M u n g D a n g - M u n g Xuan T a p < h i C o n g s a n
N G O A I G I A O V I E T N A M
• • 25 NAM 001 MOl
NGUYEN KHAC HUYNH*
•? s V 9 s
Co the noi, tu viec thuc hien dudng loi "hda binh de phat trien kinh te", tranh thu dieu kien qudc te thuan loi de xay dung vd bao ve dat nude, rdi
"de cao dudng ldi doc lap tu chu, da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he qudc te", vdi tinh than "Viet Nam sdn sdng lam ban cua tdt ca cac nude trong cong ddng qudc te", chung ta dd chii ddng, tich cue hdi nhap sau rdng vao nen kinh te the gidi, dua quan he giua Viet Nam vdi cac ddi tdc ngay cdng di vao chieu sau, gdp phan thiet thuc cho su nghiep xay dung vd bao ve To qudc.
1 - B u o c dot p h a d a u tien
Dai hoi VI cua Dang (thang 12-1986) tren co so phan tich dung tinh hinh va xu the quoc te, danh gia sat tinh hinh trong nuoc, voi thai do nhin thang vao su that, da di den nhung quyet dinh co y nghia lich su la tien hanh doi moi dat nuoc mot each toan dien, truoc het la doi moi ve kinh te.
Ve doi ngoai, Dai hpi V I neu nhiem vu hang dau la "tranh thu dieu kien quoc te thuan lpi cho su nghiep xay dung chu nghia xa hpi va bao ve To quoc". Trien khai duong loi doi ngoai da duoc Dai hpi thong qua, ngay 20-5-1988, Nghi quyet Trung uong 13 voi chii de "giu* vung hoa binh, phat trien kinh te" da de ra mot loat chinh sach nham chuyen toan bp quan he doi ngoai cua Viet Nam tir doi dau sang doi thoai, nham pha the bi bao vay, cam van, giu vung hoa binh, on dinh va phat trien kinh te.
Nghi quyet dat nhiem vu giai quyet van de Cam-pu-chia len hang dau, ddng thoi thuc day
doi thoai voi cac nuoc ASEAN, Trung Quoc va Hoa Ky. Voi cac giai phap duoc dua ra cho van de Cam-pu-chia deu nhan duoc su chap thuan cua cac ben, ngay 23-10-1991, Hiep dinh Pa-ri ve Cam-pu-chia dupe ky ket. Dong thoi voi qua trinh chuan bi Hiep dinh quoc te ve Cam-pu- chia, Viet Nam va cac nuoc ASEAN da xuc tien doi thoai tren tinh than huu nghi.
Voi Trung Quoc, de thuc day qua trinh binh thuong hoa quan he Viet Nam - Trung Quoc, thuc hien chu truong "... kien tri va chu dpng de binh thudng hoa quan he Viet - Trung va khoi phuc quan he huu nghi giua nhan dan hai nuoc", Viet Nam da thuc hien mot so buoc manh me theo huong hoa diu, noi lai dam phan tir thang 1-1989. Sau khi hiep dinh Pa-ri ve Cam-pu-chia duoc ky ket, doan cap cao cua Viet Nam sang tham Trung Qudc (thang 11-1991), quan he
* Nha nghien cuu lich sii ngoai giao va quan he qu6c tl So 820 (thang 2 nam 2011) 81
M u n g D a n g - M u n g Xuan T a p c h f C d n g s d n
Viet Nam - Trung Quoc duoc binh thuong hoa, quan he giua hai Dang cung duoc khoi phuc.
Cung voi nhung tien trien trong quan he giua Viet Nam voi cac nuoc, My cung nit bo su ung ho doi voi "Chinh phii ba phai co Khome Do", bat dau doi thoai voi Viet Nam ve van de Cam- pu-chia va cac van de hai ben cung quan tam.
Cuoc gap go Bo truong ngoai giao hai nuoc ngay 29-9-1990 danh dau mot buoc hoa diu trong quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky.
Cac nuoc phat trien phuong Tay da lan luqt noi lai quan he voi Viet Nam, dau tien la cac nuoc Tay Bac Au rdi O-xtray-li-a, Niu Di-lan...
Viet Nam da binh thuong hoa quan he voi cac nuoc nay truoc khi binh thuong hoa quan he voi Hoa Ky va Trung Quoc.
