NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT
CAC GIA TR; NHAN QUYEN THONG Q U A CAC HIEP DjNH THU'OiNG MAI TU'DOVATHACH THU'C DOI Vdl VIET NAM
Ngo Qudc Chien*
*TS. GV. Khoa Luat,Trifdng Bai hocNqoalthtranq.
Thdng tin bai viet:
Tit khoa: EVFTA, Vi?t Nam.
Lich sir bdi viet:
NhSn bai Bien tap Duyet bai
26/03/2019 16/04/2019 23/04/2019
Article Infomation:
Keywords: EVFTA, human Vietnam.
Article History:
nghts.
Received Edited Approved
: 26 Mar. 2019 : 16Apr. 2019 . 2 3 Apr. 2019
Tom tat:
Chinh sach kinh te doi ngoai cua Lien minh chau Au (EU) luon gan lien vai cac gia tri ve nhan quyen va phat trien ben viJng. Co the manh la mpt thi tmong chung rong ioti gom 27 quoc gia thanh vien, EU la mpt trong nhirng doi tac thirong mai co anh huong ldn nhlt tren the giai va luon muon ap dat cac gia tri ve nhan quyfin doi vdi cac doi tac ciia minh Phan tich tnet ly cua cac quy dinh ve nhan quyen trong HiSp dinh Thuong mai tir do Viet Nam - EU (EVFTA), m6i quan he gi&a EVFTA va Hiep dinh DSi tac toan dien (Partnership Cooperation Agreement - PCA) Viet Nam •- EU nhim d^ xudt phuong huong thirc thi EVFTA la viec lam can thiet.
Abstract
EU external economic policy is always associated with values of human rights and sustainable development. Being strong is a large conmion market of 27 member countries, the EU is one ofthe most influential trade partners in the world and always wants to impose human rights values on its partners. This article provides analysis ofthe philosophy of human rights regulations in the Vietnam-EU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), the relationship between EVFTA and Partnership Cooperation Agreement (PCA) Vietnam - EU and proposes recommandations related to the application of EVFTA
1. B^i canh ra dM cac quy djnh v^ nhan quy^n trong Hiep flmh Thirong mai ty do Vi|t Nam - Lien minh chau Au (EU)
Trong nhiJng nam gan day, tnroc su noi len cua mot s6 nen kinh te trong khu vuc
chau A - Thai Binh Duong, chinh sach doi ngoai cua EU co nhieu buac tien quan trong nh4m gianh anh huang trong mpt trat tir thh giai max'. Nhu da khang dinh trong Hiep uoc Lisbon, mot trong cac su menh cua EU
Di CO mot cai nhin r6ng hon, khong chi lien quan d k thirong niai, co the xem: Quan he dot tdc EU-ASEAN trieac sif cgnh tranh giira cdc cuong qudc Irong khu vtrc chdu A -Thai Binh Dtrang, Hpi thao qu6c te do Tnitrag DH Ngoai thuong ph6i hpp voi Tnrong DH Renoes II (CH Phap) phfli hop t6 chiic tai Ha Npi, thang 10/2017.
NHAjgUfflCVA^HAL^
la gop phan vao "hoa binh, an niahva pha.
triln bin vtrng cua the S ' ^ l l J ^ ^ ^ , . nhan quyln" ^. Th6ng qua c c chmh ^ac
n h a n u o c p h a p q u y e n m r n h b c h v a
thuong mai quoc te ngay 25/11/2010 cua NghTvien chau Au nhan inanh yeu cau bo sung mot loat cac tieu chuan ve mo, truong xa hai va nhan quyen trong tat ca cac FTA ma EU dam phan voi cac nuoc khac. _
Khi dam phan cac hiep dinh quoc te voi cac nuoc ngoai khoi, sir tuan thu cac fluy dinh bao ve nhan quyen thuong dugc EU coi la mot diSu kien doi vm cac nuoc ngoai kh6i mu6n thiit lap quan he hgp tac voi EU. Trong thtrc th, cac dieu khoan nhan quyto da duoc dua vao trong cac hiep dinh cua EU v4i hon 120 quoc gia tren the gioi . Viec tuan thii cac quy dinh ve nhan quyen trong cac hiep dinh nay la mot_dieu kien tien quyet ma su vi pham co thS dan toi cac bien phap tra dua ciia EU hoac tham chi la dinh chi hieu luc cua hiep dinh do. Trongcac hiep djnh nay cung quy dinh vS co che va quy trinh d6i thoai va tham vin thuong ky.
