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GIAI PHAP PHAT T R I S N THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
TREn CII S i Y T l i G QUY HOACH DO TH! THEO OAO LY CHAU A
PGS.TS.KTS Phgm Tu ThS.KTS Phgm Thj Ai Thuy Og/ hgc Kiin true TP Ho Chi Minh
Trong qua trinh nghien cCni Do an Quy ho^ch chung TP Ho Chi Minh den nam 2025, mot cau hoi l&n luon difoc dat ra la: Trong dieu kien hien nay, v&i ly thuyet quy hoach do thi hien dai chu nghTa vCra kho cCmg, vira mang tinh ap dat thi giai phap nao cho cong tic quy hoach phat trien TP Ho Chi Minh de CO the dap u'ng yeu cau hien tai va phu hgp voi phit trien trong tuvmg lai? Trong bai viet nay, chung toi di cap den ly thuyet "Quy hoach dd thi theo dao ly Chau A " ciia GS. TS. William S. W.Lim. Day la mgt huxmg tiip can mm, dang tin cay trong viec giii bai toan quy hoach cho cac dd thi chau A noi chung va cho TP Ho Chi Minh noi rieng.
Uy ban nhdn ddn TP Ho Chi Minh 66 Tgpchf KliHTRliC
Tac gia - GS.TS Wiliam S. W. Lim va tac pham Quy hoach do thj theo dao ly Chau A:
GS.TS.William S.W. Lim t6t nghiep KTS d Trudng Kiln true cua Hdi KTS Anh (Architectural Association) London va da nghien CLPU tai khoa Quy hogch dd thj vd Quy hogch vung eua dgi hpc Harvard. 6ng Id cdng dan Singapore.
Theo GS.William S. W. Lim, trong nhO-ng thgp ky vua qua, hien tugng todn d u hda duge ddnh dau bdi t i e dp vd cudng dp, ngdy cdng gay ra biln ddng dnh hudng Idn tdi nen van hda, gid tri vd l6i s6ng, tren phgm vi vd quy md toan d u . Vdi bdi d n h dd, dng da nhdn dgng ba van de tuang quan rat quan trpng ddi vdi cae dd thi Chau A:
- Thu 1: Vdi sy that bgi sap xdy ra cua quy hogch hien dgi chu nghTa, nhung "dau chan" vd
"xdc chit" cua cac do tudng hidn dgi chu nghTa da that bgi duge bay bira bai khdp mpi nai?"
- Thu 2: Hdng trieu ddn ngheo dd thj trong nhung nen kinh t l dang noi len eua Chau A bj tan cdng bdi sy giai tda dd thj va tdi phdt triln, hp ddng duge hudng phin chia cdng bang han tir Igi ich cua sy phdt triln.
- Thip 3: Su trong rong hien nay cua ly luan dd thj d p tiln kha thi da xdy ra khi ed su md rdng ehua tirng t h i y vd ca d u lai cae TP d nhiFng nen kinh t l phdt triln nhanh.
Cuon sach da ra ddi trong hoan d n h nhu vgy. Tac gid bdy td mong mu6n "Xin tang cudn sich nay cho hang trieu dan ngheo dd thi a cac nw&c Chau A ed nin kinh ti m&i ndi, nhung ngwcn ding dwgc hw&ng nhQng phin chia cdng bing tie Igi ich cua swphit triin".
Trong tdc pham "Quy hogch Dd thj theo Dgo ly Chdu A", GS Lim d l xudt 7 y l u td tgo nen mdt md hinh phdt trien chung cho cac dd thj Chdu A, do Id: Bao ton vd ky ue, Bao ve dat cdng, Khdng gian khdng xdc dmh, Chinh sdch dat, Cdng ly ve khdng gian, Giao thdng dd thi va Nhu d u ea bdn cho ngudi ngheo dd thj. GS Lim dua ra cae y l u to ndy vdi mong muon hudng den mdt xa hdi cdng bang, t6t dep cd ban sac. GS Lim khang djnh: "Dao iy la khoa hgc vi dao due vi muc dich eua nd la lam cho hanh phuc eua mdi ca nhan vi toan xa hdi ndi chung dat din muc tdi da".
