T i m v o n c h o p h a t t r i e n k e t c a u h a t a n g
TRINH MANH LINH Van phong Tinh uy Quang Ninh DIU tvl xdy ddng, ndng cdp, cai tao kit cdu lia ting ludn la ydu clu cdp thid't dl phdt triin kinh td' - xa hOi. Tuy nhidn, nguon vd'n dl thdc hidn vide nay la khdng nhd vd ngu6n Idc td ngdn sach nha nddc khdng thi dap dng du. Vdy, dl bu dip phIn thid'u hi^t, cd thi tim vd'n d ddu va bdng each nao?
THI/C TliN CAC Nl/dC TRONG KHU Vl/C
Tai cdc qu6'c gia, c6 3 nguon v6'n chu yeu dffpc huy dpng de thffc hien viec dau
tff phdt tridn ket cdu ha tang: (I) Dau tU cdng tff nguon ngdn sdch nha nUdc; (2) Vd'n huy ddng trong nffdc (qua hp thd'ng ngdn hdng, cdc doanh nghiep, phdt hdnh trdi phieu...); Vd'n huy ddng nUdc ngodi (cdc khodn vay qud'c te, phdt hdnh trdi phidu qudc te, dau tff trffc tid'p ciia nffdc ngodi...). Do quy md ngdn sdch nhd nUdc nhd vd phdi chi tidu, ddu tff cho nhidu linh vffc khdc, ndn phdn Idn ngudn vd'n dau tff phdt trien kd't cd'u ha tdng d cdc qud'c gia dang phdt trien chdu A dffpc huy ddng tff nffdc ngodi (chu yd'u Id vd'n vay ODA) vd cdc nhd dau tff tff nhdn trong vd ngodi nffdc. Nhd nffdc chi ddng vai trd ban hdnh cdc CP chd, chinh sdch de duy trt mdi trffdng ddu tff thudn Ipi, tao didu kidn vd khuydn khich nhieu thdnh phan trong xa hdi tham gia dau tff phdt then kd't cd'u ha tang, nhd't Id thdnh phan kinh te tff nhdn. Kinh nghipm cua mdt so nffdc chau A trong vide huy ddng vd'n phdt tridn kd't cd'u h? tdng Id bdi hpc qu^ cho Vidt Nam hidn nay. Tgi Trung Qud'c: Chinh quydn cdc dia phffdng dffpc chinh quydn Trung ffPng phdn cd'p manh vd giao nhidm vu phdi dm n|udn tdi chinh dd dau tff phdt didn kit cdu h? tdng. Tai cdc dja phffpng, phdt hdnh trdi phidu trong nffdc vd vay vdn mtdc ngodi dffpc xem Id cdc ngudn cung cdp tdi chinh chii ydu cho cdc dff dn phdt
didn kd't cau ha tang. Dd thu hiit sff tham gia cua nha dau tu nffdc ngoai trong cdc dd an dau tff kdt cau ha tang, Trung Qudc day manh dp dung hinh thffc dd'i tac cdng-tff (PPP) vd hinh thffc ndy dan phdt huy hidu qua, trd thdnh phffdng thffc phd bidn dffpc ap dung trong cac dff an dau tff kd't cd'u ba tang ciia Trung Qudc bidn nay.
Ben canh dd, Trung Qud'c cung da dang hda hinh thffc huy ddng ngudn tdi chinh tff cdc doanh nghidp trong nffdc. Vi du nhff, tai thdnh phd Ddng Quan, thudc tinh Quang Ddng, chinh quyen dja phffdng da thanh lap mdt cdng ty van ddng tdi chinh tff cdc ngudn khdc nhau dd xay dffng dffdng vd cac nhd mdy didn. Cdc khoan vay dffpc trd Idi theo dinh ky, phan vd'n gdc se dffpc hoan tra bang ngudn thu phi cua ngffdi sff dung khi cdng dinh dffdc hodn thdnh vd dffa vao sff dung.
Tgi An Dg: Chinh phu nffdc na^ da xdc dinh, vdn tff ngdn sdch nha nffdc Id khdng thd dii. Trdn cd sd dd.
n \h m6i irong nhihic quoc gij ihanh tong mvi.
iu ha lang xet ircn khia canh huy Jong. Co
Economy and Forecast Review 31
NQHIEN ecru - TRAO DOI
BO trddng BO Klhoach va Diu td Bui Quang Vinh cho hilt, tuT nay ddn ndm 2020, m§i nam ViOt Nam cIn td 16-17 ty USD cho phat trien k^t cd'u tia ting, trong Idu kha ndng dap dng theo each truyin thd'ng la td ngdn sach ehi khoang 50-60%.