Nhin lai chang duong dau tien trong cong cuoc doi moi, chii truong "hoa binh de phat trien" da tao nen mot buoc dot pha Ion ve mat ngoai giao, dat nen mong cho viec lap lai quan he huu nghi, hop tac voi tat ca cac nuoc tu ban phat trien, md dudng cho viec sdm thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi My, md ra cue dien mdi, tao mdi trudng thuan loi cho cdng cuoc xay dung lai dat nude sau 30 nam chien tranh va 10 nam khung hoang, gdp sue dua den nhung thanh cdng to ldn, co y nghia quan trong trong cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nude.
2 - Tiep tuc doi mdi tu duy, md
r o n g q u a n he, budc d a u h o i n h a p k i n h te the g i d i
Budc vao thap nien 90 cua the ky XX, tren the gidi da dien ra bien dong to ldn vdi su tan ra cua Lien Xd, su sup do ciia cac nude xa hoi chu nghia d Ddng Au, keo theo su thoai trao cua phong trao each mang, phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qudc te. Day la mot ton that nang ne cua each mang the gidi va ciing la mot thiet thdi ldn ddi vdi Viet Nam. Chung ta khdng con ddng minh chien luge, khdng con chd dua quan trong ve chinh tri, mat di mot ngudn vien tro to ldn ve kinh te... Trong khi dd, dat nude lai chua thoat khdi tinh trang khung hoang kinh te - xa hpi.
Hon luc nao hit, tinh hinh qudc td ddi hdi ngoai giao Viet Nam phai that tinh tao, tidp rue ddi mod tu duy ddi ngoai, nam vung hon nua xu the qudc te, tim each tiep can va tranh thu cac ddi tupng khac nhau trong quan he qudc te.
Tren tinh than do, Dai hpi V I I cua Dang (thang 6-1991) thdng qua "Cuong linh xay dung dat nude trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi", trong do, ve ddi ngoai da xac dinh "Voi chinh sach ddi ngoai rpng md, chung ta tuyen bo rang: Viet Nam mudn la ban vdi tat ca cac nude trong cdng ddng the gidi, phan dau vi hda binh, dpc lap va phat trien". Cuong linh va Nghi quyet Dai hpi de ra chinh sach ddi ngoai da phuong hoa, da dang hoa quan he ddi ngoai, hop tac va cung cd lpi vdi tat ca cac nude khdng phan biet che dp chinh tri xa hdi khac nhau, tren co sd cac nguyen tac cung ton tai hda binh...
Neu nhu trudc day chung ta cd phuong cham
"them ban bdt thu", thi nay phuong cham ciia chung ta la "lam ban vdi tat ca cac nude trong cdng ddng the gidi"; trudc chung ta uu tien hpp tac vdi cac nude xa hpi chu nghia, nay chung ta manh me de ra da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he qudc te... Dd la nhung net sang tao, ddi mdi tu duy ddi ngoai theo hudng rpng md, uyen chuyen, phu hpp vdi yeu cau cua dat nude va xu the chung tren the gidi. Theo phuong cham do, ngoai giao tiep tuc thang lpi, day manh cac hoat dpng, md rpng quan he vdi cac nude, trudc het la cac nude ldn, md rpng quan he vdi cac khu vuc, cac to chuc qudc te, tao thuan lpi cho viec hpi nhap kinh ti qudc td. Ngay 28-7-1995, Viet Nam chinh thuc gia nhap ASEAN va sau do nhanh chdng tham gia Hiep dinh thuong mai tu do ASEAN. Trd thanh thanh vien cua ASEAN, Viet Nam hdi nhap vao khu vuc, gan ket vdi cac nude trong khu vuc cd nguyen vong xay dung mot khu vuc hda binh, an ninh, phat trien, khdng cd vii khi hat nhan, co quan he huu nghi vdi tat ca cac nude. Nguyen vong dd hoan toan phu hpp vdi quan diem va lpi ich cua Viet Nam.
Ngay 3-2-1994, Tong thdng My Bin Clin-ton tuyen bd bai bd lenh cam v|n vdi Viet Nam va ngay 11-7-1995, tuyen bd chinh thuc binh thudng hoa quan he vdi Viet Nam. Vdi viec binh 82 S6 820 (thang 2 nam 201.1)
M u n g Dang - M u n g Xuan T a p c h i Cc>ng s a n
throng hoa quan he voi Hoa Ky, lan dau tien, Viet Nam co quan he voi tat ca cac nuoc 1cm tren the gioi. Cung tu day, nuoc ta khai thong duoc quan he voi Lien minh chau Au (EU), de den ngay 20-10-1990, hai ben chinh thuc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao. Tiep din, thang 7-1995, Viet Nam va EU ky hiep dinh khung ve hop tac giua hai ben. Hiep dinh nay co y nghia to Ion, danh dau mot giai doan moi trong quan he giua Viet Nam va EU. Tu Hiep dinh khung voi ca EU, quan he song phuong giua Viet Nam voi rung nuoc thanh vien cua EU cung duoc md rong them.
