KINH TE DIA PHllONG
Tac dong cua FDI tdi kinh te - xa hoi cua thanh pho Ha Npi
NGUYEN THI DONG NGUYEN HAI DANG
- ^ 1 au 30 nam thu hut vo'n dau tii triic tidp nUdc ngoai, Viet Nam noi chung va Thu do Ha
&S^ Noi noi rieng da dat diidc nhdng thanh tiiu to ldn, khu vUc FDI da co nhdng ddng gop tich ctic cho sUphat trien kinh te'- xa hgi cua Thii do. Bai vie't phan tich moi quan he gida tang triidng vo'n dau tii tnic tie'p nUdc ngoai va tang triidng kinh te, xa hgi cua Ha Ngi (giai doan 2000 • 2018) bing ph Udng phap tinh he sotUdng quan hang Spearman, ke't qua cho thay: he so' tUdng quan nho d ca cac tac dgng cUng chieu va ngUdc chieu, tac dgng cua FDI de'n cac bie'n so' dai dien cho phat triSn kinh te - xa hgi khong thUc sU ro net, qua do dUa ra mgt so'khuyen nghi nang cao hieu qua thu hut va sd dung von FDI cua Ha Ngi.
Tfl khoa: thuhutFDI, tang triidng kinh te', xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
1. Cd sb ly thuyet v a phflctag phap t i n h he so'tfldng quan h a n g S p e a r m a n 1.1. Tong quan nghien cdu vetdc dpng cua FDI den nen kinh te
Nghien cflu boat dong dau tfl t n i c tid'p nfldc ngoai (FDI) cua Le Quo'c Hoi (2008) cho tha'y, t h u hflt FDI khdng nhflng giup dia phfldng nhan FDI giai quyd't cdng an viec lam, nang cao ky n a n g lao ddng, cai thien trinh do cdng nghe, chuydn dich cd ca'u kinh te hien dai bdn ma cdn cd tae ddng lan toa tdi nen kinh te b a n dia thdng qua hidu flng ngang va hieu flng doc. Hieu flng ngang dflde hieu la viec doanh nghiep FDI tac ddng tdi doanh nghiep san xua't cflng loai san p h a m trong nflde. Hidu flng doc dfldc hieu la vide doanh nghiep FDI tac dong tdi doanh nghiep cung flng ndi dia thdng qua cac kenh: doanh nghiep FDI kiem soat chat Ifldng h a n g m u a vao tfl doanh nghiep noi dia, budc doanh nghidp ndi dia phai iam tot san p h a m cua minh; doanh nghiep FDI cq the cd dao tao nhan Iflc va chuyen giao cdng nghe cho doanh nghiep cung flng b a n dia de tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep b a n dia dap flng dfldc yeu cau cua doanh nghiep FDI. Nghien cflu cua Ho Dac Nghia (2016) ve mo'i q u a n he gifla FDI va tang trfldng kinh te' Viet N a m
giai doan 1990 - 2014 bang md hinh VAR cho thay: tang vo'n FDI c6 tac ddng tang GDP sau 1 n a m va keo dai khoang 3 nam; t a n g FDI se kich thich tich luy vdn trong nfldc 4 nam tid'p theo nhflng cd thd lam cham qua trinh tang vo'n trong nflde trong dai han; FDI cflng tao nen mgt kich thich eho do md cua nen kinh te trong n a m dau va dai ban, tuy nhien cd the khdng kich thich t a n g do md cua nen kinh te' trong ngan han; t a n g FDI cd the day n h a n h toe do t a n g vide lam cua nen kinh te nhflng se giam td'c do tao viec lam sau 3 nam.
Nghien cflu cfla Le Xuan Ba va cdng sfl (2006) trong cud'n "Tac ddng cua dau tfl trflc tie'p nfldc ngoai tdi tang trfldng kinh te' Viet Nam" n h a m danh gia tae ddng cua FDI tdi tang trflcing kinh td' nfldc t a thdng qua hai kenh quan trong la vd'n d^u tfl va tac ddng tran. Nghien cflu cua N g u y i n P h u Tu va Huynh Cdng Minh (2010) da kiem dinh mdi quan he hai chieu gifla vd'n FDI va tang trfldng kinh te' tai 64 tinh, t h a n h pho' Viet Nam vdi nguon dfl lieu cheo, vdi cac bie'n dfldc lay gia tri t r u n g binh tfl nam 2003 - 2007. Ke't qua cho tha'y, FDI tae ddng tich cflc tdi t a n g trfldng k i n h t e tai 64 tinh, t h a n h ca Nguyen Ibj D6ng, TS.; Nguyin Hai Dang, Hoc vien Oiinh sach va ^at trien, B6 Ke' hoach v& ddu W.
Nghiin aiu Kinh tSso 9(496) • Thing 9/2019 6 1
nudc va t a n g trfldng kinh te cao tai 64 tinh, t h a n h la da'u hieu tich eflc de t h u hflt cac nha dau tfl de'n Viet Nam; tuy nhien, tac ddng cua FDI tdi tang trUdng kinh te' lai phu thudc vao k h a nang ha'p t h u cua nen kinh te.
N h a vay, cac ke't qua nghien cflu t r e n cho tha'y, s\i cd mat cua doanh nghiep FDI cd the giup nang cao t a n g trfldng kinh te' mot each trtic tie'p, dong thdi giup cai thien n a n g sua't, md rdng viec lam va n a n g eao t h u n h a p cua khu vv(c trong nfldc mot each gian tie'p. c a c bie'n so' efla nen kinh td' cd kha nang chiu tac ddng m a n h tfl FDI bao gom:
td'c do tang trfldng, dau tfl t u n h a n trong nfldc, nang sua't lao ddng va viec lam.
