SINH CHU TjCH HO CHl MINH (19/5/1890 -19/5/2020)
Tl/Tl/CINGHOCHIMINH
VE MOI QUAN HE G I O A GIAI CAP VA DAN TOC TRONG CACH JyiANG DAN TOC, DAN CHU
PHAM VAN GIANG
Sau m0t thSk^, nhin 1^ thdi diSm Cbii tich HS Chi Minh USp nh$n cbu ngfua Mdc - Ldnin (thing 7/1920}, diung ta c^ thiy tim vdc ldn lao va^n^m lich su VI d^ cm svki$n niy.
Chii ngfaia Mic - LSnin dS soi sing con dud^ cich m^g Vi$t Nam, m&ra thai d^ d0c l$p din t0c v^ diu n^axih0i.H6 Chi Minh dSv$n dung trung thanh, sing t^o,bS sung vA phit tri&icbii nghia Mic-LBnin phu hpp v6i diiu ki$ncuth0 cua cich m^gVi$t Nam, trong dd ndi b$t li tu tad^g vSgiii quySt m6i quan b$ giua 10 ich giai cip va. Iqd ich dan t0c.
THkhda: Tu tumig H6 Chi Minh; moi quan he giiia giai cap va dan toe; each mang dan tdc dan chu.
Recalling President Ho ChiMinh's access to Marxism-Leninism (injulyl920) a century ago, we acknowied^ the great histaricalsigniScance of this event Marxism - Leninism enl^tened tiie revolutionary path of Vietnam, opening the era of national independence and socialism.
Ho Chi Minh applied Marxism - Leninism faithfully, creatively, supplemented, and made Marxism - Leninism relevant to the speci&c conditions of Vietnam's revolution. One of outstanding impUcations is the thought on handling the relation between the class and national interests.
Keywords: Ho Chi Minh's thoughts; the relation between class and nation; democratic na- tional revolution.
NGAYNHAN: 06/3/2020 NGAYPHANBIJN.DANHGIA; 02/4/2020 NGAYDUY^: 15/5/2020
1. Cudi th^kyXIX, dau thekyXX. trucrc su quyen dpc lap dan tpc cang tang thi sn phan xam luoc ciia thuc dan Phap, xa hgi nuoc ta Idiang cua dan tpc va cupc dau tranh gianh bi phan hoa manh me. Giai cap cdng nhan dpc lap dan tpc cang quyet Het. Mac du cac va giai c£tp tu san lan lupt ra dpi, cac mau tp chiic, cac hpi, dang chinh tri Ian lupt ra doi thuSn cua xa hpi Viet Nam - xa hpi thupe dia va vuon Ien gianh ngpn co lanh dap phong niia phong kien ngay cang diln ra gay gdt, trao dan tpc, song tat ca deu lan lupt thSt bai, trong d6, ndi bat la mau thuan giua dan tpc each mang nuoc ta roi vao khung hoang ve Viet Nam voi bpn thuc dan Phap va be lu tay
sai. Sv thong tri, ap buc, boc lot, su cha dap * TS. Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vuc III
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dirong loi. Trong bfii canh lich sir dfi, Ngii>'in Ai Qufic (sau nay la Chii tich Hfi Chi Minh kinh yeu) da ra di dm dufing cuu nirfic. Sau gin mfit thap ky, Ngufii da tiip can duoc chin Iy - ehu nghia Mac-Lenin va rut ra kit luin: mufin cuu nufic vi giii phfing dan tpc, khfing efi eon dufing nao khae each mang vfi sin, vi "ehi cfi ehu nghia xa hdi, chu nghia cfing sin mfii giii phfing dupc cac dan tfic bi ip hue va nhiing ngufii lao dfing tren the gifii khfiiachnfild"'
Trong Chinh cuong thanh lap Ding (nam 1930), Hfi Chi Minh ehi ro: "Chu truong lim tu sin dan quyin cich mang vi thfi dia cich mang di di tfii xa bfii cfing san"^. Day chinh li tu tufing Hfi Chi Minh vi con dufing cich mang Viet Nam. Vi vay, dinh dd di qufic vi dia chu phong kiin giinh dfic lip din tfie, di Ien chii nghia xa hfii (CNXH) li muc tieu cua c4eh m ^ g Vi$t Nam.