Tirnhflngnam 1990, EUtiSp tuc mong mu6n phat trien mot chinh sach doi ngoai
toan dien bao gom ca ITnh vuc kinh 16, chinh tri, xa hoi va khoi xuong cac hi?p dinh voi cac nucrc ngoai khoi. Khu vuc tna EU danh su quan tam hang dau la cac qudc gia chau A va cac nuac nam trong khoi Lien bang X6 viJt cu. Ban dSu, cac mrdc nay se dugc da nghj ky ket nhOng hiep dinh hgrp tac toan dien voi EU (duoi dang cac PCA). Sau khi th6ng nhSt npi dung PCA, trong do cac quy dinh vS nhan quyen tliucmg nam trong nhom cac di6u khoan chu y6u, cac ben moi tiSp tiic dam phan hiep djnh thuong mai. Bing each nay, EU co the gay siic ep toi cac quoc gia khac, bupc d6i tac ch4p niian cac nguyen tjc nhan quyen ctia EU de doi lai loi ich thuong mai thu dupe tir thj truong rpng 1cm nay'.
EU mong muon sit dung chien luge nay vcri hJu hit cac doi tac thuong mai cua minh nhim "Au hoa" cac gia tri nhan quyen tren pham vi toan cau. Phan Ion cac FTA dam phan va ky ket sau nam 2009 cua EU dugc dam phan theo chien lupc nay. Vi du, trong qua trinh dam phan hiep diiih thuoiig mai voi Nhat Ban, EU da yeu cau ky ket "goi hiep djnh" bao gom: (i) Hiep dinh d6i tac chiin luge (Strategic Partoership Agree- ment - SPA), trong do cac dieu khoan nhan quyin dugc dua vao nhom quy dinh cot loi va (ii) Hiep dinh hgp tac kinh te toan dien (Economic Cooperation Agreenient - ECP) (cac hiep djnh nay da dupe ky ket va co hieu luc vao thang 2/2019)'. iJieu tucmg tu ciing diin ra trong cac cugc dam phan FTA cua EU voi cac doi tac khac nhu Uc, Indonesia, Han Quoc, Singapore va Viet Nam^
Dieu 2, Doan 5.
Doan 15, Nghi quya cua Nghl vien Chau Au ngay 25/11/2010 ve nhan quyen. cac ti6u chuSn x5 hpi v^ moi mrimg trong cac hi^p dinh thucmg m?i quoc le.
European Parliament, "The European Parliamenl's role in relation to human rights and trade agreements [The roleoftlK European Parliament in the field of human rights m trade and investment agreements]". EXPO / B / DROI / 2012- 09, February 2014, download tai: hltp://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/86031/Study.pdfng^y 10/2/2019.
Nicolas Pigeon, "L'accord de libre-echange UE-Viet Nam: une hiiirarchisation des objectifs de Taction exteneure au danment de sa coherence^" (Hiep dinh Thucmg m?i ttr do Vi?t Nam - EU: thij ty h6a cdc myc ilich anh hucmg rJen sir thong nhit cua chinh sach doi ngoai?), European Papers. Vol. 1. 2016, no 2. European Forum, Insight of 14 August 2016, pp 691-704
Xem tai: http://trade.ec europa eu/doclib/press/index cfm?id= 1954 truy cgp ngdy 10/12/2018.
EU Annual Repon on Human Rights and Democracy in the World 2017,
xemt9i.http://wvn».consilium.europaeu/mcdia;35383/st09l22-cnl8.pdfngay 29/5/2018, 74-76.
