Van

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/Biet sac van hoc Dang Trong, nhin tii sif xuat hien mot so the loai

dac thu: Van - Ve, Tuong

T R A N THANH T H 6 Y *

K

hffi tao trfin vOng d i t mffi, trong hai trfim nfim phfit trien, vfin hpc D a r ^ Trong*^' da nhanh chdng vOdt qua nhflng bffdc chap chiJng dau tifin d l tao nfin cho minh nhOUg biet s i c cua mft vflng vdn hpc. NhQng bift s i c ay t h i hifn trfin nMlu phOdr^ ffien: hfi thfi'ng chu de - d l tfii, Mnh tffdng trung tfim, ngon ngfl, the logi.. Rifing ve the loai, vfin hpc Dfing Trong da cd bffdc trtnh hifin ngogn muc, mpt mflt v l n tifi'p n i i nhflng t h i loai truyen t h i n g cua vfin hpe viet trung dgi tO nMlu t h i ky trffdc, nhff tho Dodng lufit, phfl, vfin tl..,; mpt mfit lai "dung dudng",

"dd diu" cho sff phfit t r i l n , vffdn l l n vfi chiem linh vfln dfin ciia nhiing loai hinh vfin hpc pM cliinh t h i n g , mang dflc thfl phUdng Nam nhff van - vb, tuong. Chung tdi ndi den tinh "dfie thu" khdng phai bdi d Dfing Ngofii choa tffng x u i t Men nhOhg tfie p h i m gan Uln vdi ten gpi van - v l hay tuing mfi bffi tinh chat dfic biet trong khong gian, phffdng thQc t i n tgi vfi vai trb cua moi mpt t h i logi nfiy.

1. V a n - v e

Vl the vfin, d Dfing NgoM, diu t h i 1^

iXVII dfi cd Ldm tuyin vdn d a Phflng Khic Khoan. Culi the ky XVII cd hai bfii thd NSm Tu Unh vdn cua Ngiyfin Ttii Ngoc Vinh - vUong pM d a chfla Trinh Doanh. 6 Dfing Trong cd Ngga Long ci&mg vdn, Tu Dung van d a Ddo Duy Tfl (cflng dau t h i ky XVII), Lu Khi van d a Mgc TMen Tich, Ai tu vdn cua Lfi Ngpc Han. Trff trfldng hdp Ai tu van, mang mach sau rifing tU, thuc c h i t lfi mpt fing vfin ai van dflng trong dip tang l l d B i c Ha, cac tfie phim cbn lgi deu chung mft phong each "cbij y thufit sU hoflc t a tinh tfi canh" vfi d "nhgc each em diu"'^', trong dd, d i n g chfl y cd bfii ca vfin cua Phung Khac Khoan vfi Dfio Duy Tff, xuat Mfn dau t b i ky XVH, cflng chung mpt lli luc bat trffdng tiiiln'^'.

iNhu vfiy, sU khfic bifit gifla hai Ddng Trong - Ngofii khSng phai d cho cd hay khong cd cflng mft the loai vfin hpc, mfi trong trudng bdp nfiy, su khfic bilt n i m d vai trb, vi tri d a t h i loai trong tong t h i

* Ths. Trin Thanh Thfly, NCS. TrUdng Dai h^c KHXHNV, DHQG Hd N6i

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Tran Thanh ThUy - Bi$t sde vdn hda Bdng Trong nhin tic su xudt hi$n... 77 vfin hpc vung. Van khdng phai lfi t h i logi

mffi nhung vffi tinh cliat d a mpt the loai gan vdi dan gian, vfin ndi rieng vd t h i tfii luc bfit ndi chung cM nhU mpt "di'u cfng"

