Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 99
PHAT TRIEN CA PHE CUA VIET NAM TRONG NHlfNG NAM GAN DAY
Nguyen Ho Lam, Dinh Xuan Dijfc, Bui Xuan Tin, Nguyen Hi?u Trung, Tran Thi Phifofng Nhung, Tran Minh Quang,*
Nguyen Hifu NguT*
1. D a t v a n d e
Trong nhdng n a m gan day nganh ca phe Viet Nam da p h a t trien vUgt bac ca ve chat lugng ldn so lugng. Khd'i lugng ca phe xua't khau lien tuc tang, gdp p h a n dUa Viet Nam len vi t r i t h d 2 t h e gidi vd xua't khau, sau Brazil (Thanh Chau, 2008). Nam 2007 d a n h da'u mgt md'c son quan trgng cho n g a n h xua't khau ca phe Viet Nam, khd'i lugng xuat khau dat hon 1 trieu t a n (1.229.000 tan), kim ngach d a t gan 2 ty USD, san pham ca phe Robusta cua Viet Nam ngay cang dugc Ua thich t r e n the' gidi (Dde Thu, 2008). T h a n h qua nay la sU cd gdng ldn cua nganh ca phe Viet Nam.
Hien nay nganh ca phe dang ddng trUdc nhieu thuan lgi nhU Viet Nam gia nhap WTO nam 2007 da mang lai co hgi vang hiem cd de md rgng thi trUdng tieu thu vdi kim ngach nhap khau ca phe cua nhieu nUdc tren the' gidi tri gia hang chuc ty USD/nam (13,647 ty USD nam 2007) (FAOSTAT, 2010). Tuy nhien, gia ca phe xua't khau cua Viet Nam cdn thap bdi chung ta cdn thie'u md'i lien ke't gida cac khau td san xua't, thu hoach, che bie'n den tieu thu (Tuyet Yen, 2009).
Lam gi de gia tang gia tri, nang cao sdc canh tranh cho nganh ca phe Viet Nam la van de khien nhieu chuyen gia ca phe cua Viet Nam tran trd.
Muc dich cua bai viet nay la gidp chung ta cd cai nhin tdng quat hien trang phat trien nganh ca phe Viet Nam cung nhU nganh ca phe the gidi hien nay. Td dd cd nhdng phUOng hUdng khac phuc khd khan va phat trien dung ddn cho nganh ca phe Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
- Dd'i tugng nghien cdu: Nganh san xua't ca phe Viet Nam va mgt so' nudc san xua't ca phe chinh tren the gidi.
- Phuang phdp nghien cdu: Bai vie't ducfc tie'n h a n h diia tren sii thu thap cac thdng tin thd cap da dugc cdng bd tren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chdng, sach, bao va sau dd dugc tdng hgp, phan tich va xd ly.
Khoa Ndng hpc, Trfldng Dai hpc Ndng lam Hue.
Khoa Tai nguyen Dat va Mdi trfldng Ndng nghiep, Trfldng Dgi hpc Ndng lam Hue.
100 Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011
1000000
100000
2. Ket qua n g h i e n ciJu va t h a o l u a n
2.1. Tinh hinh phdt trien cdy cdphe Viet Nam trong nh&ng ndm gdn ddy
Ca phe dUcfc danh gia la mgt trong nhdng loai cay trong chu dao cua nen ndng nghiep Viet Nam, ddng vai trd r a t quan trgng trong sii phat trien kinh te-xa hgi. Cay ca phe dau tien duac dUa vao Viet Nam vao khoang nhdng n a m 70 cua the ky 19, mai de'n dau the ky 20 mdi dUgfc p h a t trien trong d mgt so don dien cua ngUdi Phap. Nam 1930, d Viet Nam mdi chi cd 5.900ha (Phan Qudc Sung, 2000). Nhiftig chi trong vdng 15-20 nam qua, nganh ca phe nUdc ta da cd nhdng bUdc phat trien n h a n h vUgt bac ca ve dien tich, nang suat va san lugng.