IlAP P H A P ^ S4S(384)T4/2019
Quan he hgp tac EU - Viet Nam ngay cang duac ciing co, dac biet trong boi canh Viet Nam dang dong mpt vai tro dia chien luac quan trpng a khu vuc chau A -Thai Binh Duong, noi ma nhieu quoc gia tren thh gioi muon tao lap dupe su anh hucmg ciia minh. Ve phan minh, Viet Nam tich cue dam phan FTA voi eac doi tac chien lupe nhu EU khong chi nham muc dich kinh tS, ma con ca nhung ly do chinh tri va an ninh. Tir nam 1995, Viet Nam va Cpng dong chau Au (European Community - EC) da ky ket Hiep djnh Khung hpp tac Viet Nam - EC; nam 2003 Viet Nam va EU chinh thuc tihn hanh cac cupc doi thoai nhan quyen. Nhirng cupc dam phan nham thiet lap mpt khung phap ly toan dien cho mpt moi quan he hpp tac chat che hon giua Viet Nam va EU duoc bat dau tu thang 11/2007. Thang 10/2010, ben le Hpi nghi cap cao A - Au lan thu 8 tai Bi, Viet Nam va EU dam phan Hiep dinh khung Doi tac va Hop tac toan dien (Partnership and Cooperation Agreement - PCA); ngay 27/6/2012, PCA da duoc ky chinh thucl Dieu 1 cua PCA khang dinh cam ket ciia cac b6n la "ton trpng cac nguyen tac dan chii va nhan quyen, nhu quy djnh trong Tuyen ngon cua Dai hpi dong Lien hiep quoc ve nhan quyen va nhung van kien quoc te ve nhan quyen co lien quan" va la "mpt yeu to thiet yeu ciia Hiep dinh nay'"*. Tren co so PCA, Viet Nam va EU ti8p tuc dam phan EVFTA.
Loi ma dau cua EVFTA da tai khang dinh cam ket ciia cac ben trong bao ve nhan quyen theo cac cam ket quoc te'".
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT EVFTA la mpt loai hiep dinh thh he mai, bao ham khong chi cac quy dinh vh thucmg mai theo nghTa rpng, ma ca cac quy djnh ve quyen con nguai. Quyen con nguai trong EVFTA dupe hihu theo nghia rpng, khong chi bao gom cac nhom quyen the he thii nhat, tiic la cac quyen dan su va chinh tn (quyen duac song, quyen tu do ngon luan, quyen tu do tin nguang,...), ma ca cac nhom quy djnh the he 2, tiic la cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hoa (quyen dupe lam viec, quyen dupe huong an sinh xa hpi, quyen tiep can giao due, quyen bieu tinh, quyen nghi ngoi va giai tri,...) va ca cac quy dinh the he thii 3, tiic bao ham ca cac quyen lien quan tai moi truang, an ninh va phat trien.
Ba nhom quyen nay khong tach rai nhau ma ngupc lai CO quan he chat che vai nhau.
EVFTA khang dinh quan he hop tac kinh te, thucmg mai giua eac ben phai dua tren co so nhung nguyen tac da duoc khang dinh trong PCA. Trong do, yen cau ton trpng cac quy dinh ve nhan quyen la mot nguyen tac cot loi. Lai ma dau eua EVFTA da ghi nhan moi quan he hop tac thuong mai giiia cac ben phai dya tren nhung nguyen tac va gia tri duoc quy dinh trong PCA. Cu the hon, Doan 2 Diki 17.22, Chuang 17 EVFTA khang dinh Hiep djnh nay la mpt phan eiia quan he song phuong tong the theo quy dinh tai PCA va se la mpt phan ciia khuon kho the che chung. Ngoai ra, Doan 2 Dieu 17.18 EVFTA quy dinh, trong truang hap mpt ben vi pham co ban PCA (theo Dieu 57 PCA, vi pham cac nguyen tac ve nhan quyen dupe coi la mgt vi pham ca ban PCA), thi ben kia
i Ngay 1/11/2013, Viet Nam da phe chuan PCA. VgphiaEU hien co va 27/28 niroc phe chuan PCA la: Diic, Ha Lan, Bun-ga-n. Hung-ga-ri, Lit-va, Lat-vi-a, Ao, B6 Dao Nha, Sip, Tay Ban Nha, Et-xcr-to-ni-a, Thuy Dien, Dan-mach, Xa- lo-va-kl-a, Bi. Ru-ma-ni, Ba Lan, Man-ta, S^c, Xlo-ven-ni-a, PhSn Lan, Anh, Cro-a-ti-a , Luc-xam-bua, Ai-Ien, Phdp va I-ta-h-a Hien nay, con 01 niroc chu'a phe chuan PCA la Hy Lap.