1.2. Phuang phdp tinh he so^ tUdng quan hang Sprearman
Phfldng phap t i n h he sd' tfldng quan ndi chung dfldc sfl dting de nghien cflu md'i quan he phu thude thd'ng ke gifla cdc bie'n sd'. Khi mot tap hdp gia tri cua da'u hidu nay bie'n ddng, theo mdt each nao dd, cd phu thuoc tho'ng kd vao bie'n ddng gia tri efla da'u hieu khac, thi cd the ndi bien dong gia tri cua h a i da'u hieu cd tUdng quan vdi n h a u . Cd nhieu loai he sd' tfldng quan. Hai trong nhflng he so' tfldng quan pho bie'n la he so' tfldng quan tuyen tinh Pearson va he so' tfldng quan hang Spearman. Trong dd, he so'tfldng quan tuye'n tinh Pearson chi dung khi gia tri cua cac bien sd' t u a n theo p h a n phd'i chuan va chi phu hdp khi gifla eac bie'n cd md'i quan he phu thudc thd'ng ke mot each tuyen tinh.
Tuy nhien, uu diem cua he sd' nay la ddn gian, tinh n h a n h va cd cai s i n cdng thflc trong cac phan mem. He sd' tfldng quan h a n g Spearman dung dfldc trong ca hai trfldng hop gia tri cua cac bie'n 30* cd hay khdng tuan theo phan phoi chuan va quan he phu thudc tho'ng ke gifla cac bien khdng nha't la tuye'n tinh. Ngoai ra, nd cdn dfldc dung trong ca nhflng trfldng hdp khi gia tri cae bie'n so' cd nhflng diem cao hay tha'p dot ngdt.
Phfldng p h a p tinh he sd' tUdng quan h a n g Spearman nhfl sau:
Gia sfl cd hai bie'n X va Y. Gia tri cua cac bien dfldc sap xep theo thfl tti tang (hoac giam) dan, vdi cac gia tri hang tfldng flng la Rx va Ry. Goi d la sii chenh lenh gifla ^x va RY. He sd tfldng quan hang Spearman dfldc tinh theo cdng thflc sau:
6S<^
n(« + l ) ( n - I ) d day, n la so' p h a n tfl.
S nhan gia tri trong doan [-1, 1]- Khi S - 1, X va Y cd bie'n ddng cung chieu hoan toan.
Khi S = - 1, X va Y CO bie'n ddng ngfldc chieu hoan toan. Khi S = 0, X va Y bid'n ddng doc lap vdi n h a u ve m a t thd'ng ke. S n h a n cac gia tri dUdng hay am se la da'u hieu cho bie't X va Y cd bie'n dong cuiig hoac ngfldc chieu. Quan he nay cang m a n h khi gia tri cua S cang gin 1 va cang ye'u khi gia tri cua S cang gan 0.
2. K e t q u a p h a n t i c h t h i i c n g h i e m 2.1. ThUc trang thu hut FDI va phdt trien kinh te, xd hpi thdnh pho Hd Npi a. ThUc trang thu hut FDI cua thanh pho' Ha Ngi
Theo sd' lieu thd'ng ke cua Cue Dau tfl nfldc ngoai (Bo Ke'hoach va ddu tfl), t m h d^n he't nam 2018, ca nfldc dang cd 26.646 dfl an FDI cdn hidu Iflc vdi tong vd'n dang k;^ dat 334 ty USD. Vo'n thflc hidn luy ke Qua cac dfl an FDI fldc d a t hdn 185,62 ty USD (chiem hdn 50% tdng vd'n dang k;^ con hieu Iflc). Sau khi md rdng, t h u h u t FDI vao Ha Ndi cd sfl tang trfldng vfldt trdi ca ve Ifldng va ch^t, tr3 t h a n h ddng Itic m a n h me cho p h a t tri^n kinh te' tren dia b a n t h u do. Tong nguon vd'n thu h u t dfldc la 13,049 ty USD, xa'p xi bang td'ng luy ke' 19 n a m trfldc n a m 2008 cdng lai. Ve cd ca'u dfl an, cac dfl an cd h a m Ifldng khoa hoc cdng nghe, co quy md vd'n ldn tang len r^t nhi^u. Dac bidt trong hai n a m lien tie'p \k nam 2017 va 2018, Ha Ndi d i n d l u ca nfldc ve sd' Ifldng vo'n dang k^ d l u tu. Quy ^ d vo'n dau tfl trong nhiing n a m 2016-2018 tang len cd nhieu dfl a n quy md von ldn tfl 300 trieu USD trd len. Da cd m a t cac n h a dau t u ldn
62 Nghien cHu Kinh tisS9(496) • ThS^^^^
Tac dong cua FDI,
den tfl cac nfldc p h a t trien nhfl N h a t Ban, Han Qud'e, Xingapo, My... Tinh dd'n cuoi n a m 2018, luy ke so dfl an FDI cua Ha Noi 4.500 dfl an bang 16,4% tdng dfl an FDI d l u tfl vao Viet Nam, vdi sd' vd'n dang ky 36 ty USD, chiem 10,5 % tong vd'n FDI dang ky cua ea
nfldc. Td'c do t a n g trfldng vd'n FDI giai doan 2001 - 2018 cd td'c do t a n g trfldng vfldt troi vao nam 2007 sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO va xu hfldng giam manh trong giai doan k h u n g hoang kinh td' toan c l u vao nam 2012 (hinh 1).
i S O - 1 2 0 - 9 0 - GO - 3D - O - - 3 0 - - 6 0 -
HINH 1: To
eo,9
c d o t a n g trflcJng v o n FDI g i a i d o a n 2001 - 2018 (%)
2...Z4,S
J. 1 \ jrj y 26, B
/ ^ ^ ,rt , \i-^<o m / * \ 6 . 7 JO JO
Nguin - Ca sa diJ lieu di^u tra doanh nghiep tCr 2000 - 2018.
b. Tong quan tinh hinh kinh te- xa hgi Quy md nen kinh te cua t h a n h phd' lien tuc gia tang trong ca giai doan 2009 - 2017.