Xa hfii Viit Nam trong nhirng thip ky cufii thi k\- XK, diu thi ky XX efi hai mau thuin CO bin: mau thuin giira toan dan tpc vfii thyc dan Phap va be lu tay sai; mau thuin giira nhin dan lao ddng vfii dia ehii phong kiin. Hfi Chi Minh da phat hiin ra nhimg net d$e thil efia Viet Nam so vfii eic qufic gia khic, dac hi?t li cac nufic phuang Tay. Niu nhu fi phuong Tiy, mau thuin giai cip da trfi nen siu sic thi fi Viet Nam, miu thuin giiia toin thi din tfic vfii chii nghia thyc din Phip vi be lu tay sai la miu thuin hang diu.
Vi viy, Ngufii cho ring, trong hai nhiem vu dinh dfi di qufie va danh dfi phong kiin, cin tap tnmg eho nhiem vy dinh do de qufic giinh dfie lip dan tfic, efin danh do phong kiin thye hiin sau. Vfii muc tieu tap trung lye lypng di chfing ki thu sfi mfit cua dan tfic, Hfi Chi Minh ehi rfi: "Dan tfic eich m?nh thi chua phan chia giai cip, nghla li si, nfing, cfing, thuong diu nhit tri chfing lai cyfing quyin''^. Xuat phat tir loi ieh, truyin thfing hang nghin nam dung nirfie va giu nufic eiia din tfic, diy ehinh li cpi ngudn de toan the
nhan din Viet Nam mufin ngufii nhu mpt chfing lai ke thii chung, gianh dfie lip eho dan tfic.
Trong tu tufing Hfi Chi Minh, qui trinh tiin hinh "tu sin din quyin cich mang va thfi dja cich mang" diu phin inh lpi ich ehung, nguydn vpng chung cua toin din tfie, deu nhim vio ki thij ehu yiu liic nay la thyc din Phap va bpn tay sai phin dfing. Cfin giii quyit miu thuin giai eip, dinh dfi phong kiin se diyc hien sau khi dan tfic da dupc dfic lip, giinh liy dan chii va di Ien CNXH, chu nghia cfing sin. Quan diim nay dupc Hfi Chi Minh tiip tyc khing djnh vi sau, trong Bio cao cua Vi$t Nam giM Qufic t i Cfing sin (thing 7/1940) chi rfi: du li si, nfing, cfing, thuong, ai ciing cam ghit ich thfing tri ciia ngufii Phip, ai ciing mufin giinh l^i dfie lip din tfic, do dfi, "nhan dan Viit Nam tuy hi$n nay chira dupc tfi chirc, nhung ai cfing chin ghit cupc dfii nfi le, ai ciing mong mufin dui?c dfic l^p, ty do, vi dang trong tu thfi mfit ngydi lin tiing van ngyfii iing hfi"**.
6 diy, cin nhin manh ring, khi chu nghia di qufie eiu kit vfii bpn phong kiin phin dfing thi nhi$m vy giii phfing dan tfic dat Ien hang diu, nhung khfing phii vi thfi mi hiiu don thuin li chi chfing d i qufic mi efin bao him trong dfi chong lai bfi phin phong kiin phan dfing, vin di Ii "chfing phong kiin nhung khfing lam inh hufing din nhiem vu chfing d i qufic". Mit khic, chfing de qufie va bpn phong kiin phin ddng raang lai dfic lip eho din tpc vi mfit phin rupng dit cho din ciy ciing da thi hiin bao him nfii dung din ehu, dfi la tu tufing cfit 161 cua Hfi Chl Minh trong vide xie dinh dfii tupng ciia cich mang Viet Nam fi thdi diim niy.
