MAI VAN HAI*
Tir trudc den nay, khong chi trong ddi song hang ngay ma ca trong khoa hgc, hai khai niem "van hoa" va "van minh" van chua c6 su phan dinh rach roi. Dieu nay khong chi dan den su roi lan trong tu duy va trong viec trao doi tu tudng hang ngay giira ngudi nay vdi ngudi kia, ma con tao ra khong it can trd trong qua trinh xay dung va phat trien cua khoa hgc - nhat la cac bg mon nhu Van hoa hgc, Nhan loai hgc, Xa hgi hgc van hoa vdi tu each la nhiing bg mon khoa hgc dgc lap.
Xuat phat tir tinh hinh tren, trong bai viet nay, chiing toi cd gang diem lai nhirng quan diem va khuynh hudng khac nhau ve hai khai niem "van hoa" va "van minh", tren ca sd d6 dua ra quan diem cua minh, vdi hy vgng g6p phan giai quyet van de da neu.
I. Khuynh hirong dong nhat van hoa voi van minh
Dai bieu sdm nhat va ciing la ldn nhat cua khuynh hudng dong nhat van boa vdi van minh la E. B. Tylor (1832 - 1917). Ong coi hai tir nay chi la hai each ggi khac nliau ciia cimg mgt y niem. Ngay dong md dau cong trinh rat noi tieng cua minh la Vdn hoa nguyen thuy, xuat ban nam 1871, Tylor viet: "Tir van hoa hay van minh, theo nghia rgng ve tgc ngudi hgc, noi chung gom c6 tri thirc, tin ngudng, nghe thuat, dao dire, phap luat, tap quan va mgt so nang lire va thoi quen khac, v.v... dugc con ngudi chiem ITnh vdi tu each la thanh vien xa hgi" (E. B. Tylor, 2000: 13). Mac dii, ciing trong cudn sach do, Tylor da phan biet ra ba muc tien hoa khac nhau: trang thai mdng muoi, trang thai man da va trang thai van minh ciia cac xa hgi - nghTa la ong da cd y thirc kha ro ve van minh, song nen van minh d day chi dugc hieu nhu mgt kieu van hda c6 sir phat trien cao.
Nhung khong chi cd E. B. Tylor dong nhat van boa vdi van minh. Sau dng, do chiu anh hudng qua ldn bdi dinh nghTa cua ong, nen nhieu ngudi van tiip tuc trugt theo khuynh huong do. Mgt cuon tir dien rat dugc ua chugng ra ddi sau do khong lau, cuin Di sdn My. da giai thich van boa va van minh la nhiing tir ding nghTa. Ci Phap, khi E.
Durklieim (1858 - 1917) va M. Mauss (1872 - 1950) vilt: "mgi van minh chi la bilu thi mgt cugc song tap the theo mgt loai rieng" thi c6 nghTa cac ong ciing coi van hoa va van minh la mgt (Jean - Pierre Durand, 1997: 618).
Khuynh hudng dong nhat van hoa vdi van minh con thi hien d viec chuyen nghTa cac khai niem nay tir nen van hoa nay sang mgt nin van hda khac. Trong cdng trinh Xd hgi hgc dicong dgi cua minh, Durand va Weil cho bilt, tri thiic Phap thich diing khai niem van minh hon khai niem van hoa, hay noi dung hon la khai niem van minh theo quan niem cua ngudi Phap co ngi ham rat rgng, bao gom trong no tat ca nhiing gi thugc van hoa. Jean Cazeneuve ciing cho la nhu vay. Bing chiing la tac pham noi tieng bang tilng
PGS.TS.; Vien Xahpi hoc.
Anh cua R. Benedict co tieu de Patterns of culture (Nhiing khuon mau van boa) da dugc dich sang tieng Phap la Echantillon de civilization (Nhtrng khuon mau van minh).
Cuon sach noi tieng ciia Tylor Primitive culture (Van boa nguyen thiiy) khi dich sang tieng Phap ciing mang ten Civilisation Primitive (Van minh nguyen thuy) (Jean Cazeneuve, 2000: 36 - 37).