Khi Ha Ndi hdp nha't vdi Ha Tay, sd' lidu ve quy md tang trfldng cua t h a n h phd' van t h e hidn rd net trong giai doan tfl 2009 - 2017:
tang tfl 178.605 ty dong (nam 2008) len de'n 695.353 ty ddng (gia hidn h a n h , n a m 2017)
ga'p 3,9 lan, chie'm mdt nfla td'ng GRDP vflng dong bang sdng Hong, chie'm ty trong 16,46%
GDP ca nfldc. Neu xet theo thfl tfl ve quy md GRDP theo tinh, t h a n h ca nfldc, Thu dd Ha Ndi dflng vi tri thfl hai sau TP.Ho Chi Minh.
Xet ve quy md GRDP, n a m 2017 (theo gia cd' dinh 2010) dat 519.568 ty dong, ga'p 1,9 l l n so vdi n a m 2008 (Nguyen Mai, 2014).
HINH 2: Toe do t a n g t n f d n g GRDP c u a t h a n h p h o Ha Noi (%)
Nguin: Tong cue Thong ke.
Td'c do t a n g trfldng kinh td'cua t h a n h phd' the hidn ngay cang ro net (hinh 2), tuy vay Ha Ndi dat mflc k h a va xu hfldng phiic hoi t a n g trfldng cua cac n g a n h hfldng tdi muc
Nghiin cihi Kinh ti si 9(496) - Thing 9/2019 63
tieu phat trien ben viing khong dat dlidc so vdi muc tieu ke hoach de r a (ke hoach giai doan 2006 - 2010 tang 10,73%; giai doan 2011 - 2015 tang 9,23%); tang tnidng kinh te ciia Ha Noi chiia the hien dUdc vai tro dau tau ciia tang tnidng trong viing ciing nhil ca niidc (toe do tang tnidng binh quan thap hdn TP.Ho Chi Minh,
HINH 3: T o e d o t a n g t r i f d n g v o n d a u
Da Nang, Bac Ninh...) (Nguyin Mai, 2014).
Vedau tif cua khu vtic tunhan Quy mo tiu t u cua khu viic til nhan trong nudc cua Ha Noi h l u het tang trong giai * ? "
nghien cflu; mot so nam do anh hiidng cua khiing hoang kinh te nen cung co sii sut giam (nam 2008, 2011, hinh 3).
tii tu! n h a n c u a t h a n h p h o H a Noi (%) 50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
'l'^^^^^''^^\^^\^^''^^^Af\^<'^^<'^^^^^^^^
Nguin:T6ng cue Thfl'ng kfi.
Nang sua't lao ddng cfla Ha Ndi tang qua cac nam, ga'p khoang 1,8 lan so vdi ca nfldc (nang sua't lao ddng cua TP.Ho Chi Minh ga'p 2,7 lan); toe do tang nang sua't lao ddng chung toan nen kinh te' cd xu hfldng tang cham (binh quan giai doan 2009 - 2017 dat 6,27%/nam), cao hdn mflc tang trfldng nang suat lao ddng cua ca nfldc (binh quan nam giai doan 2009- 2017 dat 4,12%/nam) nhung v i n thudc nhdm tha'p nha't d Chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng^
Nang sua't lao ddng cxia khu vUc dich vu, cdng nghiep xay dflng da va dang tao ra mflc chenh lech nang sua't lao dong kha ldn so vdi khu vflc ndng nghiep. Td'c do tang nang sua't lao dong binh quan cua cac nganh kinh te hfldng tdi muc tieu ben vflng cdn tha'p: nganh dich vu (5,50%), linh Vflc cdng nghe cao (8,93%), san
pham cha't Ifldng (7,61%) va dang cd dgiu hieu cham d i n . Linh vflc cdng nghe cao, nhdm nganh san p h a m cha^t Ifldng cd td'c dd tang trfldng n h a n h hdn mflc binh quan cua n^n kinh te' t h a n h phd', tuy vay toe do tang nang sua't lao dong cua cac nhdm nganh nay dang cd xu hfldng giam; n a n g sua't lao ddng khu vflc dich vu chfla cd sfl khac biet so vdi khu vflc cdng ngbiep xay dflng, k h u viic ndng nghiep Iflc Ifldng t h a m gia ddng nhflng nang sua't lao ddng thap chi bang 1/8 nang sua't lao dong chung cua ca nen kinh te (Nguyin Mai, 2014).
1. Theo c6ng b6 cua T6 chiic Lao dOng qu6'c te, nang sua't lao d6ng cCia Vifii Nam thSp hon Singapore g'|n 15 l&i, tha'p hon Nhat Ban 11 1& va th£(p hon H ^ Qufic 10 ISn, bang 1/5 Malaixia va 2/5 Thai Lan.
64 NghiSn cdu Kinh lgs6 9(496) - fhSi^^;^^
Tac dong cua FDI,
HINH 4: T o e d o t a n g trflcfng n a n g s u a t l a o d o n g c u a t h a n h p h o H a Noi (%) 30 -|
27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0
•3 T !
.29.2
"KA A
/ \ •!' \
1 \y^ \ 10 2 '"•' I t r 12,5\ • / i . . s , s
7,6 / "'^ X e / V ^ e A ' ^
«L 0,6 /
»\o-»V^^ooV\A»''\AA»''\»'\AAA«"'VV\<>''*
.6 -1
Nguin.Tong cue ThOng ke.