Trong gan 20 n a m qua, chung ta da
10000
ien tich thu hoach (Ha)
• Nang suat (Kg/Ha)
• San luong (Tan)
1990 2000 2010
Nam
Bieu do t.Tinh hinh phat trien ca phe Viet Nam tfl nam 1990-2007 (FAOSTAT, 2010).
dUa san lugng ca phe ca nudc tang len hang t r a m lan, dac biet la trong giai doan td nam 1991 de'n nam 2000, dien tich tang td 61.875ha tdi 476.900ha -(Bieu do 1). Nhu vay, chi trong vdng gan 10 nam ma dien tich ca phe da
tang 415.025ha (gan 800%) (FAOSTAT, 2010).
Td nam 2001 cho de'n 2007, do mgt sdyeu td tac dgng nhU sau hai, dich benh va dac biet la gia ca xud'ng thap, da lam giam sU md rgng dien tich ca phe. De'n nam 2007 dien tich ca phe tang nhe so vdi n a m 2000, dat gan 500.000ha (FAOSTAT, 2010).
Tucfng dng vdi dien tich, san lucfng ca phe cung tang lien tuc td nam 1990 de'n nam 2001, dat td 92.000 t a n de'n 840.600 tan, den nam'2007 san lugng dat 961.200 tan. Sii tang trudng ve dien tich cung n h u nang sua't da gdp phan dua san lugng ca phe Viet Nam t h a n h mgt trong bdn nUdc san xua't ca phe cd san lugng cao nha't t r e n the gidi.
Ca phe la mdt trong nhdng loai cay trong kha mSn cam vdi dieu kien thdi tie't va sau benh, do vay nang sua't thudng khdng dn dinh qua cac nam.
Tuy nhien, so vdi mde nang sua't binh quan chung cua the gidi (8.470 kg/ha, nam 2008) thi nang sua't ca phe Viet Nam vSn thudc loai cao (19.886kg/ha, nam 2008) (FAOSTAT, 2010). -
Dien tich gieo trdng, nang suat va san lugng ca phe p h a n theo dia phuong trong nhufng nam gan day dugc trinh bay d Bang 1 (chi cac tinh co dien tich ldn hern l.OOOha dugc trinh bay).
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 101
Bang 1: Dien tich gieo trdng, nang suat va san lugng ca phe phan theo dia phUOng trong nhdng nam gan day.
2004 2005 2006 2007 Dien Nang San Dien Nang San Dien Nang San Dien Nang San TT Tmh tich sua't Iflpng tich suat Iflpng tich suat Iflpng tich suat Iflpng
(1000 (tg/ (1000(1000 (tg/ (1000(1000 (tg/ (1000(1000 (tg/ (1000 ha) ha) tan) ha) ha) tan) ha) ha) tan) ha) ha) tan) 1 Sdn La
2 Nghe An 3 Quang Trj 4 Phu Yen 5 Kon Tum 6 Gia Lai 7 QiV.V.ak 8 D^c Ndng
2,72 2,55 3,73 1,65 11,51 76,06 166,43 66,53
8,0 10,0 18,0 11,0 17,0 15,0 19,0 18,0
1,8 1,1 5,1 1,3 18,9 114,4 308,4 121,1
2,8 2,5 3,8 1,0 10,6 75,9 167,0 67,1
9,0 10,0 19,0 9,0 13,0 15,0 16,0 16,0
2,3 1,2 6,2 0,8 14,3 110,2 266,3 104,8
2,6 1,9 4,0 1,0 9,8 75,9 174,7 70,2
13,9 13,3 10,3 12,9 20,2 15,9 25,8 15,6
3,2 1,6 3,5 0,9 19,8 120,6 435,0 108,6
3,1 1,9 4,1 1,0 9,7 76,1 178,2 70,8
14,2 14,2 18,9 11,3 17,4 16,6 21,2 17,4
3,4 1,7 6,6 0,9 16,9 125,4 363,0 119,1 9 Lam Dong 117,22 18,0 105,1 117,5 18,0 211,0 118,8 21,1 244,2 123,4 23,1 273,4 10 Binh Phfldc 13,57 10,0 12,4 10,4 11,0 10,2 10,3 11,3 10,8 10,4 11,9 12,0 11 Dong Nai 23,43 13,0 28,2 20,3 13,0 16,2 16,9 14,1 23,1 16,8 14,5 23,4 12 Binh Thugn 1,66 12,0 1,5 1,2 11,0 1,2 1,4 13,6 1,5 1,4 13,6 1,5 1 3 ^ , ! ^ ' ! " , 9,09 13,0 10,7 8,0 14,0 10,5 7,2 14,1 9,9 7,2 15,9 11,1
Vung Tau
Ngudn: Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat then Ndng thdn (MARD), 2010.