Nhin chung, trong buoi dau ton tai vdi tu each la nhiing danh tir khoa hgc, hai khai niem van hoa va van minh van thudng dugc nhap cue vdi nhau lam mgt. Su thieu minh dinh nay da lam tieu ton biet bao giay muc cua cac nha nghien cuu thudc nhieu the he tiep theo - ke ca nhiing ngudi dem doi lap van boa vdi van minh hay nhirng ngudi coi van h6a va van minh la hai thuc the vira thong nhat -vira khac biet, ma dudi day chiing ta se lan lugt xem xet.
2. Khuynh huong doi lap van hoa vol van minh
Khuynh hudng nay dugc the hien rat ro trong lich sir tu tudng ciing nhu lich sir khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van. Nhin mgt each bao quat sir phat trien ciia van boa va van minh, ngudi ta thay, neu nhirng gi dai dien cho van minh nhu khoa hgc, cong nghe, ky thuat va cac yeu to vat chat luon van dgng theo tuyen tinh va hudng ve tuong lai, thi van hoa la nhting gi lien quan den gia tri, ly tudng, cac pham chat dao dire, nghe thuat lai luon CO xu hudng van dgng ngugc de trd \-e nguon. Su van dgng ngugc chieu nay da dugc nha xa hgi hgc ngudi Dire la Ferdinand Tonnies phat hien ra tir cuoi the ky XIX. Nghien cim ve su tien boa ciia to chirc xa hgi tir cgng dong den hiep hgi, ong cho rang, tuong img vdi hai kieu to chirc do la hai kieu quan he: quan he cgng dong tinh (gemeinschaft) va quan he hiep hdi tinh (gesellschaft). Theo ong, dac tnmg ciia quan he cgng dong tinh dua vao tinh cam, la van boa; con dac tnmg ciia quan he hiep hgi tinh lai dua theo chiic nang, la van minh va su van hanh ciia hai mo hinh nay hoan toan doi lap vdi nhau.
Trong budi dau cua xa hgi hgc Dire, Alfred Weber cting co quan diem tuong tu.
Tuy nhien, phai chd den Oswald Spongier (1880 - 1936) thi quan diem nay mdi dat den miic do gay gat nhat. Trong tac pham Buoi hodng hon cua chdu Au, cong bo vao nam 1919, nha triet hgc ngudi Diic nay cho rang van minh la cai gi do van dgng va tien len khong ngimg trong khi van boa lai khong giong nhu the, do do van hoa va van minh la cac hien tugng khong chi doi lap ma con bai trir lan nhau. Bi quan hon, ong con khang dinh van minh chinh la dinli menh va la "cai chet" cua van hoa. The hien quan diem ciia minh. Spongier dua ra mgt bang doi sanh thii vi. Rang van h6a giong nhu mgt thii ton giao, no chang c6 ba con gi vdi van minh vo dao. Rang van boa thieng lieng va huyin bi, con van minh chi la sire manh va ly tri lanh liing. Va rang, trong khi van hoa mang diy dii ban sac dan tgc, khong the ban va ciing kho cd the mua thi van minh lai mang tinh quoc te, co the xuat hoac nhap khau mgt each de dang. Theo each phan chia ciia ong thi van hoa la triet hgc, nghe thuat. tho ca, la su bay bong ciia tam hon, do do no khong c6 chung dung gi vdi van minh la ky thuat, la thanh pho da, la sirc manh ciia ly tri va sir siing bai dong tien.