Xem tai http://www.niofahcm.gov.vn/vi/mofa/cn vakv/euro/nr040823164750/ns 1605!7091516 (truy cap ngay 10/03/2019).
' Toan van PCA co thi xem dupe tai' https://eeas.europa.eu/sJles/eeas/fiIes/pca.pdf (truy cap ngay 24/3/2019).
0 Ban cufli ciing EVFTA (8/2018) da dugc trinh len Nghj vien Chau Au de phe chuan, em tai http7/tradeec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id^l437 (truy cap ngay 10/3/2019).
^ NGHlfeN Cini I C S6 8(384) T4/2019 V L A P P H A R I V
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LUAT
CO the ap dung cac bien phap thieh hop theo quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh nay.
Vl pham cac cam ket ve nhan quyen trong PCA co the dSn toi viec sii dung cac bien phap "tra dua" thuang mai nhu duac quy dinh trong EVFTA. Cac quy dinh nay co the tao ra mpt co che hieu qua hon de giam sat va thuc thi cac cam ket ve nhan quyen quoc te. Thuc te cho thay, mac dii cac quoc gia da tham gia ky ket cac hiep djnh quoc te ve nhan quyen, co che thuc thi trong cac hiep dinh nay chua dii manh, ma chii yeu van dua tren su tu nguyen thi hanh cua cac ben. Do do, tinh trang vi pham ve nhan quyen van xay ra 6 mpt so quoc gia, ngay ca cac nucrc da ky ket cac dieu uoc quoc te ve nhan quyen vi thieu mpt CO che thuc thi co tinh rang bupc cao.
Vai viec gan nghia vu bao ve nhan quyen voi cae quyen loi ve thuang mai, EU tao ra dpng luc thiic day cac doi tac thuang mai cua minh tuan thu nghiem ngat cac tieu chuan ve bao venhan quyen".
2. Tam quan trpng cua cac quy dinh ve nhan quyen trong Hiep dinh thvong mai tu do ViSt Nam - Lien minh chau Au
Mac du EVFTA la mpt Hiep djnh ve thuong mai, nhimg cac quy dinh ve quyen con nguoi chiem mpt vi tri quan trpng.
Lofi mo dau cua EVFTA viet: "Cac ben da: "Tai khang dinh nhung cam ket trong Hien chuong cua Lien hiep quoc ky tai San Francico ngay 26/06/1945 va cac nguyen tac ghi nhan trong Tuyen bo chung ve Nhan quyen dugc thong qua boi Dai hpi dong Lien hiep qu6c ngay 10/12/1948" va "Khang dinh cung CO moi quan he dau tu, thuang mai va kinh te phii hgp voi muc tieu phat trien ben vung trong khia canh ve moi truang, xa hgi
va kinh te, va thiic dky thuang m^i va dau tu theo Hiep djnh nay theo phuong thiic chu trpng tai cac tieu chuan cao ve bao ve moi truang va nguai lao dpng phii hgp voi cac tieu chuin va hiep dinh dugc thiia nhan a pham vi qu6c te".