Vl giai quyet viec lam eho t h a n h phd': h l u doan trfldc 2005 va cac n a m 2008, 2010; giai bet so' viec lam t a n g len qua cac n a m (hinh quyd't viec lam cung la mot t h a n h tflu dang 4), ty le tang trfldng viec lam cao trong giai ghi n h a n cua Ha Noi.
HINH 5: Toe do t a n g tntdng viec lam c u a t h a n h pho H a Noi (%) 15 T
12
9
6 •
3
0 •
A"'"
/ \ "'^
11.4/ \ / \ 1 10,6 \
I \ t 1 \
" \ / \ A ^'^
.,.L/\/y^X..".°^^
i^T5»'>V«''^««VV''V'»''^<»''V'|%'»'^^^^^
-3 J
Ngu6n:T6ng cue Thd'ng ke.
Nhin chung, t h a n h phffHa Noi da dat dUdc te, tang trUdng dau t u cua khu viic t u nhan, nhiing thanh tiiu dang ke ve t a n g tnidng kinh tang nang sua't lao dong va giai quyet viec
NghiSn cim Kinh t^sS 9(496) - Thing 9/2019 65
lam, Ke't qua nay, theo y kie'n cua chuyen gia deu cho rang, cd dfldc la nhd nhflng nd \uc thu h u t dau tu FDI va cai thien mdi trfldng kinh doanh cua thanh phd' Ha Ndi.
2.2. Ke't qud tinh he sd tUdng quan hang Spearman gida ket qud phdt triin kinh te, xd hpi vdi tdng trUdng vdn ddu tU khu vUc FDI cua thdnh pho Hd Npi
Nghien cflu tinh he sd' tUdng quan hang Spearman gifla tang trUdng FDI vdi tang trfldng td'ng san pham, tang trUdng dau tfl cua khu vflc tfl nhan, tang trfldng nang sud't lao ddng va tang trfldng viec lam cua thanh phd' Ha Noi, Do tac ddng anh hudng cua vd'n d l u tfl tdi cac thanh tflu kinh te thfldng cd do trd nha't dinh, he so' tfldng quan hang se khdng chi ti'nh theo gia tri cac bie'n sd' d cflng ky, ma cdn tinh tUdng quan gifla tang trUdng FDI vdi cac bie'n dai dien cho tinh hinh phat trien kinh te xa hdi t r i tfl 1 de'n 4 thdi ky. So' dp tre tren dUdc chon mot phan do han che' ve sd' lieu, mot p h i n xua't phat tfl tham khao ke't qua nghien cflu ve anh hfldng cua FDI de'n
BANG 1: H e so tflflng q u a n h a n g gifla t a n g trifdrng v o n d a u tfl c u a k h u vtfc F D I v a t a n g trtfdfng c a c b i e n s o k i n h t e - x a h o i t h a n h p h o H a N o i
tang trUdng kinh te bang md binh km e luong cho thay, FDI anh hfldng rnatih den phat trien kinh te', xa hoi sau 1 de'n 4 thdi ky-
Ket qua thu dUdc se dUdc hidu nhfl sau:
Gia sfl xet tUdng quan vdi tang trflcing tdng san pham, ne'u he so' Spearman dfldng va gan 1, tang trfldng FDI la cung chieu vdi tang trudng tong san pham, ddng thdi the^hien, nam nao cd tang trudng FDI cao thi nam do (hoac cac nam sau dd nd'u xet tUdng quan theo bien tri) cung co tang trfldng tong san pham cao theo cung thfl hang. Ne'u hd sd' Spearman am, dieu nay the hidn thfl bac tang trfldng FDI khdng cung nhip vdi tang trflcing tdng san pham trong cung nam hoac trong cac nam sau do. Dieu nay dong nghia vdi vi?c tang trUdng FDI khdng tao r a tang trudng tong san pham tUdng xflng. Cach hieu nay cflng dfldc ap dung vdi cac bie'n sd' cdn lai da ke den d tren.
Tfl nhflng tinh toan tren, ap dting cdng thflc tinh he sd' tfldng quan hang Spearman cua tflng bie'n so' dai didn cho ke't qua kinh td' vdi tang trfldng FDI, dfldc ke't qua sau:
GRDP v<H FDI 1 Vi6ciamv«FDI | DSu tu tn nhan viSi FDI | NSLDvlSiFDI H^ s6' Spearman cdng ky
0,259 1 0,102 1 0,098 | 0,276 He s6' Spearman gifla tang trucmg FDI v6i gia tri tre 1 tii5i ky ciia cac bien con lai
0,301 1 0,164 1 0,169 1 0,272 He ,w Speannan giQa tang tnicmg FDI vdi gia tri tre 2 thcri ky cua cac bien con lai
-0,432 1 -0,047 1 0,174 | -0,032 He s6' Spearman giiia tang tnrtmg FDI v6i gia tri tr6 3 thcri ky cua cac bi6'n con lai
-0,061 1 0,275 1 0,176 | 0,307 He s6 Spearman giiia tang trutmg FDI v6i gift tri trd 4 th6i ky cua cac bis'n con lai
-0.086 1 -0,459 1 0,178 | -0,464 Nguin. T^c gia xir ly theo .so li^u thong ke (H6 Dac NghTa, 2016).
Tfl ke't qua bang 1, cd the tha'y:
Ve tang triidng vo'n dau tU cua khu viic
FDI denangcao tang tnidng kinh te Tac ddng cua FDI tdi tang trudng kinh te khdng dUdc n h u ky vpng. Ke't qua cho thay,
66 Nghien cdu Kinh iSsd9(496) - ThZi^"^^^
Tac dgng cua FDI
tac ddng cua FDI tdi t a n g trUdng kinh te' chi tang d nam thfl nha't, nam thfl 2 va bat d l u giam d cac n a m sau dd, dieu the hien qua he sd' tfldng quan am gifla t a n g trfldng FDI va tang trfldng tong san p h i m t r i 2,3 thdi ky.