Tuy nhien, Qufie t i Cfing sin trong qui trinh chi dao phong trio each mang fi cic nufic thufic dia lai cfi mpt sfi quan diim khic biit. Diiu niy dupc thi hien rfi qua bin Di cuong vi phong trio cich mang o cie nufic
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SINH CHU TjCH H 6 CHf MINH (19/5/1890 -19/5/2020) diufic dia do Kumdnen dai dien cho Doan
Chu tieh Qufie te Cfing sin trinh bay tai Dai hfii lin thii VI ciia Qufic te Cfing san (nam 1928). Vi vin di quan he dan tpc va giai cap, phin di vi phan phong thi Qufic te Cpng sin cho ring, miu chot cua each mang dan chu tu sin fi eic nufic thufie dia li rufing dat, do dd, ttong qua trinh cich mang, nhiem vu din chu phii dupc tien hanh "song song vfii cupc diu tranh giii phfing dan tfic"^. Tuy nhiin, rfi rang trong thfii diim dfi, fi eae nuac thufic dia nfii chung vi Viet Nam nfii riing, khfing the dat nhiim vu chfing de quoc vi phong kiin song song, ciing nhu khfing thi coi eich mang rufing dat la van de mau chot eua cich mang din ehu tu sin trong khi chira giinh dupe dpc lap dan tpc. Sau nay, ehinh Kunxinen thira nhin: ngay tir khi De eucng ra dfii, mfit so nhin dinh da mang miu sic cua chii nghia biet phii tren mdt mite dfi nhit dinh^.
2. Tu nhin thire vi dfii tupng eua eich m^g, Hfi Chi Minh da van dung sing tao quan diim cua chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao diiu kidn lich sir eu thi eiia Viet Nam - kill Ngufii phin tich, dinh gia vi tri, vai trfi ciia eie giai cip, ting Icrp trong each mang. dac bift li thai dfi cua eic giai eip doi vfii sy nghiep giai phfing din tpc. 6 Viet Nam, chii nghia dan tfic da in sau, bam chat vio quin chiing trong suot qui trinh lich sir dimg nufic vi giu nufic, ehinh vi diiu dfi mi ngay ca cac nhi tu sin din tfic, thim chi nhirng ngufii dung diu eua che dp phong kien nhu Him Nghi, Thinh Thii, Duy Tan... eung nfii day chfing lai sy xam lypc ciia thye din Phap. Ttr diye tiin dd, vfii mpt nhan quan chinh tri nhjy ben, Hfi Chi Mmh khi xem xet, danh gii hai giai cip dfii lap vfii giai cip cfing nhin vi nfing din la giai cip tu san va dia chil da eho ring, vi Ipi ich kinh te thi tu sin va dia chu la nhiing giai cip bde lot, dfii lap vfii lpi ieh eo bin ciia cfing nhan vi nfing dan. Nhung xet ve lpi ich din tfie, trufic hit la dfie lip dan tfie
thi tu sin va dia ehii la nhiing giai cip khong thuan nhit. Mpt bp phan di hin ve phia thue din, de quoc (tu sin mai bin hay "dai tu sin" va dai dia chu), trong khi mfit bfi phin khic (tu san dan tdc, phii nong, trung dia chii, Ueu dia chu, Ueu tu sin...) cfi thi dong hanh ciing dan tpc, hp "tuy hai ma mpt, mpt mi hai"'. Chinh vi vay, Hfi Chi Minh chil truong: chung ta phii efi thai dp khfin khio, mem deo, phai hit sire ldi keo hp, thiic day hp hanh dpng neu efi thi, cfi lap hp ve chinh tri niu cin, ehi it la trung lip hp, "ttinh hit Siie de hp ra ngoii Mat uan, vi nhu the la day hp roi vio tay bpn phan dpng, li ting them lye lupng cho chiing"^.