Khi phan tich quy hogch cac dd thi Chdu A theo xu hudng hipn dai khudn m i u phuang Tay tdc gia da di d i n 2 nhdn dinh quan trpng:
- Quy hogch ed tinh bung no trong n i n kinh t l phdt trien nhanh ciia cdc TP Idn d Chdu A da thuc d i y nhieu hogt ddng xdy dyng dd thj ty do, thudng Id hdn logn, khdng nhu mong dgi.
- Vipe dd thi tida r i m rd d cdc dd thj Chdu A tuy ly thu, cd nhieu ea hdi vd tan, nhung cung cd t h i dan d i n k i t cudc gdy tai hpa, nhat Id cho ting Idp cdng nhdn vd ngudi ngheo dd thj.
Trong bdi canh do, tdc gid cho rang thach thuc quan trpng nhat cua phdt triln dd thj Chau A hipn nay: "Swbanh trw&ng va tii thiit cie dd thi l&n cd thi lim ting hanh phuc cue cw din dd thi hay khdng".
ChaBin Thdnh ndm 1886 ChaBin Thdnh ndm 1985 Chgt Bin Thdnh ndm 2010
Uy ban nhan ddn TP ndm 1891 Uy ban nhdn ddn TP ndm 1965 Uy ban nhdn ddn TP ndm 2010
Dinh Norodom truae ndm 1954 Dinh Thong Nhdt ndm 1989 Dinh Thong Nhdt ndm 2010 67
Tdc gid da dua ra nhCrng van de c6t loi d l gidi quylt thdeh thue tren bang y tudng "Quy hogch dd thj theo dao ly Chdu A".
Y tu'd'ng quy hoach TP Ho Chi Minh theo dao ly Chau A:
Xem xet vd phan tich tac pham Quy hoaeh dd thj theo dgo ly chau A, chung tdi ehpn 5 y l u to tuang thich nghien euu vd de xuat van dyng d6i vdi Dd thj TP HCM, dd Id: Bao ton vd ky ue, bao vp dat cdng, dat dd thj, cdng ly ve khdng gian vd giao thdng dd thj.
1. Bio tdn vi k^uc (Consen/ation and Memories) Theo GS Lim: "Mdi dia phwang cd nhung tda nhi, nhQng cdng trinh, nhQng khdng gian mang y nghia"-Do chinh Id nhung hinh anh duge luu giu trong ky uc eua ngudi dan da, dang sdng qua tirng giai dogn thang trim eija ljeh su.
Chung ta phdi luu giu tat ea ky uc ay du quy md ed nho be nhu the ndo. Bdi le, viec luu giu chinh Id luu truyen nhung ky uc ve thj gidc trong mdi tardng dd thj. Thuc t l cho thay: Ljeh su vd ky uc eOa mdt dd thj la vd cung phuc tgp bdi sy hinh thdnh do tdc ddng d cdc pham vi xa hdi, chinh tri, kinh t l , k l ea sac tpc vd phong tyc tap qudn.
Do dd, chinh quyln dd thj quylt djnh tu bo hay giu gin mdt dilm ndo dd khdng ehi phdn dnh tinh
"chinh su" md edn phai cdng nhdn d ky uc ciia ting Idp dan thudng trong dd thj dd.
Doi vdi TP HCM, cd phai hien nay nhung
"ky uc" dang duge bao ton? Cau hdi ndy khdng chi ddnh cho chinh quyen dia phuang md cho mpi ngudi cd trdch nhipm vd tat cd nhCrng ai yeu min TP HCM vdi cac cdng trinh kiln true CO gid tri, thyc t l sy luu giu" vd bao tdn dudng nhu khdng trpn ven.
1^ nai nghi ngai giai tri Mo hinh phu xanh 3 ting tren dudng Nguyin Dinh Chilu
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Dung cy TDTT tai cdng viin Ly Ty Trpng. cdng viin 23-9 vd cdng viin van hda Tao Ddn
6 8 Topchi KliHTRliC
Ngodi ra, bdo ton "ky uc" giup cho TP HCM trdn trpng, bao ve vd su dung nguon tai nguyin thien nhien duge ban tang mdt each tot nhat tren ca sd sy phdt trien tuang tdc qua Igi giu-a con ngudi vd thien nhien, di d i n mdt xa hdi, mOt dd thj hien dgi vd than thipn - nai md con ngu-di vd thien nhien cung hgnh phiic.