Dieu nay dfldc giai thich la do cac van de lien quan den hieu qua sfl dung nguon vdn FDI va viec qua flu dai dd'i vdi cac nguon vd'n FDI cd the gay r a nhflng a n h hfldng tieu cflc do nhfldng ngudn Itic cho doanh nghiep FDI.
Nhin tfl gdc do quy md doanh nghiep cho tha'y, cd den 95% doanh nghiep nhd va vfla, trong so' nay cd qua nfla doanh nghiep cdng nghiep Ha Ndi van dang sfl dung cong nghd ddn gian, trong so' nay cd khoang 3% doanh nghiep khu vflc FDI va h a u bet cd trinh do cdng nghe gian ddn. Quy md doanh nghiep nhd ra't khd khan, gay can trd vide flng dung cdng nghe mdi vao san xua't va khd p h a t huy dfldc bieu qua kinh te nhd quy md. Dieu nay cho thay, mdi trfldng dau tfl cua Ha Ndi chfla thtic sfl ha'p dSn FDI tfl cac nfldc cd trinh do cdng nghe cao, cdng nghd nguon, he thd'ng quan ly tien tid'n nhfl EU, My; t h u h u t FDI vao Ha Ndi chfla xflng t i m vdi vai trd la Thu do. Khu vtic doanh nghiep FDI tao r a gia tri gia tang cdn d mflc tha'p.
Ve tang trudng von dau tU cua khu viic FDI de tao viec lam
Tang trudng FDI cd quan he cflng chieu vdi tang trudng vide lam cung k;^ va t a n g trudng viec lam t r i hai thdi k;y, tuy nhien, he sd'tUdng quan tha'p (< 0,3) cho tha'y, quan he nay khdng thflc sfl ro net. O cac do trd 2 va 4 thdi k^, hang cua t a n g trfldng viec iam ngfldc chieu vdi tang trfldng FDI. Do dd, cd the ke't luan: FDI mac dfl cd tao r a nhieu viec lam hdn cho Ha Noi, nhflng p h a n ldn la lao dong gia re, gia cdng lap r a p tao gia tri gia t a n g tha'p; khu vflc FDI chfla mang lai nhieu gia tri gia tang cho t h a n h phd', chfla the Men k h a nang tao ra sti t a n g trfldng vide lam trong dai han. Thflc te cho tha'y, d Ha Noi dang thieu nhan Itic quan ly t r i n h do cao, doanh nhan gidi, lao dong cd nghe trong khu vflc mui nhpn, nhflng ty Id lao dong qua dao tao,
ty le doanh nhan, lao ddng trong Hnh vflc cdng nghe cao con thd'p. Vdi viec thu hflt cac dti an FDI vao cac linh vUc cdng nghe cao (dien tfl, v i l n thdng, cdng nghe thdng tin, cd khi chinh x a c . ) ngay cang t a n g len, nhu clu ve lao ddng ky t h u a t la ra't ldn, tuy vay lao ddng cua Ha Ndi chfla dap flng dfldc yeu c l u .
Ve tang triidng von dau tif khu vuc FDI vdi viec thuc day dau tii cua khu viic tunhan trong n lidc
Tac ddng cua FDI tdi d l u tfl tfl nhan trong nudc cd the dUdc p h a n a n h rd rang hdn khi xem xet p h a n flng cua d l u tfl tu nhan trudc nhflng thay doi cua dau tu FDI. Tuy nhidn ket qua lai cho tha'y, tac ddng cua d l u tU FDI tdi dau tu t u n h a n trong nfldc la ra't nho trong nam d l u tidn (<0,098) va cd tang cao hdn nhflng v i n d mflc ra't tha'p va duy tri b cac nam tie'p theo. Cd the tha'y, tang trfldng FDI kha t h u a n chieu vdi tang trflcing d l u tfl cfla khu vflc t u n h a n trong nudc. Dieu nay cho tha'y, da cd tac ddng lan toa ngang tfl doanh nghiep FDI dd'i vdi doanh nghidp trong nfldc, tuy vay mdi lien ke't gifla doanh nghiep FDI dd'i vdi doanh nghiep trong nfldc chfla cao.