thfim vao su "nglu hiing" cua mft s l it tfie gia Dfing Ngofii, trong kM d Dfing Trong, ctiinh cai the logi "cd cSng dung binh dan"**' g i n gui vffi dan gian dd lai md d i u cho mft thffi dgi van hpc. KhSng t h i coi lfi i ^ u nMen kM hai tfie pham "md d U d r ^ cho vfin hpc Dang Trong lai la hai bfii van NSm luc bfit d a Dfio Duy TO - mft ngOffi mfi chung tSi tin r i n g , vdi v l n Idln thQc uyfin thdm vfi hpc ngMfp tOtig trui rbn nffi dat Bic, se khdng khd d l tnfdc thuat nhflng the loai vfln chUdng bac hpc cbinh thing. Dfl r i n g trong Ngga Long cucmg van vd Tu Dung van, ngofii hinh thffc thd tbeo ISl dfin gian, thi nhuhg ylu t l dfin gian trong nfi dung vfi ngSn ngQ h i u nhff khfii^ cd (vi ong, dfiu sao v l n lfi mot nho si tQ Dfing Ngofii vfio, trong buli d i u cua xa hfi Dang Trong), thgm cM nfii dung thd vfin cdn mang nfing tinh c h i t bfic hpc d a tM phu m i l n Ble, nhffng ro rfing, sff xuat Mfn cua hai bfii van ndy vffi kha nang ffiln xUdng k i t hdp dpc, k l , hat la tiin di dinh hudng cho sUphdt triin mgnh me cda tinh ddn gian trong vfln hpc Dfing Trong sau dd, ma Sdi Vdi d a Nguyfin Cu Trinh Id mSt ffiln Mnh thu vi.

Sai Vdi lfi bfii ve - mpt t h i loai t h u i n binh dfin, mang tinh ch^t k h i u cMe'm.

Qua hogt canh dfi'i thogi giQa Sng Sai vfi mu Vai - hai n h a n v^t v l n cbn bi "thd't tinh" rfing bupc, NgiQ^en Cu Trinh bfii xich lo'i tu hfinh gia dfi'i, ldnh ddi, de cao cdch tu thUdng tri, tQc tu hfinh theo dUdng lli

T i n g Nho - "tu vd", "tu vfin", c i t cho fch node ldi dan. Gipng vfin hfii bffdc, tidng ldn, ldm cho sff ly bdt tfnh each mfiy mdc, khS khan, giup ngiM nghe d l thufc Ibng, Ifim nfin sff tlianh cong ve mfit trinh diin ciia tfie p h i m .

Sdi Vai trd nfin dfic biet khi mfi d Dfing Ngofii, vd v l n lfi m f t t h i Ioai thuan dan gian vfi cM xuat Men trong vfin hpc dfin gian. Choa titog thay bait ky mft tfie gifi ctifnh t h i n g nfio sfing tfie vfi, hofic d l lgi danh tinh d nhflhg bfii vd. Trong kM dd, tai Dfing Trong, Tuan phu Quing Ngfii Nguyen Cu Trinh, mpt vi tUdng "chiu quyln trpng t r i h n h l t phuong" lgi lUa chpn sfing tdc theo t h i thQc vfi d l dfng viln tinh than quan si; ffieu ndy he IS ve mSt sinh kM sinh boat van hpc hofin tofin khfic vffi cdi Dfing Ngofii. Su khac bilt nfiy, tnfdc hfi't lfi d quan mfim. Bdi ngQdi Dfing Trong khdng cho rang ve "qua d l dai tam thudng" v l nghe thuat nen nd cM d the lfi s i n p h i m cua "bfin tay binh ddn" nhU d Ddng Ngofii. Bffi v l d Dang Trong khdng cM cd "tinh chait trao phung hoac thffi sU", n h i m "gdi y khen che, sU pham binh" mfi nd cd t h i dung de "ffiln dgt b i t ky tU tUdng gi", bao gom d vifc phflng tMch thffi t h i , td tinb, ta d n b , ke vifc, gifio h u i h , tuyen truyin, vilt thU, te, hich*^', nghia Id "cd hpi" d l sQ dung vfi "cd" d l sfing tfie ve dudng nhu md rflng hon ban. Mfic du cimg chung cfii "goc" "hUdng vao dai chflng" vfi mang "tinh cfich binh dfin", nhffng trong kM ve Ddng Ngofii cd t h i dflng nMeu Mnh thffc nhff ndi lli, luc bat, hfit giam... tM ve Dfing Trong cfin ban lai cM chap nh$n each gieo van noi ldi, tQc n h l t tMet phai