Trudc sir phat trien nhu vii bao ciia khoa hgc ky thuat vao nua cudi the ky XIX, d Nga ciing co nhieu nha tu tudng, nha van diing tren lap trudng cua van hoa de bieu 16 sir thil dich doi vdi van minh. Constantin Leontiev (1831 - 1891), mgt trong nhiing nha tu
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tudng ldn, da the hien sir dong tinh vdi Spengler bing each phat triln luan diem ve thugc tinh tinh than cua van boa va tinli phi tinh than ciia van minh. Dimg cimg mgt chien hao vdi Leontiev, cac nha van va cac nha tu tudng khac nhu F. Dostoevski (1821 - 1881) va V. Soloviev (1853 - 1900) ciing lo ngai rang nen van boa vT dai cua cac dan tgc roi se mat, no se chet di va nen van minh - mgt nen van minh xa la day nlitrng sir vo dao, d6 thi boa va quoc te hoa se den thay the cho nen van boa co truyen cd be day hang nghin nam lich sir va dugc xay dung tren mgt co sd t6n giao, trong d6 chira dung mgt sir tugng tnmg thieng lieng. Va cimg vdi van minh, mgt kieu con ngudi mdi, mgt ke hanh tien dang tdi, bang y chi chinh phuc, no se chiem doat mgi quyen uy cua the gidi va dat ach th6ng tri den mgi ng5 ngach ciia hoan cau. Cac ong canli bao rang trong budc di vang dgi nhiing thang lgi ciia van minh, linh h6n ciia van hda se chet. Nhung nen van minh, den lugt no, ciing tu xac dinh la "se chet" - va cai chet do dugc bao hieu bang sir can kiet ve sirc sang tao cua van boa (N. Berdiaev, 1990: 42).
Bien hg cho quan diem ciia minh, nhtrng ngudi theo khuynh hudng doi lap giira van boa va van minh cho rang sir tien bg ciia khoa hgc, ky thuat va c6ng nghe dai dien cho van minh, khi khong dugc kiem soat se tham nhuan mgt tinh than phillistin, se keo theo su suy doi ve dao dire, sir khimg hoang va cai chet cua van hoa. Ngudi ta kliang dinh rang con ngudi van minh la con ngudi danh mat minh trong d6 vat, hg chi con la nhting ke phuc vu cho su van hanli ciia the gidi d6 vat ma th6i. Sir tien doan ve cai chet cua van hoa chac ban kh6ng hoan toan dimg, song 16i nhin va each dat van de cua hg khien ngudi ta kh6ng the thd o trudc su phat trien tu phat ciia nhtrng gi dai dien eho van minh, nhat la trong thdi ky hien dai.
3. Khuynh hudng coi van hoa va van minh la hai thuc the viia thong nhat vu^a khac biet
Ngd nliu qua trinh tim toi va suy ngam ve m6i quan he gitia van boa va van minh se di vao ngo cut, khi ma cac nha nghien cim vira neu da di het chang dudng ciia hg tir su d6ng nhat den sir d6i lap giira hai khai niem nay. Nhung kh6ng, ben canh hai khuynh hudng do, lai xuat hien mgt khuynh hudng thii ba: do la khuynh hudng coi van hoa va van minh la hai thuc the vira th6ng nhat vira co sir khac biet. Vao nhimg nam culi thi ky XX dau the ky XXI, nha tu tudng Phap Edgar Morin, trong bai bao Ddi thogi mang tinh binh ddng, da viet: Van hoa la nhtrng gi thugc vl mgt nhom thiiu s6, mgt dan tgc hay mgt cgng d6ng - hay n6i mgt each khac la nhimg tap quan, tin ngudng, tuc le, le nghi, ll hgi, la cau chuyen ve thin thanh hay thin thoai. Trong khi do, van minh la nhirng gi co the lan toa tir mgt nen van boa nay tdi mgt nin van hoa khae. Ching ban, each trong khoai tay da dugc truyen tir vimg Andian d chau My tdi chau Au va sau do tdi nhieu noi khac tren the gidi, cting nhu viec sir dung cai cay dugc bit dau ttr mgt goc cua the gidi va sau dd lan rgng tdi mgi noi. Noi each khac, van minh mang dac tinh ky thuat va vat chat: no la thii co tbl dugc chuyin tiip (Edgar Morin, 2004).