An Do da xay difng he Uid'ng chinh sach va mdi m/dng thuan Idi cho cdc dif dn dau tU theo hinh thdc PPP. TCf dd, da khuyd'n khich thdnh phan tU nhan tham gia manh nje vdo cdc dif dn dau tU ket ca'u ha tang. Ndm 2006, An Dp da thdnh lap Cdng ty Tdi chinh phdt trien kd't ca'u ha tang (IIFC) nhdm huy ddng tdi chinh tiir nhieu nguon khdc nhau de ho trd vd'n cho cdc dif dn phdt trien ket ca'u ha tang. Cdng ty ndy se huy ddng vd'n trong vd ngodi nUdc, sau dd cung ca'p vd'n cho cdc dU dn mdt cdch trUc tid'p hoac thdng qua cac ngan hang vd td chdc dn dung.
M^t sd' nUdc khdc, nhU: Han Qud'c, Malaysia, Singapore, Thdi Lan... ciing xdc dinh ngan sach khdng phdi la ngudn cung cd'p vd'n chinh cho phdt trien kd't ca'u ha tang. Cdc nifdc ndy da chu ddng keu gpi sd tham gia cua thdnh phdn tU nhdn vd nhd dau tu nUdc ngodi. Trong hau hdt cdc dU dn phdt trien kd't ca'u ha tang, vai trd cua chinh quyen hau nhu chi la duy tri mdt mdi trUdng ddu tU on djnh vdi hd thd'ng ludt phdp thd'ng nha't, dn dinh vd mdc thud' tha'p. Cac doanh nghidp td nhan va nha dau tU nddc ngoai ddpc khuyd'n khich khai thdc tdi da cdc cP hpi kinh doanh cd dupc. Hinh thifc PPP ciing ddpc dp dung vdi nhidu cdng cu hd trp da dang, nhd: trp gid xay ddng, bdo lanh tin dung, bao lanh doanh thu tdi thieu, trd gid vdn hdnh, thdi ban chuyen giao ddi...
Tdm lai, tai cdc nddc trong khu vdc, xu hUdng chung Id dm kiem sU tham gia cua khu vdc kinh td tU nhan de bd sung vd'n dau tU kd't ca'u ha tang. Nha nUdc chi the hidn vai trd Id chu the tao mdi trUdng dau tU thudn Idi nhd't de giai phdng ngudn Idc va Uiu hut sdtham gia cua cdc thdnh phan, Idc lUpng khdc trong xa hdi.
VA THgC TE TAI VIET NAM
Sau hdn 25 nam tid'n hdnh cdng cudc Doi mdi, hd thay ddi rd rdt, nhUhg van chda ddp dng dupc nhu cau phdt dien. Nghi quyd't sd 13-NQ/TW Hpi nghi Trung ddng 4 khda XI ciing chi rd "he thdng ket cdu hg tdng d nUdc ta vdn cdn nhieu hgn che, yeu kern, Igc hau, thieu ddng bd kem tinh ket ndi, hien dang Id diem nghen cua qud trinh phdt trien"". Tinh trang kd't ca'u ha tang kdm phdt tridn dUpc xem la nhan to chii yd'u dnh hddng tidu thd'ng kd't ca'u ha tang ciia da't nUdc cung da cd nhieu cdc tdi mdi tnfdng dau td ciia Vidt Nam. Bdo cdo Canh
d-anh todn cau cua Dien ddn Kinh td the gidi (WEF) 2011-2012 da xdp hang Vidt Nam ddng thd 123/142
qud'c gia ve chd't lupng kd't cd'u ha tdng tdng hp|p, trong dd chat Idpng hd thd'ng cang bien ddng thd 111/142; giao thdng dddng bp ddng thd 123/142 vd he thdng cung ca'p didn ddng thd 109/142.
Vidt Nam dtfdc xem Id mdt tfong nhihig qudc gia thdnh cdng trong ddu ttf phat Uien kd't ca'u ba tang xdt tten khia canh huy ddn^, dau djr vdn. Mdc dd dau tu cho phat trien kd't ca'u ha tdng cua Vif t Nam thudc loai cao trong khu vtfc. Giai doan 2000-2010, tdng vdn dau df phdt tridn kd't ca'u ha tang cua Viet Nam ludn chidm khoang 9-10% GDP, so vdi mifc dau ttf chuan Id 7-8% GDP. Ngudn cung cap vd'n chinh cho cdc dtf dn kdt cd'u ha tang d Vidt Nam trong thdi gian qua Id vdn nUdc ngodi (chu ydu ODA chidm 37%); ngan sdch nhd nUdc (11%); ddi phie'u chinh phu (13%); dau ttf df nhan (21%); cdn lai Id cdc ngudn khdc, nhtf:
ngddi sii dung (thu phi sif dung djch vu) Id 14%, ngdn hdng thddng mai (3%) vd dau ttf ttf cdng ddng (1 %).