Tiep tuc lo trinh hdi nhap khu vuc va the gidi, Viet Nam da chinh thuc trd thanh thanh vien ciia Dien dan hop tac kinh te chau A - Thai Binh Duong (APEC) vao thang 11-1998, ky Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My cung la mot no luc va thanh cdng ldn cua Viet Nam tren dudng hoi nhap, tham gia Dien dan hop tac A - Au (ASEM) vdi to each la mot trong 25 thanh vien sang lap.
Trudc day ngoai giao da "lam kinh te", nay vdi da hoi nhap kinh te qudc te, vai trd ciia ngoai giao cang ldn hon, nang ne hon. Nhung su kien ngoai giao ldn trong nam 1995 ndi rieng va trong nhung nam cudi cua thap nien 90 da gdp phan tao nen mot vi the, mot hinh anh mdi cua dat nude Viet Nam tren trudng qudc te.
3 - Manh me hoi nhap kinh te qu6c
te v d i d i n h cao d o i n g o a i - n a m C h u tich A S E A N t h a n h cong
Budc sang the ky XXI, th6 gidi cd them nhung chuyen ddng ldn vdi nhung phuc tap, bat on kho luong. Cach mang khoa hoc va cdng nghe tiep tuc phat trie'n vdi tdc do cao, thuc diy qua trinh chuyen dich kinh te the gidi va quoc te hoa nen kinh te va ddi sdng xa hpi. Qua trinh toan cau hoa kinh te gia tang ca ve chieu rpng va be sau, trd thanh mot xu the khach quan cudn hut moi quoc gia tham gia. Toan cau hoa kinh te vdi cot loi la tu do hoa thuong mai va dau tu da giup cac nude md rpng thi trudng, tranh thu v6n va cong nghe de phat trie'n, nhung
ciing dat ra nhung thach thuc mdi. Kinh tg trd thanh mot nhan td quyet dinh sue manh tdng hpp ciia moi qudc gia va vi the quoc gia do tren trudng quoc te.
Trong bdi canh chung do, Dang ta nhan dinh mac du canh tranh qudc te dien ra gay gat, chien tranh va xung dot van dien ra d mot sd noi tren the gidi, nhung xu the hda binh, hpp tac, dac biet la hpp tac ve kinh te, van la chu dao. De hpi nhap kinh te qudc te, thuc hien thang lpi Chien luge phat trie'n kinh ti - xa hpi 10 nam (2001 - 2010), ngay 27-11-2001, Bp Chinh tri ra Nghi quyet sd 07 ve hpi nhap kinh te qudc te: "chu dpng hdi nhap kinh te qudc te va khu vuc theo tinh than phat huy tdi da npi luc, nang cao hieu qua hpp tac qudc te, bao dam dpc lap to chu va dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia, bao ve lpi ich dan tpc, an ninh qudc gia, giu gin ban sac qudc gia, bao ve mdi trudng"... Nghi quyet Dai hpi Dang lan thu X khang dinh "thuc hien nhat quan dudng ldi ddi ngoai dpc lap to chu, hda binh, hop tac va phat trien; chinh sach ddi ngoai rpng md, da phuong hda, da dang hda cac quan he quoc te. Chu dpng va tich cue hpi nhap kinh te qudc te, ddng thdi md rpng hpp tac tren cac linh vuc khac". Muc tieu cu the dugc dat ra luc nay la gia nhap Td chuc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO). Den thang 11-2006, sau hon 10 nam dam phan, Viet Nam chinh thuc trd thanh thanh vien thii 150 ciia WTO. Day la mot dau mdc quan trpng tren con dudng hpi nhap kinh te qudc te, md ra nhieu thuan lpi cho dat nude, phat trien thuong mai, tranh thu dau to nude ngoai phat trien kinh te. Mot nam sau khi gia nhap WTO (nam 2007), GDP cua Viet Nam tang 8,48%, xuat khau dat 21,5%, dau tu true tiep nude ngoai (FDI) dat 20,3 ti USD.