Cimg chia se quan diem vdi Edgar Morin, d Nga vien sT Vatali Costomorov da bo nhieu c6ng siic de tim hieu su khac biet giiia van hoa va van minh. Tuy nhien, sir tim toi cua hai vi ciing co chS kh6ng giong nhau. N I U nhu Edgar Morin chi su dung mgt vai tieu chi nhu nhung gi "thugc vl mgt nhom" va nhirng gi "co the lan toa tir mgt nin van
boa nay tdi mgt nen van hoa khac" de phan biet van h6a vdi van minh, thi vien sT ngudi Nga lai liet ke ra den 8 dac diem lam co sd cho su phan biet do. 0 luan van Todn cdu hoa vd sic tieu diet bdn sac vdn hoa ddn tgc, Vitali Costomorov noi rang: Van minh gan chat vdi tien bg, trong khi do khai niem tien bg chua ban dung vdi van h6a. Van minh mang tinh nhdt thdi (luon thay d6i); trong khi van hoa (nhu nghe thuat) thudng khong bi gia c6i di. Van minh la hep ly hoa, no lam cugc s6ng con ngudi bdt kho khan; trong khi van boa tudng nhu phi ly lai tac dgng vao tiem thiic va dua chiing ta tiep can viec nhan thirc y nghTa cugc s6ng cua con ngudi. Van minh c6 xu hudng vuot ra ngodi cdc phgm vi ddn tgc, tien tdi su pho qudt hoa xa nhdt the hoa cac thanh tuu cua minh, tdi su todn cdu hoa, trong khi van hoa bi che dinh ve mat dan tgc. Van minh la eai phan boat dgng ciia con ngudi, thudng xuyen dugc doi mdi; con van hoa la the gidi tinh than, no tao ra cac gia tri, ma thieu no thi cugc s6ng ciia con ngudi danh mat y nghTa - dti co thinh vugng den dau ve vat chat (Vitali Costomorov, 2004).
Trong khi do, d Viet Nam, Phan Nggc cting dua ra mgt bang so sanh ve sir khac biet giti'a van boa va van minh. Vdi luan van Ve vdn hoa vd vdn minh, ong da chi ra: 1) Van niiiili lien quan chii yeu tdi sir tien bg ky thuat lam chii tu nhien hay sir tien bg ve t6 chirc xa hgi, thi van h6a d trang thai chung nhat bieu hien mdi quan he ciia con ngudi vdi ca ba mat tu nhien, xa hgi va tam linli; 2) Cac nen van hoa kliac nhau c6 the co mgt trinh do van minh ngang nhau; va 3) Ky thuat va each van dung no (tire la van minh) co the lan ra rat nhanh khap the gidi bat chap mgi the che va thay doi khong ngimg, trong klii van hoa lai tuong d6i 6n dinh, gan bo sau xa vdi ddi song tinh than cua mgt the cgng dong (Phan Nggc, 2004: 99). Tren co sd do, 6ng dua ra mgt nhan dinh co y nghTa phuong phap luan trong viec nghien cim van boa va van minh: "Vi van minh dua tren ky thuat, ma ky thuat lai cue ky nang dgng, nen nghien cim van minh cua mgt nudc, mgt dan tgc la cbii y tdi mat dgng, mat bien d6i cua the cgng d6ng nay trong viec thay doi cai CO che xa hgi, van hoa cii. Con nghien cim van hoa lai xet den mat tTnh, mat cau tnic ciia mgt xa hgi trong do c6 phuong dien nghi le, phong tuc, tap quan, chinh tri, nghe thuat gan bd vdi nhau mgt each htru co lam thanh mat tinh than ciia tgc ngudi hiiu quan" (Phan Nggc, 1994: 10).
Dac biet, can ghi nhan d day la, trong khi say me tim toi va chi ra cac tieu chi nham phan dinh rach roi gitia hai khai niem, cac nha nghien cuu thugc khuynh hudng nay van khdng quen nlitrng bieu hien thong nhat ciia chiing. Nhirng ngudi img hg quan diem nay cho rang van hoa va van minh la nhtrng khai niem gan giii, co quan he mat thiet, chiing kh6ng hoan toan doi lap nliau, song ciing kh6ng hoan toan d6ng nhat vao nhau.Chang ban, trong tac pham 77/?; ve bdn sac vdn hoa Viet Nam, tac gia Tran Nggc Them viet: 1) Van boa chiia tat ca cac gia tri vat chat lan tinh than, con van minh chi thien ve cac gia tri vat chat; 2) Van h6a mang tinh dan tgc. van minh cd tinh qudc te; va 3) Van boa gan bo nhieu hon vdi phuang Dong nong nghiep, con van minh gan bo nhieu hon vdi phuong Tay d6 thi (Tran Nggc Them, 2001: 25-26).