So lieu d Bang 1 phan anh sU phan bd dien tich ca phe khdng dong deu gida cac vung mien trong ca nUdc. 5 tinh thugc khu vUc Tay Nguyen (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dac Ndng va Lam Dong) la nhdng tinh cd dien tich, nang sua't va san lugng ldn nhat ca nUdc, de'n nam 2007, chi rieng 5 tinh nay da chie'm gan 90% tdng dien tich (458.200ha), gan 94% tdng san lugng (897.800 tan) (MARD, 2010). Ngoai ra, d mdt sd tinh nhu Dong Nai, Binh Phudc, Ba Ria-Vung Tau va mdt sd vung cua tinh Quang Tri nhu Lao Bao, Khe Sanh cd dien tich ca phe kha ldn. Sd di nhdng vung nay cd dien tich, nang sua't cao la do cd che do khi hau phan biet rd ret gida 2 mua (mua mUa v^ mua khd) va cd dien tich da't do bazan ldn.
2.2. Tinh hinh phdt trien cd phe Vi?t Nam so v&i mgt sd nitdc tren the gi&i
Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke cua Td chdc Luong thUc the gidi (FAOSTAT, 2010), td nam 2002 dien tich thu hoach ca phe cua Viet Nam ddng d vi tri thd 5 sau Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia va Mexico. Tuy nhien, ve nang suat ca phe tuoi/ha thi Viet Nam ddng thd nha't vdi nang sua't td 14.882- 24.111kg/ha. So vdi cac nUdc san xua't khac tren the gidi thi nang suat ca phe Viet Nam cao hon ban, dd la nhd viec ap dung cac bien phap ky thu^t tham canh nhu chgn gid'ng, bdn phan, tUdi nUdc, ky thuat tao tan va cd dieu kien khi hau, dat dai thuan lgi nen nang sua't va san lugng ca phe tang manh. Trong khi dd nang sua't d cac nUdc khac hau bet dudi lO.OOOkg/ha.
102 Tap chi Ngiuen cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011
Mac du nang sua't khdng cao so vdi Viet Nam, nhUng do dien tich thu hoach cua Brazil lai ldn b a n r a t nhieu so vdi cac nUdc cdn lai, dieu dd da lam cho Brazil trd t h a n h nUdc cd san lugng ca phe ldn nha't t r e n the gidi, nam 2008 dat 2.790.858 tan. Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, tuy dien tich khdng ldn, nhUng nhd cd sU vUgt trdi ve nang suat da dem lai vi t r i t h d 2 ve san lugng cho Viet Nam tren the gidi td n a m 2000. Xep vi t r i t h d 3 va t h d 4 lan lugt la Colombia va Indonesia.
2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 (500000 400000 200000 0
=1 Gia tri xuat khau (100 U S D ) Khdi Iflpng xua't khau (tan)
P*^ ^ ^ ^e?" N=^=^
^
^ ^ .^ .<^
Nam
Bieu do 2: Khdi Iflpng xuat khau va gia tri thfldng mai ca phe Viet Nam tfl 1990-2007 (FAOSTAT, 2010).
2.3. Khdi liicfng xudt khdu vd gid tri thitctng mg,i cd phe Viet Nam Trong giai doan 1990-2001 khd'i lugng xua't khau ca phe cua Viet N a m t a n g len manh me qua cac n a m , chi trong 10 n a m khd'i lugng xuat khau da t a n g l e n g a n 10,5 lan, dat td 89.583 t a n ( n a m 1990) len de'n 931.198 t a n (nam 2001). Tuy n h i e n giai doan td n a m 2001 de'n n a m 2.006 khd'i lugng xua't khau hau nhU khdng tang. Trong giai doan nay cd sU sut giam dang ke vao n a m 2002 va 2003. Nam 2007 d a n h da'u m g t md'c son quan trgng cho n g a n h xua't khau ca phe Viet Nam, vdi viec md rgng t h i trUdng xua't khau, khd'i lugng xua't khau ca phe d a t hon 1 trieu t a n (1.229.000 tan), kim ngach xuat khau dat gan 2 ty USD.