Ben canh nhung thuan lpi, ket qua dat dugc, chung ta van con phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan, thach thuc, chang han, phai chap nhan sau 12 nam Viet Nam mdi dugc cdng nhan cd nen kinh te thi trudng day du. Ngoai giao da phoi hpp vdi cac nganh lien quan van dpng mot sd nude, ban be nhu cac nude ASEAN, Nga,- U-crai- na, An Dp, 6-xtray-li-a, Niu Di-lan va mot sd nude Nam My sdm cdng nhan chung ta cd nen S6 820 (thang 2 nam 2011) 83
M u n g Dang - M u n g Xuan T a p c h i C o n g s a n kinh te thi trudng day du. Vuot qua khd khan,
tranh thu loi the mdi, ngoai giao da gdp sue tham muu, md dudng, lam cau ndi de cac co quan kinh te thuong mai tiep xuc, lap quan he hop tac vdi cac co quan kinh te, xi nghiep nude ngoai.
Den nay, Viet Nam da cd quan he thuong mai, dau tu vdi 230 nude va viing lanh thd, trong dd cac ddi tac budn ban ldn nhat la Trung Qudc vdi 25 ti USD thuong mai hai chieu (nam 2010) va My 16 ti USD (nam 2010).
Thang loi ngoai giao trong 10 nam cudi the ky trudc va 10 nam dau the ky nay da dua tdi va hoi tu ndi bat trong nam 2010 vdi nhung hoat dong toan dien, sdi ndi, dac biet la hoan thanh xuat sic vai trd Chu tich ASEAN 2010. Vdi cuong vi Chu tich, Viet Nam da td chiic tdt tat ca cac hoi nghi dien ra trong nam. Chi tinh rieng tai Hoi nghi cap cao ASEAN 17 va cac hdi nghi lien quan, Viet Nam da ddn 17 vi tdng thdng, thu tudng cac nude ASEAN, cac nude ddi thoai ASEAN va gan 2.600 dai bieu, 900 phong vien qudc te. Vdi mot lich trinh hoat dpng cap cao day dac (14 hpi nghi), Viet Nam da dieu hanh thdng sudt, em dep, bao dam chuong trinh, thdi gian, cdng tac le tan, hau can, thdng tin, an ninh, nhung quan trpng hon la da hoan thanh mot khdi lupng rat ldn npi dung vdi nhieu van de cd tam chien luge, phuc tap va nhay cam, dua ra dugc cac dinh hudng uu tien, cac giai phap thda dang, cac each ung xu, cac quyet sach hpp ly, nhan dugc su ung hp va ddng thuan cua nhieu ben.
Ben canh cdng tac dieu hanh vdi cuong vi Chii tich ASEAN, ngoai giao da phuong con dugc trien khai d cac cap dp khu vuc, lien khu vuc va toan cau thdng qua cac hoat dpng tai cac diin dan ASEM, APEC, G20...VS ngoai giao song phuong, trong nam 2010, Viet Nam cung dat dugc nhung thanh cdng ldn vdi tat ca cac ddi tac trpng diem, md rpng dien cac nude cd quan he ddi tac chien luge.
Trong tra ldi phong van cudi nam 2010, Chu tich nude Nguyln Minh Trilt danh gia thanh cdng trong mat tran ddi ngoai la thanh cdng ndi trdi nhat, gdp phan nang cao vi the cua Viet Nam tren qudc t l . Nam 2010 ghi dam dau In trong
lich su ngoai giao Viet Nam nhung nam dau the ky XXI.
4 - Nhin lai thanh tuu ngoai giao h a i t h a p n i e n q u a
Tuy hit sue khiem tin, nhung chung ta van hoan toan co the tu hao vdi nhung ddng gdp ma nganh ngoai giao da dat duoc tren co sd trien khai dudng ldi ddi ngoai dung dan cua Dang, nam chac va van dung sang tao, linh hoat to tudng ngoai giao Hd Chi Minh. Nhin lai hai thap nien qua, cd the khai quat nhung thanh tuu do d mot sd net ldn sau.
- Md rpng them quan he vdi 60 nude ke tit khi dat nude dugc thdng nhat. Tinh den nay, nude ta da cd quan he ngoai giao chinh thiic vdi 179 nude, cd quan he budn ban va dau tu vdi 230 nude va vung lanh thd. Nhu vay, cd the coi Viet Nam da cd quan he rpng khap voi toan the gidi.
- Thiet lap quan he tdt vdi tat ca cac nude ldn, to 5 nude thudng true Hpi ddng Bao an Lien hop qudc (P5), cac nude trong nhdm G7, G8, nhdm BRIC cho den tat ca cac nude G20. Tao duoc quan he huu nghi, hop tac tin cay vdi hau het cac nude cd tam vdc tren the gioi.