Trong khi dfi, Quoc te Cpng san lai dfii lap giai cip cfing nhin, giai eip nfing din vfii giai cap tu san va dia ehii phong kien, khfing cfi su phan hang Uong cie giai cip dd, mi eho rang tat ea hp deu la phin ddng. Theo Qufic te Cdng sin, giai cip vfi san phai "dau tranh triit di vi khfing khoan nhupng vfii bpn de qufic, bpn dia chii va giai eip tu sin ban xii"^. Cfin doi vfii giai cip dia chii, khfing the phin chia thanh nhieu hang, nhieu loai ma tat ca diu la dong minh true tiip cua de quoe, vi vay, se la "sai lam nguy hiem khi phan ehia dia chii thinh loai "tfit"vi "xiu"^°.
Qufic te Cpng san cho ring, neu dia chu ehui luon dupe vao uong ndng hfii tlii dfi la nguy eo Ifin nhit cua nfing din va cho each mang.
Cho nen, phii "dufii bpn dia chu, quan lai, phu hio ra khoi lang, chu dfing tieh thu tii sin ciia dia chu, phu hao va quan lai chia cho nfing dan"". Tuy nhien, quan diem nay neu dupe thyc thi se bien nhieu ngufii li dong minh cua each mang hoae ehi it la luc lupng trung lap trfi thinh ke thii eiia each mang.
Dieu ding nfii la, khfing chi rieng giai cap tu san va dia chu ma ngay ca cae ting Ifip khac trong xa hfii nhu ttithiictiiutusancungbi Quoe te Cpng sin nghi ngfi vi cfi lap hp, "doi vfii tri thirc va tiiu tu san, neu nhu Uen minh vfii ho la mpt sach lupc sai lim"'^.
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3. Thyc tiin cho thay. tii khi V.I.Lenm qua dfii (nam 1924), trong Qufic t i Cfing sin da bit dau xuit hien tu tufing "ta khuynh", tuyet dfii hfia dau uanh giai cip, xem nhe, tham chi col thufing vin di dan tpc, thufic dia. Tai Dai hpl lin thil V (nam 1924), Ho Chi Minh da phi phan thai dfi thfio, xem thudng van di din tfic va thufic dia cua nhiiu Ding Cfing sin chinh qufic ciing nhu trong Qufic te Cfing san. Dfing thdi, Nguoi nhie nhfi nhiing dai bleu tham dy Dai hpi hay to rfi minh li hpc trfi cua Lenin, khfing dupc quen di huin cua Ngirdi: "Chiing ta ty eoi miiih li hpe trd Ciia Lenin, cho nen chiing ta ein phai tip trung hit tit ci sue luc va nghi luc de thyc hiin trin thye ti nhiing Ifii di huan quy bau eiia Lenin doi vfii chung ta ve vin de thufic dia cung nhu eae vin di khie"'^.
Phong trio each mang Viet Nam, each mang thi gifii da chirng minh tinh dung din, sing tao eua Hfi Chi Minh trong viec di ra chiin lupc va sich lucre each mang. Tir nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem each mang nirfic ta eung nhu nhu eiu thyc tiin dfii hfii nhiing ngufii cfing sin vi Dang Cfing san Dfing Duong phii timg bufic van dung quan diem cua Hfi Chi Minh trong viee xae dinh dfii tupng, nhiem vy va dpng luc cua cich mang.
Chi thi cua Trung uong Thufing vu vi van de thanh lap Hpi "Phan de dfing minh" ngay 08/11 /1930 da the hien viec timg bufic tir bd tu tufing "ti khuynh". Chi thi khing dinh, de giinh diing lpi, giai cip vd sin lanh dao each mang tu sin dan quyen "phii tfi chile dupc toan din lai thanh mfit lye lupng that dfing, that kin". Sau Chi thi niy, Trung uong Dang Cfing sin Dfing Duong cfin ra mfit sfi ehi thi khae phii hpp vfii quan diem Hfi Chi Minh ve each mang Viet Nam, sira chira, ufin nin nhtmg thiiu sfit, sai lim.