Do gia ca khdng dn dinh qua cac nam, nen nguon thu ngoai te td xuat khau ca phe cung bie'n dgng kha ldn. Giai doan t d n a m 1990 de'n n a m 1993, nguon thu ngoai te dat tren dUdi 90 trieu USD. Giai doan ti^ n a m 1994 den nam 2002, ngudn thu ngoai te trung binh dat 470 trieu USD/nam. Tuy nhien chi 5 n a m sau, khd'i lugng xuat khau da dat 1.229.000 t a n , kim ngach xua't khau da dat gan 2 ty USD/nam (nam 2007), tang gan 5 lan so vdi nam 2002, tang hon 20 lan ne'u so sanh vdi nhdng n a m 1990. Ly do lam cho gia tri xua't khau ca phe tang cao trong giai doan 2003-2007 la do nang suat va san lugng thu hoach mgt sd nUdc san xua't ca phe ldn n h u Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico giam manh, dac biet la Brazil, san lugng giam t d 5-7 trieu tan/nSm trong giai doan nay. Ngudn cung thieu hut n e n gia ca phe t r e n t h i trUdng the gidi tang manh. Mat khac trong khi dd Viet Nam van duy t r i dugc dien tich thu hoach, nang suat/ha dn dinh, san lugng xua't khau tang. Nhdng yeu td dd da lam cho gia t r i xua't khau ca phe Viet N a m t a n g len n h a n h chdng trong giai doan nay.
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84) .2011 103
Gia tang da gidp ca phe lgt vao cau lac bd nhdng mat hang cd kim ngach xua't khau dat tren 1 ty USD. Xua't khau ca phe hien tai chie'm khoang 13% tdng gia tri xuat khau ndng san Viet Nam. Nam 2007, Viet Nam trd thanh nudc xua't khau ca phe vd'i ldn nha't the gidi, chie'm tdi 43%
thi phan ca phe loai nay tren toan cau (Ha Yen, 2008).
2.4. Thdch thdc vd thudn lad ddi v&i ngdnh cd phe Viet Nam trong giai dogn hi^n nay vd nhdng ndm tod
2.4.1. The mgnh, thudn lgi eda cdphe Viet Nam
Dieu kien khi hau, thd nhudng cua Viet Nam rat thuan lgi cho viec phat trien cay ca phe, dac biet la vung da't dd bazan d khu vUc Tay Nguyen vdi 1,36 trieu ha chie'm 66% dien tich da't dd bazan toan qudc (Nguyen Xuan Dde, 2009). Su thuan lgi trong giao thdng dUdng bien cung tao ra lgi the so sanh khdng nhd cho ca phe Viet Nam khi tham gia vao chudi cung van toan cau. Tuy nhien, lgi the chinh cua chdng ta hien nay la cd khd'i lugng xua't khau ca phe Robusta (ca phe vd'i) ldn nha't the gidi (800.000 tan/
nam) (VNN, 2006), vdi gia thanh san xuat tha'p nha't the gidi (18.000d6ng/
kg tuong duong lUSD) (Nguydn Thinh, 2009; VICOFA, 2009). Mat khac ca phe Robusta ngay cang dugc Ua chudng tren the gidi, bdi vi loai ca phe nay cd ham lugng cafeine (td 2,5-3,0%) cao hon ca phe Arabica (td 1,8-2,0%) (Nguyin Minh Hieu et al., 2006). Ca phe Robusta cd kha nang tao bgt va tao them ldp bgt kem tren be mat cua ca phe espresso. Day cung la nguyen nhan khie'n cac nha rang xay chi Ua chudng loai ca phe nay cho cac nhan hieu cua hg trong viec dap dng khau vi cua cac khach hang khac nhau d khap noi tren the gidi (VICOFA, 2009)."
Viec gia nhap Td chdc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) vao nam 2007 da mang lai cho nganh ca phe Viet Nam co hgi md rgng thi trUdng tieu thu vdi kim ngach nhap khau ca phe cua nhieu nUdc tren the gidi hang nam tri gia de'n hang chuc ty ddla (13,647 ty USD nam 2007) (FAOSTAT, 2010). Day thuc sU la mgt co hdi vang ddi vdi mgt qudc gia cd dien tich trdng ca phe tren 56o.OOOha nhu nUdc ta.
