac can cu vao nghi quylt eiia Qu6c hoi bd nhiem, miln nhiem, each chiic Pho Thii tuong, Bp truong va cae thanh vien khac eiia Chinh phii".
Nhin chung day la mgt quyen mang tinh nghi le eua Chu tjch nuac bai Chii tjch nuac bo nhiem eae chuc vu nay sau khi da duge su phe chuan cua Quoc hgi tren co so de nghj cua Thii tuong Chinh phii'^. Tuong tu, theo Khoan 3, Dilu 88 Hiln phap 2013 thi
"Chu tjch nuac can cu vao nghj quyet cua Quoc hgi bo nhiem, mien nhiem, each chuc Tham phan TAND toi eao". Dilu nay eo nghTa truae khi Chu tjch nude b6 nhiem, mien nhiem, each chiic Tham phan TAND
NHA NlTCIC VA PHAP LUAT toi cao, phai co su phe chuan cua Quoc hoi.
Tuy nhien, chu thi nao co thSm quyIn trinh Quoc hgi phe chuan, sau do Chu tjch nuac ra quylt djnh b6 nhiem thi hoan toan khong duge dl cap trong Hiln phap. Do do, dl dam bao tinh thong nhat trong thdm quyIn ciia Chu tjch nude, phap luat cin quy djnh cu thi chu thi CO thjm quyIn trinh Qude hgi phe chuan, de tir dd Chu tjch nude bd nhiem, miln nhiem, each chuc Thim phan TAND tdi cao.
Hien nay, Hiln phap nam 2013 khdng quy djnh ve quyIn an giam an tu hinh cua Chu tjch nude. Tuy nhien, tren thue tl Chu tjch nude vIn thue hien quyIn nay". Do dd, theo chiing tdi, can quy djnh ro quyIn an giam an tic hinh eua Chii tjch nude trong Luat vl hoat ddng ciia Chu tich nude. Trong luat nay can quy dinh ve nguyen tac, dilu kien an giam, trinh tu thue hien va thdi han tdi da ke tir ngay nhan duge dan xm an giam eiia pham nhan ma Chii tjch nude phai tra ldi... Quy djnh nay gdp phIn minh thj quyen han eua Chu tich nude trong ITnh vv:e tu phap.
Thir sau, Dieu 91 Hiln phap nam 2013 quy djnh; "Chu tich nude ban hanh lenh, quyet djnh de thue hien nhiem vu, quyIn han eua minh". Nhin chung, quy djnh nay khdng ed gi mdi va giir nguyen Dilu 106 Hien phap nam 1992. Tuy nhien khi quy djnh nhu the, Hiln phap nam 2013 ciing khdng xac djnh loai van ban nao cua Chu tich nude la viin ban cd tinh quy pham, van ban nao chi ed tinh ap dung phap luat eho cac trudng hgp cu the. Do dd, khi Hiln phap nam 2013 duge thdng qua van cd y kiln cho ring, nen bd lenh eua Chu tieh nude ra khdi he thdng VBQPPL ma chi nen xac dinh lenh la van ban ea biet vi tren thue tl, lenh chi duge Chu tjch nude ban hanh dl eong bd
17 Khoan 3, Dieu 98 Hien fihap nSm 2013 quy dinh: "Jhu tudng Chinh phu trinh Quoc hgi phe chuan de nghi bo nhiem, mien nhiem, each chiic Phd Thij tudng, B6 tru'dng, Thu trudng CO quan ngang t}6".
18 Khoan 4 Dieu 25 Luat td chu'c TAND nSm 2002 quy dinh: "Chanh an TAND toi cao trinh Chii tich nude y f:ien aia minh ve nhiing trudng hop ngu'di W /ref an xin an giam ^n tif hinh".
. NGHI£N Cinil n So 23 (279) T 1 2 / 2 0 1 4 ^ L A P p H A p l ^
NHA NirdC VA PHAP LUAT luat, phap lenh''. Tuy nhien, theo ehiing tdi, can tiep tue quy dinh lenh cua Chii tieh nude la VBQPPL vi lenh ludn gan lien vdi luat, phap lenh ma nd edng bd. Luat, phap lenh la VBQPPL nen "van ban chd luat, phap lenh vao cude song" tat nhien eiing phai la VBQPPL. Ngoai ra, do tinh trang trgng eua lenh duge ban hanh bdi ngudi diing dau Nha nude nen nhat thiet phai xem lenh la VBQPPL^".