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78 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015 gieo tbeo loi van cUdc, van Uln doi mSt vfi

gian d e h b i n g t r i e doc bfii. Chinh viee cM sff dung duy nhat mft t h i thQc vS'n thdng dung trong vfin t u o i ^ - ndi loi - nhO vay kMI'n cho Sdi Vai khong cdn Ifi loai ve d l nguffi ta ffi rfiu rao, dpc, k l khap Ifing tren xdm dffffi (nhu cfich p h i bifi'n d Dfing Ngodi) mfi dd Ifi mdt man tfwgi kich de ffiln trd, mft bfii tu&ng vdi hai nhdn vat dli thoai la fing sai vfi mu vai. Su g i n gui, giao thoa vdi nghfi thufit bilu difin - cu t h i trong trffdng bdp nay lfi nghe thugt tuIng - cMnh la net dfic biet trong phffdng thQc luu truyin d a cfic bai vb phffcttig Nam.

2, T u o n g

Cd sd cho sU hinh thfinh the loai tuong, cbn gpi la hfit bSi'hfit bS, khSng p h l i de'n the' ky XVII mffi manh nha xuat Men d Dang Trong. Trffdc do, trfin vimg Ifinh tho thupc ve xQ Ddng Ngoai kM a'y, nghfi thufit san khau da cd mft thdi gian dfii phat t r i l n va titog bOdc dinh hinh. Trd nhai - logi Mnh nghe thuat san kha'u sd khai:

dung con ngOffi d l ddng gia mot ngffffi khac - da phfit trien kha rpng rai tO thdi Dinh. Thdi Tien Le, vua Lfi Ngpa Trilu dfi nudi mpt sS' ffiln vifin h i Ifim trb giai tri.

Trilu Ly, nghe si san ktiHi chuyen ngMep da dSng. Culi t h i ky XII, tff nhflng trb nhgi, trd h i trffdc dd, dfi cd mpt t i l t muc san khau r i t ddn sd. T h i 1^ XHI, vua quan nha T r i n tnftig dung dffdc mot con hat ngfldi Han la Ly Nguyfin Cat cflng vffi tofin bp bau ganh cua anh ta trong dfim tfl binh Mfing Cl, day thfim da cbo nghe thudt san khiu phfit triln. iNhiJng d n h "ra vfio tren san khau" "danh trS'ng t h i i sfio, ddnh dan

v l tay" trong tich Tdy Vuang Mdu hiin bdn dao do nhdm Ly Nguyfin Cfit bieu ffiln cM ddn t h u i n lfi nhQng ngM thQc phong k i l n do cung dinh t l chQc trong dip khfinh tilt; chflng cM cd gifi tri nhQ nhiJng tilt muc le, nhflng trb vui chic lfit, khdng cfi tinh tie't bi hoan ly hdp, khdng phai lfi tulng*^'. VI cd ban, d Dfing Ngofii, cho de'n t h i ky XVIII, "cM cd nhflng trb le nhff nhan v$t t h i y day hpc (su pham), thiy cung (dao si), dng lao (thUdng tho), trai rffdu (trudng yfin khfich), mu di (xuyln dUdng khdch), eon bdm (dang du)"*'''. Nghfi thuat tuong dUde Mnh thanh, tbeo Giao sff Hofing Chfiu Ky, la "ket qua cua mpt qua trinh tu phfit trong dfin gian, do yfiu d u d a quy lufit phat t r i l n eua cfic trb sfin khau ra truyin lflc ay, ket hdp vffi nhiJng nhan t l mang tinh trinh thffc d a am nhac A dfio vfi cfic logi ffiln xffdng tfi' l l phfl hdp vffi phong cdch kich hat, vffi yeu clu phat t r i l n cfla sfin khdiu"*^'.

Dang chfl y la d Dfing Ngofii, tQ the l ^ XV, nghe thuat san khaii khong nhfin dfftfc sff ung hfi cua trieu dinh. Thdm cM, vua Ll Thfii Tdng (1437) dfi r a lenh d m cfic trb sdn khfi'u vfi dfin ca vfio ffifin trong cung dinh, cho dd la nhQng trb du M d a ke tieu nhfin, khdng phO hdp vffi ngffffi qufin tff.