2. Sao vi dit cdng (Safeguarding the Commons)
Theo GS.TS.William S.W.Lim, cdc quiegia dan tdc phai hdnh ddng ed trdch nhiem vdi tu- edeh nhu-ng ngudi duge uy thdc bdo ve quyln duge hudng dat cdng vd cdc djch vu epng dong, dat cdng Id cdng vien, vudn hoa, nhu-ng khu dat trang trpng, quang trudng, nghTa trang, khu bdo ton thien nhien. Dgc biet, ddi vdi TP HCM mat nude cd t h i duge coi Id dat cdng.
TP HCM duge xdc dinh la mdt thdnh pho phdt triln ndng ddng, Id mdt trong mudi dilm d i n hap d i n nhat cd nude. Tuy nhien, cac cdng trinh cd tinh chat Ijch su, van hda vd khu vui chai gidi tri, cac danh lam thing canh, k l ca cdc khu nghi dudng vd b l u khdng khi trong lanh mdt me thien nhien uu dai cho TP HCM dudng nhu ngay cdng thu hep ddng ke so vdi quy hogch ban d i u . Phai chang mdt phin dat cdng da "biln mat" theo thdi gian? Khu san bay Tan San Nhat Id mdt vi dy minh chirng cho sy djch chuyin ciia dat cdng.
Dat cdng, tir dd hinh thanh khdng gian sinh hogt cdng dong. Cd t h i nhan djnh mpt each khdch quan rang Sdi Gdn xua - TP HCM hdm nay it cd nhCrng khdng gian cdng cdng, nai ma ngudi dan dja phuang cd t h i din vui chai, giai tri, tap t h i dye t h i thao hay to chuc nhu-ng khdng gian sinh hogt theo nhdm xa hdi, khu vui chai cho tre em hgn hep, cdng vien edn nhu-ng hdng rao edeh biet vdi ngudi dan.
Chung ta quan tam qud nhieu din cac khu vdn phdng, khach sgn va nhd d md quin mat rang chinh nhu-ng cdng dan ngheo d qugn 6, qugn 8 hay Nhd Be cung nhu nhu'ng ngudi khdch du ljeh tdi TP HCM, hp thich tham gia hogt ddng tham quan, khdm phd nhu'ng danh
Mot so cong trinh xanh
lam thang d n h " d xua" de hudng thy tinh thin nhieu han vat chat, mong tim Igi "Ldi xwa xe ngwa hdn Thu Thao / Nin cQ lau dii bdng tich dwang" (Bd Huyen Thanh Quan). Vi vgy bdi todn ve "bao ve dat cdng" ddi vdi TP HCM phai ddt ra vdi tinh than d p bach.
3. Dat dd thi (Land Policy)
Dat khdng phai id mdt tdi nguyen vd tan.
GS Lim cho rang: "Chinh sich vi dit la cdng cu day quyin Iwc di dat dwgc pham vi rdng l&n cua nhd-ng muc tieu chinh tri, kinh ti va xa hoi. Bai vay nd phai gin chat v&i eic khii ni$m vi dao ly va phai cd igi cho ea cdng
ddng". Sue mgnh tir chinh sdch ve d i t dd thj da duge mdt so chinh quyen dd thj Chau A si>
dung rat hieu qua, tieu bilu phai k l d i n Chinh phu Singapore vd Chinh quyen Hong Kdng.
Hai TP nay thudng xuyen tgo ra thu nhgp eye ky Idn tir quy dat dd thj vdi chinh sdch gia tdng gid tri thdng qua quy hogch su dung d i t de khuyin du phdt triln, song khi phdt triln dat dd thj thi hien tugng "bdnh trudng"
thudng di ddi vdi "tai hpa". Theo GS Lim, "tai hpa" Idn nhat: dd id su mat ehd d cua ngudi ngheo, thu hep dien tich dat ndng nghiep, tgo su mat can bang trong dd thj. Chinh vi vgy:
"Vin di dit phai dwgc phan tich rd tCr ben ngoai khudn khd di.a vi hgp phip va quyin sa hCru tren ca s& trich nhiem vi dao ly cua nha quin ly vi tiing ndi tap thi cua ngwai dan dd thi". I^Pt dd thj dgc biet nhu TP HCM thi dat dd thj Igi cdng Id mdt thir quy gid vd cung. Dat TP HCM khdng the djnh lugng thdng qua cdc dy dn phdt triln "dan phuang" tu- mdt Igi ich cue bd ndo dd, d n tdn trpng, u-ng x u "nhan van" vdi y tudng ban d i u "TP HCM la mgt Hdn ngge Viin Ddng" eua hdm qua, edn hdm nay vd ngdy mai thi sao?