Ve tang triidng voh ddu tU khu vdc FDI thuc day doi vdi tang triidng nang suS't lao dpng cua nen kinh te'
Tac ddng cfla FDI dd'i vdi nang sua't lao dpng the hien qua tac ddng lan toa ngang tfl doanh nghiep FDI dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep trong nfldc, thdng qua m u a dau vao cua cac doanh nghiep trong nfldc de tang nang sua't lao dpng. He sd' S p e a r m a n mang da'u dfldng (+), nghia la cd sfl lien kd't gifla doanh nghiep FDI vdi doanh nghiep trong nfldc d cflng mpt nganh, thdng qua doanh nghiep FDI cung ca'p d l u vao cho doanh nghiep trong nfldc de t a n g n a n g s u a t lao ddng. He sd' Spearman mang da'u (-), nghia la khdng sfl lien ke't gifla doanh nghiep FDI va cac doanh nghiep trong nfldc d cac nganh khac de t a n g nang sua't lao dpng. 0 day, h a n g cua t a n g trfldng nang sua't lao ddng vdi t a n g trfldng FDI chfla d'n dinh, dfldng (+) d cac he so' cflng ky, tre 1 ky' va 3
Nghien cdu Kmh teso 9(496) - Thing 9/2019 67
ky; am (-) d tre 2 ky va 4 ky. Tren thflc te', cac san pham dau r a cua cac doanh nghiep ndi dia cha't Ifldng cdn kem, tie'm Iflc doanh nghiep ye'u nen khd cd k h a nang tie'p n h a n lan tda tfl nba cung ca'p la doanh nghiep nfldc ngoai, no se tao hieu flng ngfldc lai va lam gia t h a n h tang vpt nen giam tang trfldng nang sua't nhan to' tdng hdp Theo bao cao khao sat, trong tong so' 10.994 doanh nghiep san xua't, cbi cd 879 doanh nghiep sfl dung cdng nghd tien tie'n (8%), cd 5.501 doanh nghiep sfl dung cdng nghe trung binh (50%) va cd 4.614 doanh nghiep cdn lai sfl dung cdng nghe lac bau (42%). Day la mdt trong nhflng kho khan de cd the thu h u t dfldc cac nguon luc cho viec phat trien, bdi khoang each cdng nghe cang cao thi kha nang dfldc cdng ty da va xuyen qud'e gia chuyen giao cdng nghe cang hiem. Doanh nghiep FDI d Ha Ndi chiem ty le nhd ( k h o a n g 2%), dang co xu hfldng tang trong nhflng nam gan day, p h i n ldn cac doanh nghiep FDI hoat ddng ve san xua't va gia cdng nen gia tri gia tang tha'p. Thflc trang nay cho thay, quy md doanh nghiep nho, trinh do lao ddng tha'p, nang lUc cdng nghe ye'u kem, thieu sfl lien ke't cua doanh nghiep FDI vdi doanh nghiep trong nudc dang la mdt rao can ldn dd'i vdi ddi mdi cdng nghd, nang sua't lao ddng cua nen kinb td' khdng cao, khoang each cdng nghe cua nen san xua't Viet Nam so vdi trinh dp each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 cdn kha xa (Nguyen Mai, 2014).
3. K e t l u a n v a m o t so' kie'n n g h i Dau t u khu vflc FDI cua t h a n h pho' Ha Ndi da thuc day tang trfldng cua khu vuc tfl n h a n trong nfldc, gdp p h a n thflc day tang trfldng, gia tang nang sua't lao ddng cua nd'n kinh te', dong thdi co tac ddng tflc thdi trong vide tao viec lam cua t h a n h phd'. Tuy vay FDI chi tac ddng tdi tang trudng kinh te thdi ky dau va bat d l u giam d cac nam sau dd; p h i n ldn khu vflc FDI sfl dung lao ddng re, gia cdng lap r a p va tao gia tri gia tang tha'p, khong tao r a kha nang tang trfldng viec lam trong dai ban; md'i lien ket gifla doanh
nghiep FDI vdi doanh nghiep trong nfldc con chUa cao; tac ddng FDI tdi nang sua't ^lao dpng cua nen kinh te' cdn chUa d'n dinh. He so tUdng quan h a u n h u nhd d ca cac tac ddng cung chieu va ngUde chieu cho thay, tac ddng cua FDI de'n cac bie'n so' dai dien cho phat trien kinh te' xa hdi la khdng thtic sU rd net.
Dieu nay khang dinh sfl phat trien kinh te', xa hpi cua Ha Ndi chua thiic sU tUdng xflng vdi von dau t u cua k h u vUc FDI cua t h a n h phd'.
Anh hfldng cua cuoc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 de'n su p h a t tri^n cua mdi qudc gia ngay cang m a n h me. Canh t r a n h gifla cac nfldc ldn trong linh vUc thfldng mai cung la cac ye'u td' a n h hfldng tdi t h u h u t FDI va hieu qua sfl dtang FDI cua ca nUdc ndi chung va Ha Npi ndi rieng. Do dd, de sxt dung hieu qua vd'n dau tU cua k h u vuc FDI d Ha Npi, cln thtic hien mdt sd' cac khuye'n nghi sau:
Thd nha't, nang cao hieu qua quan ly nha nUdc veFDI
Nha nudc cd vai trd quyd't dinh sfl phat trien kinb te', xa hdi cua mdi qudc gia noi chung va cua mdi dia phfldng, t h a n h phd' ldn ndi rieng. Vi the', n a n g cao hieu qua quan ly nha nudc ve FDI cd vai trd quan trpng de nang cao hidu qua sfl dung FDI, cu thd':
(i) Chuydn doi chie'n Ifldc t h u h u t cac dfl an FDI tfl ehieu rdng sang chieu sau, tfl khdng kiem scat cd ca'u sang kiem soat chat che phan bd cd ca'u dfl an va vd'n dau tfl hdp ly-
(ii) Nha nfldc c l n phai cd chinh sach cu the, ro rang dd'i vdi khuye'n khich va h a n che d l u tfl FDI. P h a i cd chinh sach Uu dai vUdt trdi du sflc ha'p d a n t h u hflt cac n h a dau tfl chie'n Ifldc, thdi thuc cac n h a dau t u tfl nhan t h a m gia phat trien theo dinh hudng chung cua t h a n h pho', can phai cd nhflng cam ke't dd'i vdi nba d l u tfl, tao nhflng Ipi the' canh t r a n h cho doanh nghiep. Chinh sach chon loc va day m a n h sU ke't ndi gifla trong nudc vdi doanh nghiep nUdc ngoai. Co cac chinh sach khuye'n khich t a n g quy md doanh nghiep nhd
6 8 Nghi§n cdu Kinh t^so 9(496) - T T i i ^ ^ J i g ^
Tdc dong cua FDI
len vfla, tao dieu kidn de hinh t h a n h cac tap doan tfl n h a n ldn. Chinh quyen t h a n h phd' cln cd chinh sach b a n che cac doanh nghiep, phfldng tien giao thdng, he thd'ng thoat nfldc gay d n h i l m mdi trfldng. Khdng t h u h u t nhflng dd an d l u tfl cd nguy cd gay d nhidm mdi trfldng; tieu tdn didn nang, cong nghe thap.