C6 nhien la chung ta van co the tranh luan vdi cac tac gia thugc khuynh hudng thii ba nay d diem nay hay diem khac, nhung nhin chung day la khuynh hudng dugc nhilu ngudi chap nhan hon ca. Bdi vi, ngudi ta tin rang, mac dii van hoa va van minh la hai
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thuc the kha khac biet, song ca hai deu do con ngudi sang tao ra, do d6 gitra chiing ciing CO nhiing dieu th6ng nhat vdi nhau. Sir th6ng nhat nay the hien d chd neu van boa lu6n hudng tdi nhirng gia tri tinh than cao dep, thi van minh lai la sir khang dinh nang lire chinh phuc ciia con ngudi trudc the gidi - nghTa la ca hai dugc sinli ra vdi cimg mgt muc dich, do la dap img nhirng nhu cau kh6ng the thieu ciia con ngudi va sir phat trien xa hgi.
4. Quan he giira van hoa va van minh the hien moi quan he thong nhat va da dang trong phat trien
Edgar Morin, trong mgt c6ng trinh mdi dugc cong b6 gan day la Trdi ddt To quoc chung, vilt ring: " N I U khai niem "van minh" bao quat tat ca mgi dieu mang tinh pho quat vl t l chat, nhu c6ng nghe, hang hoa hiru ich, bi quyet lam an va loi s6ng dua tren viec sir dung va tieu dimg cac cong nghe va hang hoa ay, thi khai niem "van hoa" bao quat tit ca mgi diiu dgc nhit, dac thii va dgc dao d6i vdi mgt nhdm sac tgc hay mgt dan tgc nhit dinh. Tuy vay, ngi dung ciia hai khai niem nay co nliieu mat cd the thay the lan nhau tdi mgt mirc do nao d6" (Edgar Morin, 2002: 86).
Qua vay, van hoa va van minh la hai khai niem, hay noi khac di la hai thuc the co tinh dgc lap tuong dii. Quan he giiia hai thuc the nay la moi quan he vira thong nhat
•vira khac biet, trong d6 c6 nhting yeu to cua phia ben nay cd the chuyen hoa sang phia ben kia va ngugc lai. Noi theo cac nha triet hgc, day la m6i quan he gitra cai chung va cai rieng. Con theo each noi cua cac nha van boa hgc thi quan he van boa va van minh the hien nguyen ly th6ng nhat va da dang trong phat trien. Trong m6i quan he dd, van minh la nhiing mat, nhtrng thugc tinh, nliimg yeu to co y nghTa ph6 bien va ton tai ngay trong timg nen van h6a dan tgc, no dac trung cho sir thong nhat ciia con ngudi, ciia lich sir toan the gidi va su tien bg ciia nhan loai. Ngugc lai, m6i nen van boa dan tgc, ngoai nhtrng mat, nhtrng thugc tinh, nhiing yeu t6 co y nghTa ph6 bien, con cd nhirng net rieng dac thil va dgc dao, dac trung cho ban sac ciia m6i cgng d6ng qu6c gia - dan tgc.
Nhung trong m6i quoc gia - dan tgc, van hoa va van minh kh6ng t6n tai tach rdi va CO lap nhu nlitrng cii khoai tay trong mgt bich khoai tay, ma ludn tham nhap vao nhau, gan ket chat che vdi nhau de tao nen ban sac dan tgc d6. Kh6ng nhtrng the, van hoa va van minh con luon chuyen hoa lan cho nhau. Bat ky nhtrng mat, nhtrng thugc tinh, nlitrng yeu to ph6 bien nao cua van minh nhan loai cting co the gia nhap vao mgt nen van hoa dan tgc, ket hgp vdi nhiing net rieng dac thii va dgc dao cua no de tao nen sue song mdi ciia nen van hoa do. Ciing vay, bat ky nhung net rieng dac thii va dgc dao nao cua timg dan tgc, klii gia tri ciia no dugc phat hien va thira nhan mgt each rgng rai, deu CO the dugc cac dan tgc khac khai thac va sir dung, lam phong phii them cho von van boa chung ciia toan nhan loai.