Chiing toi phan tich nhung quy dinh v^ nhan quyln thh he thii ba, tiic cac quyen d6i v6i moi truang sdng va cac nhom quyen xa hgi, trong do co quyln lao dpng va tu do cong doan.
vh lao dpng, EVFTA dSn chigu tai cac thong le va cong uoc quoc te trong khuon kh6 cac quy djnh cua To chiic Lao dpng the giai (ILO), qua do ghi nhan tim quan trpng ciia cac Cong uoc ILO trong boi canh toan c4u hoa. Cac Ben tai khang djnh su cam ket, thiic day cac tieu chuan ve quyen Ipi ca ban tai noi lam viec theo Tuyen bd ILO vi cdc Nguyen tdc vd Quyen Igi ca bdn tgi nai ldm viec, bao gom 4 quyen ca ban la tu do hiep hpi va cong nhan hieu qua ciia quyen thuang lugng tap the; loai bo tk ca cac hinh thiic lao dgng cucmg biic hoac bSt bugc; bai bo hieu qua lao dgng tre em; va xoa bo phan biet d6i xu trong viec lam va nghe nghiep'^
Tuong tu, Doan 3, Di6u 13.4 EVFTA khuyen khich moi Ben:
"(a) n6 luc va iing hp viec gia nhap cac Cong uoc c6t loi ciia ILO ma Ben do chua phai la thanh vien,
(b) xem xet viec gia nhap cac Cong uac khac dupe cap nhat bai ILO tren co so xem xet cac dieu kien trong nuac, va
, (c) trao d6i thong tin voi Ben con lai ve viec gia nhap cac Cong uac tai Doan (a) va (b) neu tren"'^
Tobias Dolle, 2015, -Human Rights Clauses in EU Trade Agreements The New European Str
AgreemeniNegotiationsFocusesonHumanRights-AdvanlagesandDisadvantages".troni'\\eiB N '" ^^^ ^''^'le Jean-Marc (Eds.), The Influence of Human Rights on Intemanonal Law, Springer [ntematlonal p ' , |°™^"'^'"*"^^ni"- 223-225. uoiishing Switzerland, Doan 3. Dieu 13.4 EVFTA.
Doan3.Di6u 13.4 EVFTA
I LAP PHAP-
NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT Phan lan cac dieu khoan khac trong
cung Chuang ve lao dpng co mot diem chung la each tiep can "mem dec va linh hoat" vai ngon ngu sii dung chu yeu la "ghi nhan", "tai khang dinh", "thiic day", "ho tra",... Ngoai ra, trong Chuang nay cung khong quy dinh ve che tai hoac bien phap xii ly nao neu co hanh vi vi pham.
Tuang tu vai cac quy dinh ve moi truang, EVFTA tiep tuc dan chieu tai cac nguyen tac trong cac hiep dinh moi tmong da phuang. Tai Dieu 13.5, cac Ben thira nhan gia trj cua cac hiep dinh va co che hgp tac da phuong ve bao ve moi truang cua cpng dong quoc te de iing pho voi cac thach thiic ve moi truong va nhan manh su tac dpng tuong ho giua thuang m^i va moi truang. Do do, cac Ben cam ket "tham van va hpp tac, trong pham vi co the, lien quan toi cac van de moi truang co lien quan tai thuang mai vi Igi ich cua ca hai Ben"'''. Voi viec sir dung cac tir nhu "ghi nhan tam quan trpng"'^, "khang dinh" hoac "tai Idiang dinh cac cam ket"'^, "khuyen khich"''', "thuc day"'^ "hpp tac" va "tang cuong hop tac"
'^... cac quy dinh nay mang tinh chat "tuyen b6" va "khuyen khich" su hpp tac cua cac Ben nhieu hon la dat ra nhihig nghia vu rang bupc phap ly. Ngoai ra, mgt diem dang chii
y cua EVFTA la, trong khi sir vi pham cac quyen con nguoi ca ban (nhom quyen con nguai the he thii nhat) bi coi la vi pham co ban PCA, thi su vi ph^m cac quy dinh ve moi truang, lao dpng va phat trien ben viing chi dugc giai quyet theo cac ca che hoa giai thong qua cac cugc tham van chinh phii^" va y kien cua cac hpi dong chuyen gia-' (cac tranh chap lien quan toi Chuang 13. Thuang mai va phat trien bi loai tni trong pham vi ap dung cua co che giai quyet tranh chap thiet lap tai Chuong 15 cuaEVFTA)^l 3. Doi sach cua Viet Nam
Viec tham gia EVFTA (ciing nhu cac hiep dinh thuang mai tu do khac) bugc chiing ta phai tuan thii cac "luat choi"
chung^\ nhung dieu nay khong dong nghia voi viec chiing ta chap nhan toan bg cac chuan muc, gia tri cua doi tac. Ngugc lai, viec hpi nhap kinh te quoc te luon phai bam sat muc dich "vi Igi ich quoc gia - dan tpc"-'*.