NhO'ng khodng d i t trong khdng cd nghTa Id khdng mang chuc nang cy the ma dd chinh Id nhu'ng khdng gian d n thilt ve canh quan, ve mdi trudng va khdng gian "thd" cho chinh TP HCM dang ngdy cang bj be tdng hod.
Vdi thyc trgng ve quy dat nhu TP HCM hien nay, nen xem xet md hinh k i t hgp giua d u true
"Idng" vd "nen", ed the "nen" chat han d ngay vung ngogi vi cd t i m nhin va canh quan rdng Idn
Quy dat TP HCM khdng edn nhieu, neu nhu mudn bdo tdn sy hdi hod ve mat canh quan cung nhu ddp irng duge nhu d u phat trien ngdy cdng cao ciJa 1 dd thj d p tiln nhu TP HCM, chung ta cd trdch nhiem phai su dung quy dat hilm hoi l y mdt each kinh t l nhat va hieu qua nhit, su' dung dat it nhit, sinh ra Igi nhuan cao nhat vd phai coi viec ddng gdp cho d n h quan cung Id mdt Igi nhuan.
Nhu vgy, viec xem xet d nhCrng vi tri nhat djnh cd he sd nen cao, ed chilu cao cdng trinh du lam dilm nhan ddng gdp vdo canh quan ehung id dieu rat nen Idm.
Cy the nhu viec hgn c h i cdc logi nhd d rieng le xdy dyng trong khu trung tdm, khuyin khich nha d i u tu xay dung nhCrng cdng trinh chung cu cao ting hod nhgp vdi dia hinh d vung ngogi vi, xdy dyng nhu-ng tod nhd cao t i n g duge thiet k l theo md hinh sinh thai, tilt kiem ndng lugng;
tuyen ehpn ky luang nhO'ng nhd dau tu, vd dgc biet la lya ehpn nhCrng dan vj thiet k l de tham gia vdo nhO'ng du dn nhgy cam tgo diem nhan cho d n h quan TP HCM.
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Cdng xd Paris
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Sinh hogt hpc thudt Hogt ddng l l hdi d trye Nguyin Hui. L i Lai
QT phia trudc dinh Thdng Nhit QT phia trudc nhd hdt TP diln ra cdc hogt ddng ca nhgc cu6i tuin
4. Cdng ly vi khdng gian (Spatial Justice) Quy hogch theo dao ly la hudng din sy hai hda vd cdng bang, cdng bang ve quyln Igi hudng thy khdng gian giu-a eon ngudi vdi con ngudi, giu'a con ngudi vd thien nhien ludn ludn la mdt ndi dung quan trpng vd nhgy d m . Trong nen kinh te thj tardng, dudi su-c ep eua hiiu qud diu tu, ngudi ta de thiin lich v l hudng quy hoach nhu-ng khdng gian tien ich kinh doanh, nham khai thdc nhii-ng gi san cd d l tao Igi nhuan vat chat trudc mat, phye vy cho mpt nhdm ngudi cd quyln lye vd tilm nang ve kinh t l . Tuy nhiin, mdt quy hogch hgp dgo ly d n phai hudng tdi s6 ddng, hudng din mdt dd thj phdt triln bin vu-ng va than thipn, cd nhii-ng khdng gian khdng sinh ra Igi ich vgt chit mdt edeh rd rdng, ma hudng tdi nhCrng gid tri vd hinh, tgo ra sy cdng hudng tir qud trinh tham du eua cdng ddng, tgo ra nhirng gid trj mdi.