DSc biet, tai Hfii nghi lin thii siu Ban Chip hanh Trung ucmg khfia I (thang 11 /1939) da dua ra nhirng du bao ve tiin dfi eich mang, dfii hdi "Ding ta phai thay dfii
chinh sich'*, trong dd nhin manh phai dira vin de din tdc thinh vin di khan cip rit quan trpng; diing trin lap trufing giai phfing din tpc liy quyin lpi din tfic lam tfii cao, tit ca mpi vin di eua cich mang, ca van di eich mang dien dia eiing phai nhim vao mye dich iy mi giii quyet. Bufic dufing sinh tfin eua nhan din Dfing Duong khfing efi con dufing nao khae li eon dufing dinh dfi de qufie Phip di giinh dpc lap. Cfing nfing phii giiiong eao ngpn cfi din tfic, tit ei mpi boat dfing phii hufing vio myctieu"phandi, giii phfing dan tfie"''. Vlpc giuong cao ngpn cfi din tfic khfing cfi nghia li bfi vin di dien dia, phan phong. Danh dfi thye dan Phap gin Uin vfii dinh dfi vua chua ban xit, bpn tay sai cho d i qufic vi bpn phin bpi din tfic li mfit phin cua nhiim vu din ehii.
Di phu hpp vfii tinh hinh mfii, Hpi nghi lan thit siu Ban Chip hinh Trung uong quyit dinh thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat din tpc phin di Dfing Duong, thay cho Mat trin Din chu tnific dfi, nham mye dich liin hpp tit ci cic dan tpc Dfing Duong, tit ca cic giai cip, cac dang phai, cie phin ni phin di diu traiih chfing di qufic ehien tranh, chfing xim lupc phit xit, dinh do de qufic Phip, vua ehua bin xir va tat ca bpn tay sai d i qufic, dfii hfia binh crym io, thyc hien nin dpc lip hoan toan cho eie dan tfic Dfing Duong vdi quyen din tpc m quyet'^. Chi'nh dufing loi, quyit sich diing din trong giai quyit mfii quan he giua lpi ieh giai cip va lpi ich dan tfie mi eich mang Viet Nam phat huy dupe siic mang tfing hpp, vfii tinh thin doan kit eua eic giai cap, ting Ifip de dua cich mang di din thanh cfing, day chinh la cdi ngudn eua sue manh cich mang Viet Nam.
4. Nhu viy. Ho Chi Minh da van dung ttung thinh, sang tao, phat trien ehu nghla Mic - Linin phti hpp vfii diiu kien cich mang Viet Nam. Day li mfit su dfing gfip to Ifin, ed y nghia dfii vdi phong trio cdng sin vi edng nhin qufic t i cung nhy doi vfii
D
TAP CHl Q U A N L * N H A N U O C - S6 292 (5/2020)?: SINH CHU TjCH HO CHl MINH (19/5/1890 - 19/5/2020) phong trio diu tranh giii phfing dan tpe fi
cie nufic thufic dia. Cfi the thay rfi, tu tuong Hfi Chi Minh vi vin di din tpc mang tinh khoa hpe vi caeh mang siu sic. the hiin sy kit hpp nhuin nhuyin giua din tpe va giai cip giiia chii nghia yeu niroe ehan chinh vfii ehu nghla qufie te trong sing. Dung nhu PhJbigghen timg khing dinh, nhiing tu tufing din tfic ehin chinh trong phong trio eing nhin bao gifi cung la nhtrng tu tufing qufic ti chin chinh.
5. Trong xu the toan cau hfia ciia the ky XXI, vipc xir ly mfii quan hi giiia din tfic, giai eip vi nhin loai dang trfi thanh mfit van di mang tinh ehiin lupc liu dii dfii vfii moi qufic gia - din tpc. Dfii vfii Viet Nam, di giii viing chfi quyin, dfic lip din tfic vi xiy dyng dit nufic di lin CNXH, dfii hfii Dang vi Nhi nufic ein giai quyit dung din mfii quan hi bipn chirng gifia cic nhin tfi din tfie, giai eip, nhan loai trin cic linh vuc kinh ti, ehinh tri, vin hfia, xa hfii... Mufin viy, chung ta cin kien dinh nguyen tie thfing nhit giiia dan tfic va giai cip trong tu tufing Hfi Chi Minh.