2.4.2. Thdch thdc ddi vdi ngdnh cd phe trang thdi gian tdi
- Nhiiu dien tich cd phe dd chuyen sang giai dogn gid cdi, phdt trien khdng theo quy hogch
Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke cua Hiep hgi Ca phe-Ca cao Viet Nam (VICOFA, 2010), hien nay nUdc ta cd sd gan 500.000ha ca phe, nhUng trong sd dd chi cd khoang 274.000ha (54,8%) dugc trong trong giai doan sau nam 1993, ldp ca phe nay hien nay trong do tudi 10-15 nam. Day la sd dien tich ca phe dang d giai doan sung sdc va cho nang suat cao nha't. Vi vay trong nhdng nam tdi, san lugng ca phe Viet Nam phu thugc vao dien tich ca phe nay. Trong khi dd sd di^n tich ca phe cdn lai cd i39.6boha, chie'm 27,9% dugc trong trong giai
104 Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011
doan tii 1988-1993, de'n nay d tudi tii 15-20 nam, phan ldn dien tich nay da bat dau chuyen sang giai doan gia cdi va cho nang sua't giam dan. Sd dien tich ca phe trong td trUdc nam 1988 den nay da tren 20 nam tudi cd tdi 86.400ha chie'm 17,3%. Nhdtig dien tich nay da gia cdi va khdng cdn khai thac cd hieu qua nen can dugc thay the (Ho Khanh Thien, 2008). Nhu vay trong 5-10 nam tdi, se cd tren 50% dien tich ca phe het thdi ky kinh doanh, cung vdi dien tich gia cdi tang len thi tdng san lugng ca phe ca nUdc se giam xud'ng, khdng con cd kha nang duy tri con so xua't khau hon 1 trieu tan hien nay.
Mac du mgt so' nam gan day do gia ca tang cao, so' dien tich ca phe trong mdi dugc tang len dang ke, cd nam tdi gan 30.000ha, nhUng hau het nhdng dien tich trdng mdi nay khdng nam trong vung quy hoach, chu ye'u la dugc trdng tren nhUng noi khdng thich hgp nhU t a n g da't ndng, do dd'c ldn, noi thie'u nguon nddc tUdi... va khdng it trong so' dd la dat riing. Sd dien tich trong mdi nay khdng nhOfng khdng du bu dap p h a n san lugng thieu hut cua nhiing dien tich ca phe gia cdi phai t h a n h ly ma cdn de dga trdc tie'p de'n tinh ben vdng cua nhdng dien tich ca phe cdn lai do mdi trUdng bi buy hoai, trong dd dac biet la ngudn nUdc tUdi. ThUc te trong nhdng nSm qua da cd hang chuc ngan hecta ca phe bi benh khdng cd k h a n a n g phuc hdi phai thanh ly va nhieu dien tich ca phe gia coi sau khi t h a n h ly cung khdng cd kha nang trong lai dugc ca phe {Thdng tin thUang mgi Viet Nam, 2009)
- Thie'u hut lao dgng, chi phi sdn xudt ngdy mdt tdng cao
Qua trinh canh tac, cham sdc va thu hoach cay ca phe ddi hdi nhieu cdng lao dgng. Trung binh I h a ca phe can td 300-400 cdng lao dgng/nam, trong dd rieng cdng thu hai chie'm tren 50%. Do mang tinh chat thdi vu rat khat khe, thdi gian thu hai ca phe r a t ngan chi khoang 2 t h a n g (Nguyin Minh Hieu et al., 2006). Trong khoang thdi gian nay, sd cdng lao dgng rat ldn chie'm tren 50% tdng sd cdng trong nam da lam cho tinh t r a n g thie'u hut lao dgng cang trd nen t r a m trgng.
Do qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, bg phan lUc luong lao dgng t h a n h nien tre, khoe tii cac vung trong ca phe tap trung ve cac t h a n h phd, khu cong nghiep lam cho lUc lugng lao dgng trong nganh ca phe ng^y ckng thieu hut tram trgng. Nhu vay cd the thay trddc rang trong nhdng nSm tdi viec thieu hut lao dgng se la mgt ap lUc nang ne cho ngudi trong ca phe va chi phi cdng lao dgng se ngay cang chiem mgt ty le ldn trong cac khoan chi phi san xuat {Thdng tin thuang mgi Viet Nam, 2009). Neu n h u vao thdi diem trUdc nhiing nam 2006, gia ngay cdng lao dgng la 50.000-60.000ddng, thi de'n nhdng nam gan day, gia ngay cdng lao dgng da tang len de'n 90.000-120.000d6ng {Cdng ludn, 2009). Do vay lgi the canh t r a n h ve gia ngay cdng lao dgng re trong nganh ca phe Viet Nam so vdi cac nUdc khac se giam xud'ng. Ben canh dd, gia ca vat tU, phan bdn, xang dau... ngay cang t a n g cao se lam cho chi phi san xua't tang len, lgi nhuan thu dugc ti^ san xua't ca phe se ngay mgt giam sut (Hoang Thanh Tiem, 2010).