Thffi Lfi, quan chffc Ily con gdi nha ca xffdng lam thfi hay Ifim tMep deu bi phgt dbn 70 trOdng vfi bifi'm ba tri. Con trai quan chffc Ifi'y vd nhfi hfit xffdng, bi dbn 60 tnfdng vfi bufc ly di. NgOdi con trai dang d l tang cha me mfi "ffi xem nffi trb hat vui dfla" tM phai "lugn vfio tSi luu". Ngudi ffi Qng tM mfi lfi con nhfi ca xudng tM cung giong nhu ran chdu nguy quan, con chfiu

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Trdn Thanh Thuy - Bi$t sde vdn hda Bdng Trong nhin td sU xudt hi$n...

nhflng ngudi chd'ng d l i lai trieu ffinh - diu nhat tMet khSng dffdc tham du*^'... Tuy bi trilu ffinh khinh thi, nhffng ngbf thu^t san k h i u v l n phfit t r i l n trong ddn gian, d l roi de'n nam Quang Trung thQ hai, l l n diu tien Pham Dinh Ho n h i c ffi'ch danh nghf thudt "hat bfi": "Khoang nam Canh Hitog, phudng chlo bpi pha thfim lli Ban M, mua hat dua cdt hfii hudc chang khac 0. M tnfdng.. TQ nfim Canh Tud't (1790) dfi'n nay, ddn gian lgi bfiy trb hfit bpi..."'^*". Sau dd, hinh thai nghe thuat nay dfi tfich thfinh chlo va bpi, cheo phat trien manh trong dfin gian Dfing Ngofii, cbn bfi tim thay nguin dudng c h i t trong vfin hda Dang Trong, d l dfi'n "cuoi t h i 1^ XVII, sang dau the ky XVIH, tM chung ta mffi cd nghfi thufit tuong vffi cfic ffieu hfit ble, hat nam cua nd"'^H

Mdc dfl v l mat vfin ban vfln hoc, Mfin nay ehffa tim thaiy van ban tuIng nfio gM ro thufc ve giai dogn cfic chfla Nguyin (tat nMfin cd mft b l i d n h chung lfi rd't It van ban t u l r ^ cd the xac dinh dUpc men dai).

Cling nhu trfin phUdng ffifin lich sff, Mfin nay d r a t it tfii Ufu gM chip ve hogt dSng vfin hda nghfi thu$t thdi cac chfla Nguyin nhffng nMeu nhfi i^Mfin cffu nghfi thuat tuIng da khdng n g i n nggi khang dinh:

"thffi cfic chua Nguyfin, nganh ffiln tuong chac chan dfi rait thinh hfinh"*i2), hay:

"khong t h i ho ngM rang tuIng da cd bffdc phat t r i l n vUdt b$c dUffi thdi cac chua Nguyen d Dfing Trong, bffi nhff mot le tff nMen, sff phfit t r i l n dinh cao d a tuIng duffi trilu Nguyin khfing t h i khfing dffa trfin mft cd sd vflng chle tnfdc dd"*^^'. Giai doan nay xuat hifin mft loat kich ban

khuyfi't danh mau mffc, the tfii thfi'ng n h l t , tap trung vfio chii de "phd vua ffift nguy".

Nhijttig vd nhff San H&u, Tam nd dS viomg, Ducmg Cfidn T^, Gidc oan, An trdo kiim, Ho thgch phd... chu yfi'u ffi vfio d l tdi cung ffinh, phdn finh quan bf cMnh t r i - x a hfi giQa cac phe phfii phong k i l n ndi chung.

Mfiu t b u i n xa hpi dffdc phan finh trong loai tuong nfiy lfi mdu thuan phong kifi'n nfi dia, khong cd gific ngoai xfim (nfi'u cd giflc ngoai xam tM cOng chi lfi tinh t i l t phu, d l d i y tinh tifi't kich phfit triln). Tbeo Hofing Chau K^, "xa hfi dffdc phan finh trong loai tuong nay tffdng Qng vffi xa hpi node ta d giai doan cfic the 1 ^ XVI, XVII, XVIII"*^*'; tfie gia tuy khuylt danh nhffng c6 t h i dfim chle "hp thupc vfio logi cong than d a chfla Nguyin, da s l lfi vo quan eao d p hoflc nhflng ngUffi hogt dSng cMnh tri" hoac "nhOng nghfi nhfin b|ic t h i y (thiy tuIng), cd chflt ft kien thffc vfin hpe"*^^'.