Nhu cau vd'n phuc vu phdt trien ket cau ha tang tai Vidt Nam rd't Idn vd se ngdy cdng tang Idn trong mdt thdi gian nffa mdi bffdc sang giai doan hodn dii?n vd giam dan. Nd'u nhff giai doan nhffng ndm 1990 vd 2000, tdng vd'n dau W phdt trien ket ca'u ha tang cua Vidt Nam ludn chidm khodng 9-10% GDP, thi Uong giai doan udp theo, Vidt Nam se phdi nang mffc dau tU phdt dien kdt cau ha tdng Idn khoang 11-12% GDP. Day Id mffc dau tff phii hdp vdi tdc dp phat trien khodng 7- 8%/nam cua Vidt Nam. Tai budi Ddi thoai cd'p cao lan thff nhdt giffa Bp Ke hoach vd Dau tff vd Ngdn hang Hdp tac Qudc te Nhdt Bdn (JBIC) ve thuc day cdc dff dn PPP tai Vidt Nam, Bp do/dng Biii Quang Vinh cho biet, tff nay den nam 2020, mdi ndm Vidt Nam can tff 16-17 ty USD cho phdt didn ket cd'u ha tang, trong khi khd nang ddp ffng theo each truydn thdng Id tff ngan sdch chi khoang 50-60%. Thffc te thdi gian qua cho thay, phan ddng gdp cua ngdn sdch nha nUdc vd cdc ngan hdng thffdng mai trong tdng vdn ddu tff phdt trien ket cd'u ha tang Id khd nhd vd xu hffdng ndy khd cd the thay ddi d-ong thdi gian tdi. Vi the, vide huy ddng vdn bd sung tff ngudn dau tff tff nhdn trong nffdc Id bet sffc quan trpng, ma ngudn Iffc ndy hidn khd Idn. Ddi vdi cdc ngudn vdn tff nffdc ngodi, cd hdi tiep can vdi cdc khodn vay ffu ddi tff cdc nhd tdi trp dang bi giam xudng
32 Kmht^viDirMo
khi Vidt Nam trd thdnh qudc gia c6 thu nhdp trung binh. Ndu chung ta tidp tuc suf dung ngudn vdn ndy, thi se phdi vay vdi 13i sudt cao, chi phi dau tu phdt trien ket cdu ha tdng vi the se tdng cao hdn \k gay nguy hiem cho nd cdng. Hdn nffa, do tinh binb suy gidm kinh tdvd nhffng khd khan ve tdi chinh, nd cdng thdi gian tdi kltidn cho cdc qudc gia tdi trd nhieu cho Viet Nam deu quyet dinh thu hep cdc khoan vay de tap trung hd trd ndn kinh td cua hp. Do vdy, Vipt Nam can thay ddi chid'n Iffpc huy dpng vd'n nffdc ngodi de phat trien kdt cau ha tang. Thay vi tap trung vdo cdc nhd tdi trp nffdc ngodi, chiing ta ndn hffdng sff chu ^ tdi cdc nhd dau tU tU nhdn nffdc ngodi vd trong nffdc.
MOlsdciAl PHAP
Dd thu hut dffpc cdc ngudn vdn bdn ngodi ngan sdch nhd nffdc vdo dau tUphdt
tridn kdt cd'u ha tang, Vidt Nam can thffc hidn mdt sd'gidi phdp sau:
Thi nhd't, tdp trung thdo gd nhdng rdo cdn di ddy mgnh thu hut nguon vdn tu nhdn nudc ngodi. Thdi gian qua, vide thu hut vd'n tff ede nhd ddu tff tff nhdn nUdc ngodi cdn ban chd, chffa dat hidu qud cao do mdt sd'nguydn nhdn chu quan: ede quy djnh vd ddu tff tff nhdn trong ITnh vffc kd't cd'u ha tdng chffa dly du, rd rdng; tiiid'u minh bach trong lUa chpn dff dn vd nhd ddu tff; thid'u sff cam kd't vd hd trp U-ffe tidp ciia Nhd nffdc vd cdc cP quan chffc nang trong qud trinh tridn khai... Tdm lai, dd'i vdi tff nhdn nffdc ngodi, cd 3 didm chinh phdi chii y: xuc tidn diu tff td't, chinh sdch
rd rdng hd'p din, quy dd't sach. Thd hai, cdc ngdnh, cdc cd'p, cdc dia phuang cdn ddy mgnh hodn thien cdc quy hogch quan trgng, nhff: quy hoach khdng gian phdt tridn kinh td - xa hdi, khdng gian ha ting vd dd tiii, sff dung dd't... Quy
hoach phdi di trffdc mdt bffdc, ldm eP sd cho vide hoach dinh kd hoach diu tff phdt tridn kinh te - xa hdi. Cd quy hoach td't mdi cd dffdn td't vd khi dd mdi cd nhd diu
tff tdt, thu hut cdc ngudn lUc xd hdi va ngudn vd'n diu tff cua Nha nffdc diing ndi, diing chd, phan bd phii hdp de phdt huy hidu qud cao nhd't.