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 105
- Sdn- xudt nhd le, phdn tdn
Tren 80% dien tich ca phe ca nUdc do cac hg ndng dan trUc tiep quan ly, so dien tich ca phe cdn lai thugc cac doanh nghiep nha nUdc quan ly. So vdi nhieu nUdc trdng ca phe tren the gidi thi cac hd ndng dan trong ca phe cua Viet Nam deu thugc dang nhd le, dien tich hep, trung binh td 0,5-lha va mang tinh tUOng dd'i dgc lap. Sd hg gia dinh cd dien tich ldn tren 5ha va san xua't dudi hinh thdc trang trai chie'm mgt ty le khdng dang ke (Ho Khanh Thien, 2008). Do hinh thdc to chdc san xua't dUdi dang hd gia dinh phan tan, nhd le va tUOng dd'i dgc lap nen d i n de'n sua't dau tu/tan san pham cua tdng hg gia dinh ndi rieng va toan nganh ca phe ndi chung tang cao do hg gia dinh nao cung phai tU mua sam may bom, phuong tien van chuyen, may xay xat, dau tU xay dUng san phoi, kho tang (Hoang Thanh Tiem, 2010).
- Cdc doanh nghiep xudt khdu cd phe trong nUde dang mdt ddn lgi the Hien tai, md'i lien ket gida ngudi san xuat vdi cac doanh nghiep thu mua, xuat khau ca phe trong nudc cd rat it md'i lien he, rang budc chat che vdi nhau. Cac doanh nghiep vdn cdn mua ban theo hinh thdc "cd gi mua nay", khdng kiem soat dugc chat lugng. Sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO nam 2007, nhieu doanh nghiep nUdc ngoai da tCmg budc true tiep tham gia thu mua san pham ca phe td cac hg ndng dan va cac doanh nghiep san xua't ca phe trong nUdc. Bang each thdng qua cac td chdc cap chdng chi ve chat lugng san pham nhU UTZ Certified, Rein Fruit Alliance, Organic Coffee, 4C v.v..., cac doanh nghiep nUdc ngoai da thiet lap mdi lien ket trUc tiep vdi ngudi san xua't (Hoang Thanh Tiem, 2010).
Do dugc hd trg ve mat ky thuat, dugc dam bao cam ket vdi gia mua cao hon, ndng dan da d§ dang chap thuan tham gia vao cac td chdc nay va td dd cac doanh nghiep nUdc ngoai se kiem soat dugc san lugng, chat lugng ca phe cung nhu chi phi san xua't thuc te' cua timg vung. Vdi ngudn tai chinh doi dao, de'n mdt ldc nao dd cac doanh nghiep nUdc ngoai se la ngUdi quye't dinh gia mua ca phe cua ngUdi ndng dan, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dang mat dan lgi the ngay d thi trUdng trong nUdc. Theo Hi$p hgi Ca phe-Ca cao Viet Nam, 5/10 nhk kinh doanh ck phe nguyen lieu ldn nhat the gidi da c6 mSt tai thi trudng Viet Nam dddi hinh thdc lien doanh hoSc dgc lap, sd ca phe ma ho thu mua chie'm tdi 30% tdng san lugng ca phe cua Viet Nam (Dang Thu, 2010).