iNMeu gia thuylt cho rang, nghf thufit tuong sinh ra vfi ldn l l n trong nhiJng dfi qufin cua trieu Nguyin, vfi Dao Duy TO chinh lfi vi thfly t l cua nganh tuIng Dfing Trong. Tuy nMen, trong cfic sff Ueu (chfnh thS'ng vfi da sff) gM chip ve Dfio Duy Tff, khSng thiiy cd ddng nfio ndi v l quan he cua hp Dfio vdi tuong. Hon nfla, kM v l phung sff chua Nguyfin, tuoi d a Dfio Duy TO cd le cung da ngogi ngO tuan, sQ ngMlp Min hfich cua Sng dfldc tao l§p trong chua d i y mffffi nam ngan ngui, lgi lfi quang thdi gian luon bdn ba sa trffdng, bay mOU iQdc, ldp k l sfich, khSng rd Sng cdn cd thffi gian nao d l nhuan s i c tuIng San Hdu, gdy dung nen d bfi mat nghfi thuat tuong do

so sau nay! HuS'ng ho, nhff libd ngMfin cflU

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80 Nghien cihi Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015 Nguyin Vfin Xuan tflng k h i n g dinh; "loi

hdt, ddng tuIng ve thdi d e ehua chua thay cd hm hudng gi d a hfit bf mac dfl nfim ^y Id nfim 1695 - 1696 md Dao Duy TO da chit t o nfim 1634!"*i«'. T h i nen, nguin goc nhong tfn mfm v l vai trd d a Dfio Duy TQ dol vffi n g h i thudt tuIng m i l n Trung, cd le, it nMlu Ufin quan den xuit than con nhfi ca xUdr^ d a S i ^ (du r i n g , que hffdng ong - Thanh Hda - lai lfi vung dait mfi nghfi thuat tuong xul't Mfin kha mupn, vfi lfi

"san p b i m ngffdc" tO mien Trung dffffi trieu Nguyin*"'). Vfiy nfin, lgp lu|fli d a TS. Ngigrln To Lan v l quan hfi cua Dfio Duy Tff vffi nghfi thufit tuIng mfi ehflng toi d i n ra sau day, khSng phai lfi khong cd ly:

"Chuyfin Ddo Duy TQ, cfing than d a nhfi Nguyin dope ton vinh nhff v§y cung khong nam ngofii Ie thffdng kM b i t ky ngdnh n g h i nfio (khSng cM nghfi thu^t t u l r ^ ) cflng cd xu hodng ll'y nhfin vfit Uch sQ n i i t i i n g mfi cufc dffi hofic truyin thuylt v l hp cd doi chut Uen dffi tffi minh Ifim t l sff theo thdi thffdng cd t h i Mlu dffdc md trong trfldng hdp nfiy Dfio Duy TQ lfi mpt nhan vat tMch dang d l dflhg d vi tri dd. iNhitog d mpt mfit khfic, Bdo Duy TU dugc coi Id td sU ngdnh tudng Hui co le cUng ndm trong dung y cda triiu Nguyin nh&m cdp cfio bp mon tudng (chd khdng ph&i bdt ky logi hlnh nghi thugt ndn khdc) mpt sU gia trgng cdn thiit, thi hiin tinh hxm hdn cua logi hinh nghi thudt ndy trong nhdng mdi quan tdm cda triiu Nguyin"<^^\

Chung tdi dfic biet n h l h manh vao y kifi'n thff hai nfiy. Trfin thQc te, khSng cM

trilu dinh nhfi Nguyin sau nfiy mffi cd sU chfl trpng dfic bifit vffi nghfi thuat tuing, mfi ngay tO thffi cfic chua Nguyin, t u l i ^ dodng nhff dfi dffdc ffU fii hdn b i n . Trong kM vua chua Dfing Ngodi khinh thi, ngdn dim ffiln tuSng d cung dinh tin d Dfii^