Thd hai, nang cao hiSu qua cac hoat dpng xuc tieh thu hut FDI
Moi dia phfldng deu cd td' chflc xflc tie'n d l u tfl rieng, d H a Ndi cd t r u n g t a m xflc tien dau tfl trflc thupc Sd Ke' hoach va Dau tfl, day chinh la cd quan phu trach thdng tin ve xuc tien d l u tfl. Cd quan n i y la dau nao vach ke' hoach chie'n Ifldc t h u h u t FDI, chiu trach nhiem tap hdp nhflng do'i tac cd n a n g Iflc trong boat ddng xflc tien, cac nguon thdng tin hidn tai, cd sd phap ly, chuydn gia va n h a tfl va'n trong va ngoai nfldc, cd quan quan ly n h a nfldc cd t h a m quyen cung nhfl tin tflc cap nhat vd' Ha Ndi. Ta't ca nhflng va'n de nay c l n dfldc cung cl'p cho cac cd quan va td chflc khac cflng boat ddng xuc tid'n, tao r a sfl lflu thdng thdng tin nhieu chi^u gifla cac cd quan boat dpng lien quan. Thu h u t cac n h a d l u tfl FDI hfldng vao nhflng n g a n h mui nhpn cd trinh dp cdng nghd cao, dam bao sfl p h a t tri^n ben vflng, lan toa, keo theo sfl p h a t trien cua cac doanh nghiep tfl n h a n trong nfldc, cac dfl an FDI sfl dung n h i l u lao dpng tai cho, dac biet la doanh n h a n de thflc hien dfldc cac muc tieu ve chuyen giao cdng nghe.
Thd ba, lua chpn cac nha dau tu chie'n lUdc
Vide r a ddi va p h a t trien cac t a p doan kinh te manh b Ha Npi va Vidt Nam se la mot yeu clu va xu hfldng khach quan. D^ cd t a n g trfldng tiem nang, c l n p h a t t h e n dpi ngu doanh nghiep ldn trong nfldc va t h u h u t cac tap doan xuyen quo'c gia, doanh nghiep ldn tfl cac quo'c gia phat trien vao dia b a n t h a n h phd', tap t r u n g nhieu hdn vao t h u h u t cac boat dpng FDI tham dung vd'n, cdng nghe va tai san tri tue va tsio ra gia tri gia t a n g cao, t h u h u t nhieu dfl an FDI cd quy md ldn, cdng
nghe cao phu hdp vdi cac ldi the' cfla Ha Ndi, t h u h u t cac dti an cdng nghidp ho trd de' gia t a n g gia tri cho nen kinh td' cua t h a n h phd'.
Cac dd'i tac t h u h u t vao Ha Ndi cd the chia t h a n h hai nhdm gom: cac nfldc phUdng Tay (My, chau Au, Oxtrayha...) va cac nUdc Chau A (Nhat Ban, H a n Qud'e, Xingapo...) dap flng dfldc bai cac tieu chi chinh: khdng chi tad r a vide lam cd n a n g sua't lao ddng cao cd gia tri kinh te ldn m a cdn thuc day lan toa phat trien cac nganh trong nudc va hinh t h a n h chuoi gia tri mang t i m toan cau. Kinh nghiem qudc te, d nhflng qud'e gia phat trien kinh te' t h a n h cdng cho tha'y: lien doanh la hinh thflc tao thulin ldi hdn cho chuyin giao cdng nghe; chuyen dich chie'n Ifldc tfl t h u h u t cac dfl a n FDI chu ye'u p h a t trien thee chieu rdng, bang cac chi tieu so' Ifldng, sang chien Ifldc tap t r u n g phat trien thee chilu sau, bang cac chi tieu chat Iflpng, phfl hdp vdi n i n kinh te' tri thflc, cdng nghe cao, phat t r i l n xanh, bao dam hieu qua kinh te - xa hdi va mdi trfldng ben vflng; chuyen dich chi^n Ifldc khdng kiem soat cd ca'u phan bd' vd'n d l u tfl sang chie'n Ifldc kiem soat chat che cd ca'u d l u tfl FDI theo nganh, linh vflc flu tien va khdng flu tien, k h u vflc san xua't va dich vu, dia ban lanh thd k h u dd thi t r u n g tam va cac dd thi ve tinb.vflng ndng thdn mien nui. Doi vdi Ha Ndi, chuyen dich chie'n Ifldc tfl thu hiit cac dfl a n FDI la n h a m thuc d i y chuyen tiich cd ca'u kinh te' cfla Ha Ndi theo hfldng tap t r u n g vao cac nganh Knh vflc dich vu cha't Ifldng cao, cd gia tri gia t a n g ldn, thuc day chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh te theo hfldng dich vu - cdng nghiep - ndng nghiep.