3. Ket l u a n
Nganh ca phe Viet Nam ngay cang cd sU ddng gdp quan trgng vao sU phat trien nganh ndng nghiep ndi rieng cung nhU nen kinh te Viet Nam ndi chung vdi kim ngach xua't khau hang nam dat gan 2 ty USD. Td chd khdng cd ten trong ban do ca phe the gidi, thi trong nhiing nam qua, ca phe Viet Nam da cd sU phat trien vUgt bac. Hien nay, nudc ta da trd thanh nUdc san xuat ca phe ldn thd hai tren the gidi sau Brazil, la nUdc ddng thd nhat ve
106 Tap chl Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011
khd'i lugng xua't khau ca phe Robusta. Nganh ca phe Viet Nam ngay cang ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec chi phd'i gia ca va thi trUdng ca phe the gidi. Tuy nhien, viec duy tri vi the ay dang gap khdng it khd k h a n do dien tich thu hoach ca phe trong 5-10 nam tdi se giam gan 50% so vdi tdng dien tich ca phe hien nay, vi vay viec duy tri khd'i lugng xuat khau h a n 1 trieu tan nhu hien nay la r a t khd khan. Viec gia n h a p WTO nam 2007 da md ra nhieu co hdi phat trien cho ca phe Viet Nam trong viec md rgng thi trUdng xua't khau, tang chat lugng san pham. NhUng ben canh dd, WTO cung mang lai sU canh t r a n h khdc liet cho cac nha kinh doanh xua't n h a p khau ca phe trong nUdc. Do gia ca vat tU, phan bdn cung nhU gia cdng lao dgng tang cao nen lgi the canh t r a n h bang gia t h a n h san xua't re cua ca phe Viet Nam dang mat dan Uu the.
Mac du nganh ca phe Viet Nam trong nhCifng nam qua cd sU phat trien vdi tdc do cao, tuy nhien ben canh dd cdn gap khdng it nhdng thach thdc va khd khan d phia trUdc. Chung ta can phat huy m a n h lgi the, thuan lgi va co phuong hudng khac phuc khd khan, thach thdc de nganh ca phe Viet Nam cd nhdng budc phat trien hon nda trong nhdng nam tdi.
N H L va cac cong svf TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bao Cong luin, 2009. 'Tay Nguyen khat nhan cdng thu hoach". http://www.baomoi.com/lnfo/
Tay-Nguyen-khat-nhan-cong-thu-hoach-ca-phe/45/3386044.epi. Ngay truy cap 12/5/2010.
2. Dang Thfl, 2010. "Thj phan ca phe npi sap vao tay doanh nghiep ngogi". http .//www.baodatviet.
vn/Home/kinhte/Thi-phan-ca-phe-noi-sap-vao-tay-doanh-nghiep-ngoai/20103/85269.datviet.
Ngay truy cap 7/5/2010.
3. Dfle Thu, 2008. "Tiem nang Idn cua ca phe Viet Nam", http://www.mpi.gov.vn/portal/page/podal/
tckt/903605?m_action=2&mjtemid=14697&m_magaid=1212&m_category=325. Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
4. FAOSTAT, 2010. http://faostat.fao.Org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor. Ngay truy cap 3/2010.
5. MARD, 2010. http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/Pages/statistic_csdl.aspx?Tabld=thongke. Ngay truy cap 26/5/2010
6. Ha Yen, 2008. "Ca phe Viet Nam: Chat Iflpng chay theo sd Iflpng". http://niengiamnongnghiep.
vn/truongsonfarm/news/item_254.htmi Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
7. Hoang Thanh Tiem, 2010. "NhOng thach thflc cua nganh ca phe trong thdi gian tdi (ky1, 2)".
http://www.vhdn.vn/index.php?view=article:&catid=&id=2762&format=pdf&option=com_content.
Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010
8. Hd Khanh Thien, 2008. "Ca phe Viet ddi mat vdi thach thflc mdi". http://vneconomy.
vn/20080812105448535P0C19/ca-phe-viet-doi-mat-thach-thuc-moi.htm. Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
9. Nguyin Minh Hieu, Dinh Xuan Dfle, Bui Xuan Tin, 2006. Giao trinh cay cong nghiep dai- ngiy. Nxb Ndng nghiep, tr. 99.
10. Nguyin Thjnh, 2009. "Can xac dinh hpp ly gia thanh san xuat ca phe". http://giacaphe.
com/2855/can-xac-dinh-hop-ly-gia-thanh-san-xuat-ca-phe.html. Ngay truy cap 5/2010.