Mpt so nghien ciiu gan day da chi ra rang, giira phap luat Viet Nam va EVFTA con kha nhieu diem chua tuong thich, dong thoi cac nghien ciiu do dua ra mpt so de xuat sira doi cu the^^ Theo tinh than cua Nghi quyet so 06-NQ/TW ngay 5/11/2016 cau Ban ch4p hanh Trung uong Dang khoa XII, trong thai gian toi, Viet Nam se phai ngi luat hoa cac
14 Doan l.Dieu 13.7; Doan 2, Dieu 13.6 EVFTA, Doan 1 Dieu 13.8.
15 Doan l,Dieu 13.5 EVFTA 16 Di^a 2, Doan 13 5 EVFTA.
17 Doan 3, D i k 13.7 EVFTA.
18 Doan 2, Digu 13.6 EVFTA
19 Doan 3, Dieu 13.7; Doan 2 Digu 13 8 EVFTA.
20 Digu 13.6 EVFTA 21 Doan 13.7 EVFTA.
22 Doan 1, Digu 13.16 EVFTA.
23 Muc 2 2 Nghl quyet so 06-NQ/TW ngay 5/11/2016 ve thuc hien co hieu qua tign trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc tg, gi&
vOng on dinh chinh trj - x5 hpi trong boi canh nuoc ta tham gia cac hiep dinh thuang mai tu do the he moi 24 Muc 2.2 Nghl quygt s5 06-NQ/TW ngay 5/11/2016.
25 Xem chang han' Ngo Quoc Chien, 2019, "Van dg nhan quyen trong cac Hiep dinh thuang mai tir do the he mai". Tap chi Nha nuoc va Phap iuat, so 2{370), thang 2 nam 2019, tr. 47-62; Le Thi Hoai Thu va Vu Cong Giao (dong chii bign).
Anh huong ciia thuong m?i ty do den nhan quyen, Nxb. Hong Diic 2016.
, NGHIEN CUU I 7 l)T4/2019 ^ L A P P H A p l •
NHA N JCtC VA P H A P J j l ^ quy dinh ciia EVFTA^'. Tuy nhien a diy c k luu y ring, khi chua noi luat hoa dugc cac quy dinh cua EVFTA, chiing ta van phai tuan thu cac cam k a trong hiep dmh nay, bm le theo quy dinh cua Luat Dieu uoc quoc te nam 2016, cac quy djnh cua dieu udc quoc te se phai dugc uu tien ap dgng so voi phap luat qu6c gia, trir Hien phap"
Mot nghien ciiu cua Uy ban Lien hiep qu6c ve Nhan quySn (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - OHCHR) cho biet, viec thtrc thi cac cam ket ve nhan quySn ciia mpt qu6c gia chju su tac dong tang hoa cua n h i k y6u to chinh tri, phap luat, thS chS. Theo OHCHR, kha nang qu6c gia do co thh dam bao va ton trpng nhan q u y k phu thuge At nhieu vao muc dp quan tri qu6c gia (good governance). Uy ban cung dua ra mgt s6 ySu t6 de danh gia bao g6m chit lugng qua trinh chinh phii dugc lua chgn, giam sat va thay thi, kha nang ciia chinh phii trong viec xay dung, thi hanh chinh sach va mire do ton trgng cua nguoi dan va chinh quyen doi voi cac the che-^
Phan tich cac chi s6 ciia Viet Nam giai doan 1996-2016" cho thiy, qua trinh thirc thi cac cam ket ve nhan quyen ciia Viet Nam gap phai mgt so thach thirc sau:
Thit nhdt, chat lugng va hieu qua Chinh phii trong viec xay dung cac chinh sach, quy djnh phap luat cr Viet Nam con kha thip. Chi s5 Regulatory Quality (phan
anh kha nang Chinh phii xay d\mg cac chinh sach, quy dinh) a Viet Nam chua toi 30 (tren thang d i i m 100), mac dii tit nam 1996 - 2016, chi s6 nay co tang nhung t6c do tang rit cham. Voi tinh hinh nay, trong thoi gian toi, viec ban hanh va thuc thi chinh sach va phap luat bao ve nhan quySn tai Viet Nam se gap nhiiu klio khan va co do tre nhit dinh.