- Xay dung dugc quan he huu nghi vdi tat ca cac nude lang gieng: day manh quan he dac biet vdi Lao, tiep tuc tang cudng hpp tac toan dien vdi Cam-pu-chia; hoan thanh phan gidi cam mdc tren tuyen bien gidi dat lien vdi Trung Qudc. Bao ve, gin giu auan he vdi cac ddi tac ban be, ddi tac truyen thdng nhu Cu-ba, Nga, cac nude chau Phi, cac nude Vung Vinh Pec-xich.
- Trd thanh thanh vien chinh thuc, cd nhung ddng gdp tich cue, trach nhiem vdi tat ca cac to chuc qudc te quan trpng nhu Lien hop qudc, WTO, APEC, ASEM, ASEAN, Cong ddng Phap ngu, Phong trao khdng lien ket, Uy ban sdng Me-cdng..., duoc du luan trong nude va thi gidi danh gia cao.
- Giu vung su on dinh chinh tri trong nude, tao mdi trudng quoc te thuan lpi chua tung cd de giu vung hda binh, an ninh va md rpng hop tac, tranh thu, v6n, ky thuat, tri thuc, kinh nghiem di phat trien dit nude.
84 So 820 (thang 2 nam 2011)
Mung, Dang - M u n g Xuan
- Cong tac nguoi Viet Nam a nuoc ngoai duoc doi moi tren co sd coi ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu d nude ngoai la mot bo phan khang knit, khdng tach rdi va la mot ngudn luc ciia cong ddng cac dan toe Viet Nam. Vdi nhan thuc do, chung ta da bd sung chinh sach, thao go nhung vudng mac nhu van de qudc tich, cu tru, hdi huong, quyen mua va sd huu nha d trong nude...
tao khdng khi phan khdi, long tin, tang them su gan bd cua ba con Viet kieu voi dat nude. Mot thi du minh hoa la sd ba con Viet kieu ve tham que, vui let cd truyen ngay cang ddng, luong kieu hoi gui ve nude ngay cang tang (8 ti USD trong nam 2010).
- Ngoai giao van hda cd nhieu khdi sac. Da co nhieu cdng trinh duoc cdng nhan la di san van hoa the gidi nhu kinh do Hue, Thanh dia My Son, Vinh Ha Long, cac di san van hda phi vat the nhu khong gian cdng chieng Tay Nguyen, nha nhac cung dinh Hue, hat quan ho Bac Ninh.
Nam 2010, trong dip Dai le ky niem 1.000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi, Hoang thanh Thang Long duoc UNESCO cdng nhan la di san van hda the gioi. Nhung hoat dong van hda do da gdp phan to dep them hinh anh dat nude Viet Nam tren toan the gidi.
- Vi the cua nude ta duoc nang cao ro ret tren qudc t i . Tir trudc den nay, Viet Nam duoc the gidi vinh danh trong cupc dau tranh gianh dpc lap, tu do va thdng nhat dat nude vdi Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945, Chien thang Dien Bien Phu nam 1954, Dai thang Mua Xuan nam 1975.
Ngay nay, the gidi danh gia cao Viet Nam trong cupc chien xda ddi, giam ngheo, giai quyet cac van de xa hpi, dat tdc dp tang trudng kinh te cao trong thdi gian dai, giu vung an ninh chinh tri va an toan xa hpi.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, tu viec thuc hien dudng ldi "hda binh de phat trien kinh te", tranh thu dieu kien qudc te thuan lpi de xay dung va bao ve dat nude, rdi "de cao dudng ldi dpc lap tu chu, da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he qudc te", vdi tinh than "Viet Nam san sang lam ban vdi tat ca cac nude trong cdng ddng qudc te", chiing ta da chu dpng, tich cue hpi nhap sau rpng vao nen kinh te the gidi, dua quan he giua Viet Nam vdi cac ddi tac ngay cang di vao chieu sau, tien kip trao luu the gidi, nang vi the qudc te cua dat nude len tam cao mdi, gdp phan thiet thuc cho su nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc. •
F o r e i g n a f f a i r s o f V i e t n a m a f t e r 2 5 y e a r s o f r e n o v a t i o n NGUYEN KHAC HUYNH
Specialist in History of Diplomatic and International Relations Vietnam now is proactively and enthusiastically integrated with the world economy.
The relations between Vietnam and her partners have been extended. Her international standing has been raised. The achievements recorded have contributed to our cause of national construction and defense. They are the outcome of our policy guidelines such as "Peace for economic development","Taking advantage of favorable international conditions for national building and protection", "Enhancing national independence and self-reliance; multilateralization and diversification of international relations", and
"Vietnam whishes to befriend all countries in the world."
So 820 (thang 2 nam 2011) 85