Ben canh dd, ed y kien cho rang lenh eiia Chu tich nude khdng phai la cae "quy tae xir sy chung" ma thue chat ehi la ket qua thye hien mgt viec ma phap luat quy dinh eho Chu tich nude (ap dung phap luat). Tren thye te, loai van ban nay hau nhu khdng bao gid duge vien dan trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat vi nd khdng ehua cac can cii phap ly (cac quy dinh chung)^'. Chung tdi cho rang, quan diem nay can phai xem xet lai, bdi neu khdng xem lenh eiia Chii tich nude la VBQPPL thi se khdng dap iing duge nhu eau dieu chinh cac quan he xa hgi khi xay ra nhiJng van de lien quan den an ninh qude gia, bao ve Td qude.
Dan cii, theo Khoan 2, 3, 4 Dilu 30 Luat Qude phdng nam 2005: "Can eii vao Nghi quylt eua UBTVQH, Chu tich nude ra lenh tdng ddng vien hoac ddng vien cue bg.
Lenh tong dong vien duge ban bd cdng khai tren pham vi ea nude. Lenh dong vien cue bg duge ban bd cdng khai d mdt hoac mdt sd dia phuang va duge ap dung ddi vdi ea quan, td chiie, ca nhan ed lien quan dl thi hanh ke hoach ddng vien qude phdng".
Ngoai ra, Khoan 1 Dilu 32 Luat Qude phdng nam 2005 cdn quy dinh: "Khi an ninh chinh
tri, trat ty, an toan xa hgi d mdt hoac mdt sd dia phuang bi xam pham nghiem trgng tdi miic chinh quyen d dd khdng cdn kiem soat duge tinh hinh thi Chu tich nude ra lenh thiet quan luat theo de nghi cua Chinh phii".
Trong nhung trudng hgp lien quan din tinh trang khan cap, tinh trang chien tranh, tit nhien, Chii tich nude phai ban hanh van ban vdi hinh thirc lenh mang tinh quy pham (chiia dyng cac quy tac xir su chung) mdi cd the dat hieu qua cao trong hoat ddng quan ly.
Do dd, tren ea sd Hien phap nam 2013, iwa/
ve hoat dong cua Chit tich nuac can tiep tuc quy dinh lenh, quyet dinh do Chu tich nude ban hanh l^ VBQPPL.
Thu bay, dl giiip vi?c cho Chu tich nude, Hien phap nam 2013 da quy dinh vl chuc vu Phd Chii tich nude. Tuy nhien, quy dinh vl ehiie vy Phd Chu tjch nude trong Hiln phap nam 2013 la kha "md nhat". Do do, chiic vu nay can duge nghien cihi va quy dinh mgt each toan di^n hon niia. Vl vj tri, tinh ehlt thi can tu duy ring Phd Chu tich nude khdng don thuSn chi ll ngudi giup viec cho Chu tich nude ma d n phai xem xet chiie vy nay nhu su kl thira Chii tich nude trong trudng hgp khuylt Chu tich nudc^^.
Neu vay, Phd Chu tich nude ciing d n phai dap ling nhirng dilu kien tuong ty nhu Chu tieh nude.
Theo quy dinh eua Hiln phap nam 2013 thi Chu tieh nude phai la dai bilu Qude hgi, tuong ty Phd Chii tieh nude eung phai la dai bieu Qude hgi". Trong thue tiln ddi sdng chinh tri, vdi dieu kien Dang lanh dao nhu d nude ta hien nay thi Chu tich nude la Uy
19 Nguyen The Quyen, Hoan thien cac quy dinh ve xay dutig phap luat. Tap ehi Nghien cOb Lap phip so 142, nSm 2009.
20 Nguyen CuU Viet, Trd lai khai mem VBQPPL, Tap chi Nghien c&U Lap phap so 4, nam 2007
21 Bui Xuan Phai, Kien nghi hoan thien Luat Ban hanh VBQPPL, Tap chi Nghien cuti Lap phap sd 10, nSm 2014.
^^ S h " n S . " S , ^ ^ J ? n ^-^1^^-% ^^"^'"J^"l ^ " ' ^ 5 ¥P "^^y^t Cftt; t/ch nwdc thi Pho Chu tich nddc gi&quyen Chd tich nude cho den khi Quoc hoi bau ra Chu tich nude mdi".
^^ ^3IlH-%'^i^"^l^^°~^'^"l^!"^J 'Z^S^^'^j!^^""-^^doQudehdibautiongsodaibiiuQudehdi". DiSun^ycd nghia Pho Chu tich nddc cung phai la dai bieu Quoc hoL = . ^^ . r 11 NGNiEN eini .