Trong, thffi chfla Nguyin Phffdc Nguyfin, cung ffinh cd ba dfi n h a nhac, mfla vfi ca vu g i m 360 nghf nhfin hogt d S i ^ trong Hba Thanh thu. Den dffi Nguyen Phffdc Khofit, ffinh thff nhfi chQa cbn xdy dffng Mfin D i n g Lae chuyfin ffiln tulng. Chfla NgL^rln r i t chu y dfi'n vife k i l m ffiln vifin gidi n g h i . Bed Nam Hit truyin tiin biin chip vific Vu Vudng Nguyin PhUdc Khoat da tOng sai ngoffi vfio Tran Bifin (Gia Dinh) bat con hfit*!^'. D i n the ky XVIII, d cdc khu vQc dfi thi Dfing Trong, "lUc lUdng nghf n h a n sinh sd'ng b i n g vile kinh doanh bieu ffiln nghe thufit dfi r i t pho bil'n"*^'"; vfiy nfin mdi cd h i n mft bdi tho (Manh ky) cfla mft trong nhOng nhfi nho n i i danh xff Gia Dinh kM I'y (Trinh Hoai Dffe) t a mft ea nM mfl, nfim 1761. Cfin cff vfio nfi dung nhQng vd tulng dOdc cho Id ra ddi vfio thffi eae chQa Nguyin, vffi chu d l trpng tam lfi "phb vua ffift nguy", nMlu f kifi'n eho r i n g , sd di edc chua Nguyin

"nfing dd, d l cao" nghfi thuat san khiu la bffi muc dich "sff dung nghf thuat sfin khaii de Ifim cong cu phuc vu cho dffdng lli, nMfm vu chinh tri, cho c h l dp cua vfldng trieu inuih"*^^'. Dfiy lfi mdt ffiem khdc bilt vffi Dfing Ngofii bffi trong kM edc chfla Nguyin d l cao nghfi thu$t sfin khl'u tM d c chfla Trinh lgi chfl trpng sfing tac thd, ddc bifit lfi thd Nfim, ntilm ca tung vffcmg quyln phu chOa. Nghfi thu$t san kha'u v l n

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Trdn Thanh Thdy - Bi$t sde vdn hda Bdng Trong nhin tit stf xudt hi^n..

dfi dUdc nhfin d a n Dfing Trong Ua chuSng<22)^ lai gap sff "ndng dd" cfla phu chua - dfl vi mue ffich 0. tM eung khSng t h i phu n h a n tfie dfng tich cue d a sQ OU fii nfiy - nen da plifit trien rffc rd.

Hdi ngogi k^ sU d a TMch Dgi S i n cd dogn chep v l nghfi thufit bilu ffiln d cung ffinh phu chua (khoang nam 1695 - 1696) nhff sau:

Lan thQ n h l t , cd "bd'n, nfim mffcri cung nff, ngffdi nfio cung thoa son, danh pha'n, bgn do mfiu Iuc dai p h i t da't, dpi mao vang gilng nhgc mfio t h a t phat', hoac tay d m nhac kM, qud nffa giS'ng nhac kM Trung Hoa, cM cd yeu co (trS'ng eo litog) dfii dfi hai thffdc, giOa eo nhd, hai dau bdng phang ldn hdn, dflng tay v6 cd tie'ng vang hung trang, nhff tieng trd'ng dong, lai cd thQ dfin gilng dan tranh vudng dai, gifla trd'ng bing, gifing bd'n day cd tua, Sm trfin gfii de khay, fim van nghe r i t thanh tao. Bpn cung nfl nhip nhfing sap thfinh bang ngfl, am nhac hba tfiii; ca nhi hfit khflc 'Thai Ufin' (hai sen) ngan gipng cham rfii cbo an nhip vdi trS'ng dan, vu nfl hoa tay mfla bo nhff dffdng hai sen vay"*^^'.

Nfi'u day chi ddn gian lfi mpt ffieu ca vu, tM dfi'n lan thQ bai, TMch Dgi San da mieu ta vl mft lan "ffiln tulng" that sff trong buli tifc d nhfi cong chfla: "Trong cufic bat, chu nhan dat mot cai trong ldn (trong chau) bfin sdn kha'u, thinh thoang ffiem bai ba tiing trS'ng, cung mfit y nghia nhff gd nhip thud xQa vay. Ngfiy ay, Vffdng {tdc Nguyin PhUdc Cfidu - T.T.T) rat cao hOi^, tff danh trfi'ng ffiim nhip cho bpn hdt;

thanh ffifu la lung, bf tich dOdng lo'i cung

khac, ngffffi trong tifc xem rl't thfl vi, rieng ta d m thfiy buIn buln..."*^*'.