11. Nguyin Xuan Dfle, 2009. "Tac ddng cua chfldng trinh chinh sach phat trien kinh te-xa hpi vdi bao ve mdi trfldng d Tay Nguyen" http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=d etails&mid=12369. Ngay truy cap: 12/05/2010
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 107
12. Phan Qudc Sung, 2000. Vi tri kinh te cua ciy ci phe Viet Nam va tren the gidi. Nxb Ndng nghiep, tr 10.
13. Thanh Chau, 2P08. "Ca phe Viet Nam hfldng tdi muc tieu xua't khau 2 ty USD". http://www.
tin247.com/cajDhe_viet_nam_huong_toi_muc_tieu_xuat_khau_2_ty_usd-3-21268645.html.
Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
14. Tuyet Yen, 2009. "Tgo dot pha cho nganh ca phe Viet Nam", http://daklak24h.com/index.ph p?mod=article&cat=cf&article=353. Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
15. Thdng tin thfldng mgi Viet Nam, 2009. "Nhflng thach thflc cua nganh ca phe trong thdi gian tdi". http://chongbanphagia.vn/beta/diemtin/20090108/nhung-thach-thuc-cua-nganh-ca-phe- trong-thoi-gian-toi. Ngay truy cap 27/4/2010.
16. VNN, 2006. "Vietnam-Indonesia bat tay gifl gia ca phe". http://vietbao.vn/Kinh-te/Viet-Nam- lndonesia-bat-tay-giu-gia-ca-phe/65042075/88/ Ngay truy cap 21/5/2010.
17. VICOFA, 2009. "Thj phan cua ca phe Robusta the gidi tang", http://www.vicofa.org.vn/
tinchHiet.aspx?=id=98046. Ngay Xruy cap 2^i5/20^0.
TOM TAT
Mgc tieu cua bai viet la tim hieu va danh gia qua trinh phat trien cung nhfl nhflng thuan Ipi va khd khan cua nganh ca phe Viet Nam trong nhflng nam gan day va thdi gian tdi. Bai vie't dflpc tie'n hanh dpa tren sfl thu thgp cac thdng tin thfl cap da dflpc cdng bd tren cac phflong tien thdng tin dai chung, sach, bao va sau dd dflpc tdng hpp, phan tich va xfl ly. Ket qua cho thay rang, trong nhflng nam qua nganh ca phe Viet Nam da cd bflde phat then vflpt bgc. Tfl chd khdng cd ten tren ban dd ca phe the gidi, ngay nay Viet Nam da cd hon 500.000ha dien tich, san Iflpng xua't khau dgt hdn 1 trieu tan/nam, kim nggch xua't khau hang nam dgt gan 2 ty USD. Trong nhflng nam gan day nganh ca phe Viet Nam da cd nhflng thuan lpi nhat djnh nhfl: sfl kien Viet Nam gia nhgp WTO, nhu cau tieu thu va gia ca ca phe tren the gidi tang cao, cd khdi Iflpng xua't khau ca phe Robusta Idn nhat the gidi v.v... Nhflng khd khan nhfl dien tich thu hogch nhflng nam tdi se syt giam, sp cgnh tranh khdc liet cua cac nha xua't nhgp khau qudc te, gia thanh san xuat tang len v.v... la nhflng thach thflc khdng nho trong viec duy tri vi tri va uy tin ca phe Viet Nam tren the gidl. De duy tri sfl phat trien ca phe ben vflng trong thdi gian tdi, chung ta can phat huy mgnh nhflng Ipi the, thugn Ipi cd dflpc va cd phfldng each khSc phgc nhflng khd khan, bat Ipi ddi vdi nganh ca phe.
ABSTRACT
DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAM COFFEE INDUSTRY IN RECENT YEARS
The objective of research is to evaluate the development process as well as difficults and advantages of Vietnam coffee industry in recent years. The research Is carried out by collecting secondary information from mass media, books and magazines which have been published, and then data were recapitulated, analyzed and processed. The results showed that in recent years, Vietnam's coffee industry has witnessed a boom. As up to 2010, Vietnam has over 500,000ha of coffee plantation, export productivity has reached more than 1 million tons annually, and export turnover has achieved neariy $2 billion. However, though Vietnam's coffee industry has got some certain advantages after Vietnam joined the WTO and a rise in the worid coffee prices, it is now facing with such difficulties as the decline of havesting area in the coming years, fierce competition among international exporters and importers, etc... Vietnam's coffee industry has fo deal with these challenges In order to maintain its position and prestige in the world's coffee industry. However, there are many difficults and challenges in the future. We need to promote the advantages, find solutions to overcome difficulties to help Vietnam's coffee industry develop more in the future.