Thii ba, cdn md rdng cdc liinh ddu tu mdi trong xd hgi, phdi cd cdc ca chi chinh sdch dot phd nhdm huy ddng duac khdi tunhdn tham gia tich cue han trong phdt trien kit cdu hg tdng. De huy ddng dUde, ein cai each
thii tuc hanh chinh, cai thien mdi trUdng dau nr, xiic tid'n diu tu... Dieu quan trpng la cIn xay dffng mdt chien lirpc vd ed cd che' hidu qua de xa hdi hda vd huy ddng tdi da ngudn vd'n tff nhdn Uong vd ngodi nffdc tham gia diu tuphdt trien ket cau ha ting. Tim kie'm cdc md Wnh PPP hpp ly dang Id giai phdp hffu hidu nha't de thu hiit manh ngudn vdn tff xa bdi.
Tuy nhidn, de thffc hidn cd hidu qud hinh thffc hpp tdc nay, trffdc mdt ndn^
sffa ddi, bd sung Quy^
dinh 71/2010/Q TTg, ngdy 9/11/2010 ciia Thu tffdng Chinh phii vd vide ban hdnh quy chd thi didm diu tu tiieo hinh tiiffc ddi tdc cdng - tff (vdn bdn phdp ly duy nha't hipn nay dieu chinh.
PPP) tiieo hffdng tao dieu kipn "
thudn ldi bdn de bap ddn nhd dau tu hpp tdc vdi Nhd nUdc xdy dfftig kd't cau ha ting. Theo dd, cIn md rdng linh vUc vd danh muc dff dn dau ur PPP, khac phuc vffdng mac vd chi phi chudn bi diu tff ddi vdi cdc dff dn PPP tff vdn
ngan sdch, ed cP che'ffu dai diu tff... Thd tu, Nhd nUdc cdn chuyen vai trd tit tham gia ddu tu true tiip sang duy tri mot moi trUdng ddu tU hdp ddn, dn dinh vdi he thd'ng ludt phdp dly du dieu chinh cdc
quan hd diu tff theo cdc hinh thffc PPP, BT, BOT... Nhd nffdc chi tap trung giai phdng mat bang vd diu tU vdo cdc cdng trinh khd huy ddng ede ngudn iffc xa hdi. Bdn canh dd, Nhd nffdc tid'p mc day manh cai cdch hdnh chinh, dPn gian hda thu tuc va quy trtnh giai quyd't thii tuc hdnh chinh, rd soat loai bo cdc thii tuc hanh chinh khdng cdn phii hpp. Ciing vdi dd la thiic day xay dffng chinh quyen didn tff, trung tdm dich vu hdnh chinh cdng... ldm cho mdi trUdng diu nr thdng thodng, minh bach va dn djnh.Q
TAI LmV THAM KHAO
1. Phiing Tudh (2012). 77IM hiit vdn ddu tU vdo ca sd hg tdng: Dot phd td hinh thdc hap tdc cong - tu. Truy cdp tir http://www.tapchitaichinh.vn/Nghien-cuu-trao-doi/Thu-hut-von-dau-tu-vao-eo-so-
ha-tang-Dot-pha-tu-hinh-tiluc-hop-tac-cong-tu/l 7933.tctc;
2. Minh Anh (2013). PPP cd gidi duac bdi todn vdn phdt triin hg tdng? Truy cap tff http://www.
thoibaonganhang.vn/tin-tuc/3-ppp-co-giai-duoc-bai-toan-von-phat-trien-ha-tang-6655.html;
3. Tdng Lmh (2013). TTiuc ddy cdc dif dn PPP tgi Viet Nam. Truy cap tir http://www.mpi.gov.vn.
Economy and ForecaNi Review 33