Thu hai, viec thuc thi mgt s6 khia canh nhan quyen tai Viet Nam gap phai mpt s6 tro ngai xuat phat tir each hieu khong gidng nhau ve van de dan chu va tu do ngon luan. Theo nghien ciru cua Ngan hang Thi gioi (World Bank), muc dp tu do bay to quan diem cua nguai dan, muc dp tham gia cua nguoi dan vao viec lira chpn Chinh phu (Voice and Accountability) con thap (chi d?t 10 tren thang diem 100) va dac biet la chi si nay giam dan tir nam 1996 - 2016.
Thii ba, den nam 2016, chi so kiem soat tham nhung (Control of Cormption) ciia Viet Nam co tang nhung van chua dat 50/100. Do do, viec thuc thi cac cam ket trong ITnh vuc dau tranh voi tham nhiing, tang cudng minh bach hda chinh sach ciia Viet Nam se khong he de dang.
Mpt nghien ciru khac da cho thay, EU khdng nhat quan khi ap dung cac quy dinh trimg phat khi ben kia vi pham cac cam ket ve nhan quyen. Duong nhu EU da va dang ap dung chinh sach "mem nan ran buong"^"
26 Muc2.2 ve Hoan thien h? thong phap luat va nang cao nang lire thirc thi phdp lu^t.
27 Klioan I Dieu 6 Lual Dieu iroc qu6c te nam 2016 quy dinh; 'Tnrcmg hvp van ban quy pham phap luat vd dilu uoc quoc le ma nuoc Cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam Id thanh vien co quy drnh Ichdc nhau ve cting mgt vSn d6 thi ap dung quy dinh cua dieu uoc quoc te do, trir Hiin phap" Nguyen i k mi lien diiu iroc qu6c li so v&i phap luiit qufic gia cung duac e(i Ihe hoa trong nhieu linh vtrc phap lual lien quan nhu Bo lujt Dan sy n5rn 2015 (Dilu 665), Luat Thirong mai (DiJu 5), Luat Dau m nam 2014 (Dieu 4)
28 Unileil Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Good Governance and Human Rights, https;//www.
ohchr.orgfl£N;issuesmevelopment/GoodGovemance/Pages/GoodGovemuncelndex.aspx, (tnry cap ngay 10/3/2019).
0 A™in! 7 , ° ' ' " ° ' '^'- llttiaifiM:ldbank,ori./povern,n,.,/,,,„,/.„H„. ,.^.«..^...., „ „ y ^jp „giy 25,3/2019).
Z.Z ,t,J' ° " ' '''"°'™' " " ' " '«'"""' * I'Union europeenne : enlre syncretisme el recherche lie X Z d / f i i r m n J ™ . ? ""'"'' ''* ^°' °^"" ' " •="• ' ' • ' " " ^f "'""S "hSl '™"B " » h616n). Xem Bi: http://=ubs.