Xuat phat tir m6i quan he bien chiing gitra van hoa va van minh, co the de dang nhat tri vdi nhau rang cac gia tri van h6a c6 truyen cua mgt dan tgc chi cd the dugc thuc hien mgt each t6t nhat nhd mgt nen van minh phat trien. Ngugc lai, mgt nen van minh phat trien cao neu mu6n ton tai mgt each lau ben ciing kliong the khong dugc xay dung tren CO sd ciia cac nen van h6a, mang y nghTa van hda va dugc sir c6 vii manh me bdi van hoa. Noi mgt each hinh tugng la: moi quoc gia - dan tgc deu cd quyen lap ca hai chiec
hanh xe van boa va van minh vao cimg mpt c6 xe tren con dudng di tdi hanh phiic va sir phat triln bin -virng cua minh - bdi hai phuong thuc sinh t6n nay hoan toan co the b6 tuc cho nhau:
Van hoa Van minh
Tuy nhien, ngudi ta ciing c6 the dat cau hoi: Vay tai sao tir trudc den nay van ton tai d6ng thdi nhieu quan diem kliac nhau, dac biet la quan diem d6i lap giiia van boa va van minh? Cau tra ldi chi co the la, sir th6ng nhat giira van boa va van minh khong phai la su th6ng nhat mgt chieu, ma la sir thong nhat bien chiing. Dimg la "cac gia tri van hoa chi CO the dugc thuc hien nlid mgt nen van minh phat trien", song sir phat trien phien dien va mil quang ciia van minh co the lam lang quen hoac lam buy hoai nhirng ly tudng cao dep va sir da dang cua cac nen van boa c6 truyen co be day hang nghin nam lich sir.
Ciing vay, "mgt nen van minh phat trien cao kh6ng the khong xay dung tren co sd ciia van h6a", nhung neu hi tr6i huge qua nhieu bdi cac thugc tinh dac thii va dgc dao cua moi nen van hoa thi van minh cting kh6ng the bat re sau vao ddi song ciia tung qudc gia - dan tgc. Van de dat ra la can phai dieu chinh mgt each bai hoa va hgp ly giira cac yeu t6 van boa va van minh, truyen thong va hien dai trong qua trinh phat trien.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Edward B. Tylor (2000), Vein hoa nguyen thiiy, Tap chi Van hoa nghe thuat. Ha Npi.
2. Jean - Pierre Durand va cpng sir (1997), Sociologie comtenporaine, Vigot, Paris.
3. N. Berdiaev (1990), Y ngln ciia Fauste trudc khi chit. Tap chi Spoutnik, so 3/1990 (ban tieng Phap).
4. Edgar Morin (2004), Dot thogi mang tinh binh ddng. Tap chi Ngay nay, so 7, ngay 1 - 15/4/2004.
5. Vitali Costomorov (2004), Tocin cdu hoa vd sutieu diet bdn sac van hda ddn toe, Bao Van nghe sl 14, ngay 3/4/2004.
6. Phan Ngpc (2004), Vi vdn hda vd van minh. Tap chi Van nghe quan dpi, so 3/2004.
7. Phan Ngpc (1994), Van hoa Viit Nam vd cdch tiip can mdi, Nxb. Van hoa - Thong tin.
Ha Npi.
8. Ho Ngpc Dai (1998), Vdn hoa - van minh, Tap chi Xa hpi hpc, so 3/1998.
9. Tran Ngpc Them (2001), 77;?; vi bdn sac van hoa Viit Nam, Nxb. Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
10. Edgar Morin (2002), Trdi ddt To quoc ckung. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
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