I L A P P H A P ^ S 6 23 (279) 112/2014
NHA NirdC VA PHAP LUAT vien Bd Chinh tri. Do dd, dl dap iing yeu
cau ve dilu kien tuang ty thi theo ehung tdi, Phd Chu tieh nude eiing ein phai la Uy vien Bg Chinh tri. Tit nhien, Phd Chu tich nude se do Dang gidi thieu va dua ra Qude hdi bau. Co d u "eiing" nay da duge thye hien d mgt sd nude nhu Trung Qude (hien nay d Trung Qude, Phd Chii tieh nude phai la thanh vien Bd Chinh tri - eo quan lanh dao tdi eao ciia Dang cam quyln)^''. Cd nhu vay thi Phd Chu tich nude mdi cd thi "chinh danh" la ngudi giii quyIn Chu tich nude khi khuyet Chu tieh nude.
Dieu 93 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh:
"Khi Chu tich nude khdng lam viec duge trong thdi gian dai thi Phd Chu tieh nude giii quyen Chii tich nude". Tuy nhien, ndi ham eiia khai niem "mgt thdi gian dai" la bao lau thi khdng duge Hien phap giai thich cu thi.
Ngudi xua cd eau: "mdt dat nude khdng thi mdt ngay khdng cd vua". Do dd, "mdt thdi gian dai" la "3 thang, 6 thang hay 12 thang"
can duge luat dinh ey the, nham ban che tinh trang tiiy nghi eung nhu dap ung yeu d u quan ly nha nude.
Thu tdm, Khoan 4 Dieu 88 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Chu tich nude quyet dinh eho nhap qude tich, thdi qude tieh, trd lai quoc tich hoac tudc qude tich Viet Nam".
So vdi Hiln phap nam 1992 thi Hien phap nam 2013 da bd sung them viee "quyet dinh eho trd lai qude tich" eiia Chu tich nude.
Nhung quy dinh theo each liet ke nhu trong Hien phap nam 2013 thue chat ehi la sy
"nhac lai" cae quyen cua Chii tich nude ddi vdi van de quoc tich duge quy dinh trong Luat Quoc tich nam 2008. Tuy nhien, su liet ke nay lai khdng day dii vi Hien phap nam
2013 da "quen mIt" tham quy In cua Chu tieh nude trong viec huy bd quylt dinh eho nhap qude tich Viet Nam duge quy dinh trong Khoan 1 Dilu 38 Luat Qude tich nam 2008. Do dd, theo chung tdi, dl bao dam tinh thdng nhit trong he thdng phap luat thi Luat ve boat ddng cua Chii tich nude d n quy dinh ey thi "Chu tieh nude quylt dinh eho nhap qude tich, thdi qude tieh, trd lai qude tieh, tudc qude tich Viet Nam hoae huy bd quyet djnh cho nhap qude tieh Viet Nam".
Thu chin, Hien phap nam 2013 da ed hieu luc thi hanh nen eac VBQPPL khac vl tham quyen eua Chu tich nude cung phai cd su siia ddi, bd sung eho phii hgp eae quy dinh trong Hien phap. Cu thi, dl bao dam tinh thdng nhit trong Luat Ban hanh VBQPPL nam 2008 cIn bai bd quy dinh
"Chu tieh nude ban hanh lenh dl cdng bo nghi quyet ciia Quoc hdi, nghi quylt ciia UBTVQH". Bai bd quy dinh "Thu tudng Chinh phu phong, thang quan ham Trung tudng, Thieu tudng" trong Luat ST quan QDND Viet Nam va Luat CAND. Theo dd, quyen thang quan ham tu Thilu tudng trd Ien se thudc ve Chu tich nude. Tuang ty, Luat ST quan QDND Viet Nam d n bai bd quy dinh Thu mdng Chinh phu bd nhiem
"Phd Dd ddc Hai quan, Chuan Dd ddc Hai quan" vi quyen nay da thude vl Chu tich nude. Ben canh dd, lien quan den thim quyen cua Chu tieh nude, trong Luat td ehiie TAND, Luat td chire VKSND d n cd nhiing sira ddi theo diing tinh than Hien phap mdi^^.
Nghi quylt sd 23/2012/QH13 ngay 12/06/2012 cua Qude hgi vl Chuang trinh xay dung luat, phap lenh nam 2013, dilu
(i(em tiep trang 28)
24 Nguyen Van Nam, Nh&ng bat cip trong Chu'dng Chu tieh nddc eua Di/thao sua doi Hien phap nam 1992 va hu'dng hoan thi^n. Tap dii Luat hoc so 8, nam 2013.
25 Ddn e&, theo Khoan 8 Dieu 103 Hien phap nSm 1992 Ihi Chu tich nude "Bonhiim, mien nhiem, each ch&c Tham phan TAND toi cao" Tuy nhien, tiieo Khoan 3 Dieu 88 Hien phap nam 2013 thi "Chii tich nddc can e& vao nghi quyet aia Quoc hdi bd nhiem, mien nhiim, each ch&c Tham phan TAND toi cao" Dieu nay co nghia tru'dc khi ChO tich nude bo nhiem, mien nhiem, cadi chut Tham phan TAND toi eao phai co s&phe chuan eua Qua: hoi.