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^ I L A P P H A P ^ So 8(384)74/2019
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT Cac bien phap ma EU &p diing ddi vdi cac ti vi thuang mai mang tinh phap ly, nhung qudc gia vi pham nhan quyin mang tinh viec thuc thi phu thudc kha nhiiu vao yiu td phan tan, ngoai le, lira chpn va khdng nhit ^jni, j ^ . (-hinh tri. Vi vay, ben canh viec hai quan. EU td ra cting ran ddi vdi cac qudc LI„ UA.. - A- i. ^ w i -. ^
^ . , •, , • , . , • • ' ™3 noa cac quy dinh cua phap luat quoc gia gia CO VI the kem ve kinh te va yeu ve quan , . , , ; ; ; . , . , . ,
,, „;• . . . , i 1, . , 7 ,, vai cac cam ket quocte, Viet Nam cung phai su". Doi vai cac cucmg quoc ve kmh te va/ - , , , • ^^
hoac quan sir va/hoac dia chign luge, viec ''^"^" ^' '^^ "^'^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ '^'l'"^ ^''- ^' ap dung cac chg tai trimg phat cua EU gSn ^^"^ S'^ ^"^c chca kinh te toan cau. Co nhu nhu khong xay ra va nSu co thi cung hhx siic the chung ta moi co the vira hpi nhap kinh th mhm deo va thuong thong qua cac co chh quoc te, giiJ vimg on dinh chinh tri - xa hpi, cua Lien hiep quoc. bao ton va phat huy ban sSc van hoa dan tpc Dieu nay cho thay rang cac FTA, trong va giu vung dpc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat do CO EVFTA, mac du la cac dieu uac quoc va toan ven lanh th6H
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Amine THABET, "Droits de I'homme et action exterieure de I'Union europeenne: entre syncretisme et recherche de coherence" (Nhan quyen va chinh sach d6i ngoEii cua EU: di tim su thSng nhit trong mo h6 16n). http://eubg.eu/upload/files/801262982_DROITS%20DE%20L%E2%80%99HOMME%20ET%20 ACTION%20EXTERlEURE.doc {truy cap ngay 25/3/2019).
2. Ngo Quoc Chien, 2019, "Piin di nhdn quyen trong cdc Hiep dinh thuong mgi lie do the he mdi". Tap chi Nha niroc va Phap luat, s6 2(370), thang 2 nam 2019, tr. 47-62.
3. European Parliament, "The European Parliament's role in relation to human nghts and trade agreements [The role of the European Parliament m the field of human rights in trade and investment agreements]", E X P O / B / D R O I / 2 0 1 2 - 0 9 , February 2014. http//www europarl europa.eu/cmsdata/86031/Studypdf (truy cap ngay 10/2/2019)
4. EU Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World 2017, download tai http://www.
consihum.europa eu/media/35383/st09122-enl8.pdfngay 29/5/2018, 74-76.
5 Nicolas Pigeon, "L'accord de libre-echange UE-Viet Nam: une hierarchisation des objectifs de Taction exterieure au detriment de sa coherence?" (Hiep dinh thuong mai tir do Viet Nam - EU- thir ty hoa cac muc dich anh hirong den sy thong nhat cua chinh sach doi ngoai?), European Papers, Vol 1, 2016, no 2, European Forum, Insight of 14 August 2016, pp. 691-704.
6, Tobias Dolle, "Human Rights Clauses in EU Trade Agreements: The New European Strategy in Free Trade Agreement Negotiations Focuses on Human Rights - Advantages and Disadvantages", trong Weil3, Norman, Thouvenin, Jean-Marc (Eds.), The Influence of Human Rights on International Law (2015), Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 223-225.
7. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Good Governance and Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/DeveIopraent/GoodGovernance/Pages/GoodGovern3ncelndex.aspx, (tmy cap ngay 10/3/2019).
Cac nir6c timg bi EU trimg phgt vi vi pham nhan quyen chii yen la cac quoc gia chau Phi va chau A, nhu. Angola, Bo Biln Nga, Cgng h6a Cong Go, Etiopia, Liberia, Libya, Nigeria, )e Sierra Leone, Somalia, Soudan, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Trilu Tien, Iran, Irak, Libanon, Belarussia, Moldavie, Ouzbekistan,
So 8(384)14/2019
-. NGHIEN CUU I Q
^ L A P PHAP I **