Thd tii, nang cao va hoan thien cd sd vat chat - ky thuat phuc vu thu hdt FDI
P h a t trien cd sd vat cha't ky t h u a t khdng chi la die'u kien c l n de t a n g sflc ha'p d i n cua mdi trfldng d l u tfl, tao d i l u kien t h u a n ldi cho chu d l u tfl trien k h a i dfl an va cac ke hoach dau tfl cua minh, ma cdn la cd hpi de t a n g t h u h u t vd'n nfldc ngoai dau tfl vao Iinh vflc cd sd v£it cha't, h a tang, ky thuat. Xay dflng chie'n Ifldc chuyen doi so', xay dflng ha
Nghiin cilu Kinh tisd9(496) - Thing 9/2019
t a n g ket nd'i so' va an ninh mang, xay dflng be sinh thai doi mdi sang tao va khdi nghiep, flu tien phat trien va chuyen giao khoa hpc cdng nghe, nha't la khoa hoc cdng nghe hien dai, coi day la yeu to' trpng ye'u nang cao nang sua't lao ddng, cha't lUdng va sflc canh t r a n h cua hen kinh te'. Nang cao nang Iflc ha'p thu cdng nghe va ddi mdi sdng tao cfla doanh nghiep; khuye'n khich, tao dieu kidn de doanh nghiep tham gia nghien cflu, phat t n e n va chuyen giao khoa hpc cdng nghe; xuc tien manh me viec xay dflng chfnh phu dien tfl va tbanh phd' thdng minh se giflp Ha Ndi giam chi phi quan ly cua bd may chinh quyin, chi phi cua doanh nghiep va la cdng cu chinh de cai each h a n h chinh.
Thd tu, tie'p tuc cai each hanh chinh Kien toan td chflc va hoat dpng cua bp may quan ly ve d l u t u cic sd ban nganh cua Ha Ndi. Ha Ndi la mdt trong hai dau t a u kinh te ldn nha't ca nfldc cd quy mo nen kinh te, quy md vd'n dau tfl p h a t trien h a n g nam ra't ldn so vdi cac tinh t h a n h phd' khac, nhflng bd may quan ly n h a nfldc hien nay gidng nhfl cac dia phfldng khac la khong phu hdp, vfla qua tai, phan tan, khd phd'i hdp. '\^ vay, c l n tang cfldng cai tien t h u tuc h a n h chinh, giam cac thii tuc dd'i vdi doanh nghiep va cdng dan;
thflc hidn td't cd che' mdt cfla va "mot cfla lien thdng" trong viec xem xet, tie'p n h a n cac dfl an d l u tfl, giao da't, ca'p phep xay dflng va cac cdng viec cd lien quan khac.
Thd nam, phat trien nhan Itic chat liidng cao dap dng yeu cau phat trien cua nen kinh te
Tap trung pbat trien n h a n liic eha't Ifldng cao, trong dd flu tien phat trien n b a n Iflc quan ly, doanh n h a n va lao ddng nghe cho cac linh vflc cdng nghe cao, pha'n da'u dfla ty le qua dao tao len khoang 65% vao 2030, trong dd lao dpng lam viec trong khu vflc cong nghe cao chie'm khoang 30%. Day manh hdn nfla va thflc sfl di d l u trong viec cai each va nang cao cha't Ifldng giao due, dao tao d Thii dd nham phat trien n h a n h hdn nguon
nban lUc cd cha't lUdng phuc vu cong cupc doi mdi va hdi nhap kinh te qud'e te'. Tiep tuc xay dung va trie'n khai cd che p h a t buy sflc manh cua dpi ngu cac n h a khoa hpc, chuyen gia cd trinh dp chuyen mdn cao tren dia ban; sfl dung cd hieu qua tiem nang cha't xam hang dau ca nudc vao p h a t trien kinh te', xa hdi cua Thu dd ndi rieng va ca nUdc noi chung./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Le Xuan Ba va c6ng si; (2006), Tac ddng ciia diu tir tnrc tiip nudc ngoai tdi tang truing Idnh tS o Viit Nam, Vien Nghidn cu\i quan ly kinh tfi' tmng uong.
2. B6 K^ hoach va diiu tu vh IFC, thang 6-2018, Chie'n luac va dinh huctng thu hiit FDI the he mci 2020- 2030
3 Nguydn Hai Dang (2019), Chfnh sach thu hut vin diu tu true tiSp nudc ngoii cua thanh phd'Ha Ndi, Lufln van thacsy, HkNOi.
4 Nguyin Thi D6ng (2019), Chuyin dich ca ciu kinh te nganh cia thanh phi Ha Ndi din nam 2030 theo hudng phat triin bin vdng, LuSn an tie'n sT kinh \.€, Ha N6i.
5. Ho Dac Nghia (2016), MOt cich phan tich mdi quan he giira FDI va tang tniong kinh x€ Viet Nam, Tap chiKinh tiDabao, so 18, thang 6-2016.
6. Le Quoc H6i (2008), Lan toa cdng nghfi I^ diu tU true ti^p nii6c ngoai a Vi6t Nam: udc luong va ki^m dinh b nganh c6ng nghifip ch^ bifih. Tap chf Kinh tif^at tnin, s6135(thang 9-2009),
7. Tong cue Thong kd, Casdddlidu diiu tra doanh nghifp hang nam, td 2000 - 2018,\{&'Ht\.
8. Nguyin Mai (2014), Yfiu t6 tac dOng dfi'n lan song FDI vao Viet Nam nam 2015.
9. Uy ban Nhin dan th^nh ph6 H^ N6i, Bao cao \i viec tong ket 30 nam (1987 - 2017) thu hiit diu tu nu6c ngoai trdn dia ban thanh ph6' Ha N6i.
10. B6 Ke' hoach va dSu tU va IFC, thdng 6-2018, Chifin luoc va dinh hudng thu htit FDI the he mdi 2020- 2030.
11. Nguyin Phu Tu v£t Huynh C6ng Minh (2010i Mdi quan hS gida diu tU tnrc dep nudc ngoki vdi tang tmdng kinb ti cua Viit Nam, http://www.danangtimes.vn.
Ngay nhan bai: 3-7-2019 Ngay nhan ban sua: 25-7-2019 Ngay duyet dang: 20-8-2019
70 Nghier\ ciiu Kinh tis69(496) - Thin^^/^JZ