Quan diim nhit quin va xuyin sufit ciia Chfi tich Hfi Chi Minh ciing nhu Dang ta li dit lpi ieh cua giai cip vi dan tdc trong moi quan hp thfing nhit bien chung - lpi ich eua giai cip gin Uin vfii loi ich efia din tpe, Ipi ich cua din tfie dupc the hiin fi' bin chit Ipi ich eua giai cap. Dac biet, trong cfing cupc dfii mfii dit nufic, bii hpc kinh nghiem niy cing dupe Ding ta tiip tye quin triet vi phit huy.
De bio dim cho sy nghiip doi mdi, trong tit ei cic van kiin cua Dang lufin khing dinh mye tieu eua each mang Viet Nam la dpc lap dan tfic vi CNXH, din giiu, tiucrc manh, din ehu, cfing bing, vin minh. Dieu kien eo ban bao dim sy lanh dao eua Dang la trung thanh, vjn dung vi phat triin sang tao ehu nghia Mic - Limn, tu nrong Hfi Chi Minh, cfi nghia li ming thanh vfii lpi ich cabin liu dii ciia giai eip cfing nhin, nhin din lao dfing
va loi ich din tfie. Viee van dyng sing tao tu tufing Hfi Chi Mmh ve giai quyit quan hi din tfic va giai cap trong giai doan hiin nay dfii hfii phai giii quyet mfit each toan diin fi nhieu Unh vyc, trong dfi, trufic hit tip trung giai quyet eae quan he lpi ieh: lpi ieh eiia giai cip cong nhan vfii lpi ieh toan dan tfie; lgi ieh cua giai eip eong nhin vfii loi ich eic giai cip, tang Ifip khac; lpi ich eua dan tfic Viet Nam vfii lpi ich cie dan tfic khic va lpi Ieh qufic t i nfii chung trong bfii canh toin eiu hfia va hfii nhip qufic te.
Toan the dan tfic Viet Nam efi ehung Ipi ieh, mue tieu, tap hpp dufii mpt ngpn co duy nhit do giai cap cdng nhin lanh dao thdng qua dfii tiin phong Ii Dang Cpng sin Viet Nam. Cuong linh xiy dyng dit nufic trong thfii ky qui dfi lin CNXH (bfi sung, phit triin nam 2011) da khing dinh rfi: "Ding Cfing san Vipt Nam la dpi Uen phong cua giai eip cfing nhin, dong thfii li dpi tien phong cua nhan dan lao ddng va eiia din tfic Viet Nam;
dai biiu trung thanh lpi ich cua giai cip cfing nhin, nhan din lao dfing va eua din tpe"'^.
Trong nhieu van kien Dai hfii. Dang ta deu xie dinh moi quan he giira eae giai eip, cie ting Ifip xa hpi la quan he doan kit va hop tac liu dii uong su nghiep xiy dyng vi bao vi Tfi quoc dufii su lanh dao cua Dang.
Lt^ ich giai eip cfing nhan thfing nhit vdi lpi ich toin din tdc B:ong muc tieu chung la ddc lap din tpe gin Uen vfii CNXH, din giau, nufic manh, xa hdi cfing bing, din chil, van minh. Dfing thai, ehi rd phuang hufing va mue Ueu tfing quit cfia cfing tic xay dyng Dang la tiep tuc ddi mfii, tu ehinh dfin Ding, tang cirfing ban chit giai cip cfing nhin vi tinh tiin phong, ning cao nang lye lanh dao va sue chien dau cua Dang; xay dyng Dang thyc su tiong sach, vQng manh ve chinh tri, tu tufing, to chiic, cfi ban Ilnh chinh tri virng vang, cfi dao dire each mang tiong sang, cfi tam tti tue cao, cfi phuang thflc lanh dao khoa hpc, ludn gin bfi vdi nhin dan.
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