, NGHIEN CUUI 4 4 Sd23(279)T12/2014^LAp P H A P l **
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT thuan ndi dung nay trong dieu khoan "quyen va nghia vu cua eae ben" - mgt ndi dung co ban Clia hgp ddng li-xang nhan hieu theo dilm g khoan 1 Dilu 144. Tuy vay, viec cac ben khdng thda thuan vin dl kiem soat chat lugng trong hgp ddng li-xang nhan hieu van cd thi xay ra va cd the anh hudng den uy tin ciing nhu viee kinh doanh cua ben chuyen giao. Trong khi dd, khi quy dinh ngi dung nay nhu mdt ngi dung ea ban cua hgp ddng li-xang nhan hieu va la can cir de giai quyet tranh chip (nlu cd) theo each quy dinh cua phap lu|t Lien minh chau Au, cae ben se ed duge nhan thiie ro rang ban ve viee nen thoa thuan vl vin dl nay, cung nhu tranh duge riii ro vi thilu hieu biet ma khdng de cap den van dl dam bao chat lugng hang hda, dich vu khi li-xang, gSy anh hudng xau den chu sd hihi.
Do do, van de kiem soat chat lugng nen duge the hien ro rang, cu the trong luat nhu mgt ndi dung co ban cua hgp ddng li-xang nhan hieu, vi nd la mgt trong nhiing ngi dung co ban va dae biet nhat cua dang li-xang nay.
Van de kiem soat chat lugng trong hgp ddng li-xang rat can duge phap luat dieu chinh mgt each hgp ly va diing dan. Bdi le,
neu quy dinh cua phap luat khdng rd rang, eac ben ed the lam dung van de nay de dua ra nhihig nghia vu lien quan den dieu khoan tie-in mdt each kbit khe ed chii y de gay anh hudng xau den thi trudng canh tranh vi cac ben cd hen quan. Trong khi dd, vi?c thieu sdt ndi dung nay trong hgp ddng li-xang nhan hieu gay nii ro rat Idn den uy tin ciia chu sd hihi ciing nhu sy tdn tai eua nhan hifu va quyIn Igi eua ngudi tieu diing. Chinh vi vay, phap luat SHTT \^et Nam can cd mdt c^ch quy dinh hgp ly ban ve van de "ngi dimg eo ban" cua hgp ddng U-xang ciing nhu bd sung vin dl kilm soat chat lugng nhu mdt npi dung ca ban nen cd trong hgp ddng.
Trong bdi eanh tang cudng bao hp quyIn SHTT eiing nhu su phat trien cua nin kinh tl, nhu cau ciia cae doanh nghiep doi vdi li-xang nhan hieu ng^y cang tang eao.
Do dd, mdt khung phap ly chat che, dSy du va hgp 1^ se la dieu kien quan trgng tien quyet giiip eho boat ddng li-xang nhan hi?u ndi rieng va li-xang cac quyen SHTT ndi chung thuan Igi, ddng thdi day manh duge boat ddng kinh doanh eua eae doanh nghi?p trong eac mdi quan he kinh te, thuang mai trong nude v^ qude tl •
CHl DP CHO P i l e . . .
{Tiep theo trang II) chinh Chuong trinh xay dung luat, phap lenh nam 2012 va nhiem ky Qu6c hpi khoa Xin da chmh thiic Ien ke hoach cho viec siia d6i Luat Ban hanh VBQPPL, LuSt SI quan QDND Viet Nam, Lu^t CAND, Luat t6 chiic TAND, Luat t6 chiic VKSND nen day chi la van dS mang tmh ky thuat va khong CO gi qua kho khan.
Cuoi ciing, do tmh chit trang trpng cua
nguoi diing dau Nha nuac, thay mat nuac Cpng hda XHCN Viet Nam ve d6i npi va doi ngoai, nen trong Luat ve hoat dong cua Chu tich nitac can cu thS hoa nghi thiic tuygn the trong IS nham chiic cua Chu tich nuac. Hinh ^nh thieng lieng ve le nh^m chiic cua Chu tjch nuac se cung c6 niSm tin d nhan dan, giup nhan dan vupt qua mpi kho khan bai Chii tich nuac thj hi?n tinh chinh ding, vua la trung tam chinh tri, vita 14 trung tam doan kk ciia dan tpc •
LAP P H X P ^ S S 23 (279) TIMOM