GS Lim dd vilt: "Swkit hgp cua nhung im thanh dn io v&i vd sd hinh anh bit gip ding ngac nhien dem i^i si/ kich thich khoai dm vi niim hin hoan khd ma tin dwgc, nhit li khi nhung ho^t ddng
sing tao dwgc xuit hien trong khoang khdng gian trdng". Cdng bang ve khdng gian dd thj cung Id dieu hit sire khd khan cua cdc chinh quyen dd thi bdi nhCrng mau thuin ndi tgi (Igi nhuan - canh quan - mdi trudng) sinh ra tir viec su- dyng khdng gian dd thj. Trong dd, sy khdng cdng bang Idn nhat ve khdng gian d tat ea cdc TP d Chau A deu ddnh cho ngudi ngheo dd thj. Ngudi ngheo dd thj ludn sdng chen chuc trong cac khu xuong d p ve mdi tardng, cd ea sd hg ting ky thugt vd cdc djch vy xa hdi ylu kem. Chinh vi vgy GS Lim cho rang:
"Ap dung sw cdng bing vi khdng gian dd thi mdt each hwu hieu ro ring li mdt nhiem vu khd khan vi cin phii xem xet lai vi thay ddi nhiiu ly luan vi thwc tiin quy hoach hien nay da an sau vQng chictCrliu".
TP HCM cd nhieu khdng gian, hinh anh quen thupe. Id nai mpi ngudi ty tap, dgo chai trong khdng khi cdng ddng. Dd se Id khdng gian diln hinh ve "khdng gian Sdi Gdn". Sy ddng due, dn do se khdng h i mat di md trdi Igi cang tang them gid trj ban d i u ve sy yen tTnh, trim
mac. Khdng gian epng ddng hai hda giu-a ddng vd tTnh, can bang giu-a dm vd duang, lang dpng am hudng khdng gian xua va tdn tgi hiin hu-u khdng khi hdm nay, mdt k i t ndi thyc tgi vd qud khu-, d i y cung Id mdt sy cdng bang trong dao ly ve khdng gian dd thj. GS Lim cho rang "Tit ca mgi ngw&i diu cd quyin hw&ng thu khdng gian nhw nhau" hoan todn khdng phdi Id ndi sudng.
Quy hogch theo dgo ly chau A chinh Id hudng tdi nhCrng gia tri nhan van nhu vgy".
TP.HCM cua chung ta da cd "cdng ly vi khdng gian" trong tdm thu-c cua moi ngudi hay ehua?
5. Giao thdng dd thi (Urban Transport) Md hinh giao thdng ca gidi dd thj npi dd cd t h i khang djnh sy phdt triln theo dja hinh, song cQng nen ban them v l nhCrng tilp cgn bang phuang t i i n thd sa vd cy ly tilp can cho ngudi di bd. Cung vdi viic kilm scat mat dd xdy dyng vd khoang edeh xdy dyng giO'a cdc cdng trinh, khi cd thilt k l dd thj cho tirng khu vyc, ta cd t h i nghiin euu thim nhu-ng loi di bd, di dgo trong nhu-ng khodng khdng gian edn lai giCra nhu'ng cdng trinh nham tao sy liin k i t cdng nang, canh quan cho toan khu vyc. GS Lim cho rang "Cie nhi quy hoach do thi cQng cin tiin hanh hoach dinh he thdng giao thdng tTnh trong dd thi bing viec tin dung dia hinh di bd tri nhwng bai xe ngim, bin ngim, tranh be tdng hda nin dit lim anh hw&ng din canh quan va mdi trw&ng". Ben cgnh dd, khdi niem ve giao thdng dd thi cQa dgo ly Chau A Id "khdng gidi hgn" ve phuang t i i n vd he thong mgng ludi dudng, dac biit quan tam d i n eac tuyln giao thdng mang tinh
"ddng luc" tir ben ngodi.
Ddi vdi TP HCM, bin cgnh viic hodn thi$n mgng ludi dudng, d n kiln tgo nhu-ng con dudng "ddng luc" - bo sung cho h i thing giao thdng doi ndi, k i t hgp vdi dudng vdnh dai d l gop phin "giam dp" cho mgng ludi dudng hiin hu-u.
Nhu vgy, ehung ta d n phai ddt ra nhiem vu quy
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