Trong cung ffinh da thfi', ngofii dan gian thi theo ghi chdp cua J. Barrow trong Mpt chuyen du hdnh din xU Nam Hd (1792 - 1793):

"Xem kich hflt d Trung QuS'c cung nhff d Nam Hfi khSng bao gid phai ma't tiln vao cu'a. Cac ffien vifin hoac lfi dope thufi d l bilu ffiln trong cac cupc vui tQ nhan vdi mft s l thu lao dffdc an dinh cho ca ngay, hoflc lfi hp xua't hifin trffdc cfing chung trong mpt lan rgp ditog tam, mfit trffdc hofin tofin d l tring. Trong nhflng tnfdng hop nfiy, tbay vi cM vd tay hoan nghfinh, khfin gia da nem cho hp nhOng dong t i l n ding... Doi vffi nhCtog ngffffi Nam Hfi, vd kich thodng dope gpi lfi Troien [truyfin]

nghia lfi 'nhOng cau chuyen kl'. DS'i vdi nhQng dogn ngdm vinh xen gifla vd, Ifin ffifu ca vu, ho gpi tfin la Song-sang vfi mpt ddn hdp ca ldn ffi kdm vdi cbieng, trong, chum choe, ken vfi nhijftig nhac cu I n ao khac dffdc gpi lfi Ring-rang... Theo sff dfinh gia cua hp. Ring-rang vfi Song-sang bay vfi cflng vfi chung cfing I m i thi hp cang hoan nghfinh nMfit Ufit"'^^*.

Can cQ vfio nhCtog mieu t a cfla J.

Barrow, cd the doan chac dd lfi ffien tuong bffdc dau. Ngay ca each goi vd kich lfi

"Troien" cflng phfl hdp vdi thdi quen gpi tulng la "ffiin truyfin". Theo TS. Nguyin Tfi Lan, "c6 t h i Mnh dung dffpc ngay tff thdi cac chua, tu&ng d mpt trtnh dp nhd't ffinh nfio dd da dOdc trinh ffien p h i bifi'n d khu vffc nfiy vffi su hodng ffng rdng rai cfla ngffdi dan, trd thfinh bp phfin cd hflU trong

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82 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sp 11/2015 dffi sing vfln hda t m h thln"*^^). Lfip lu^n

nay cang to ra cd gid tri kM dli chil'u lgi vffi mfit s l gM chep v l vific thu linh Lia (the ky XVIH) tQng ba Ian mdi gdnh hfit len Trudng May (Qudng Ngai) bilu ffiln, hoac chuyfin v l Nguyin Hue rat m l tuong va tffng ddng vai he tulng riit gidi, thgm cM cd mSt kep t u l n g lfi N h u t ^ Huy da tffng Ifim de'n chffc DS dS'c doffi thdi Tay Sdn*^''. Tat d nhflng ffiiu dd diu chflng minh mft ffieu rang, nghf thu$t tuong d Dang Trong da ed sff phfit t r i l n quy md vfi anh hudng rfng rfli k h i p trong cung ffinh cho d i n ngofii dan gian, trai ngffdc vdi Dfing Ngofii cM danh chd dflng cho i^hfi thufit san khau d trong dan gian.

Dfi'n dfiy, cd t h i k h i n g dinh, vdi sffc sing cua t h i van - ve, tudng cs Dang Trong, Ian dau tifin trong lich sff vfln hoc v i l t dfin tpc, xuat Mfn nhflng tfie pham dffdc sfing tdc ra khSng phai de dpc t b i m , d l suy mem md Ifi d l ndi vfi trinh diin. T h i giffi nghe thu§t khdng cM gdi gpn trong nhflng con chff, mfi cdn cd mSi trffdng ffiln xffdng, khong gian ffiln xffdng, t h a m cM cd ca nhflng "vai" ffiln - mfit dfic ffiim g i n vffi vfin chffctog truyin mifing t r o i ^ dfin gian.

Sff khac la nfiy trong dffdng hudng phat t r i l n cua vfin hda - vfln nghe Dfing Trong, chac h i n phai cd cfln nguyen tO khdng gian vfln hda dflc biet eua xQ sd.

3. Cd s d vfin h d a c h o srf h i n h t l i a n h nhiJng t h i l o a i d|ic t h i i phrfcfhg N a m

L l n lai t i l n trinh Nam tien cua cQ dfin Viet, tbay r i n g , dofin ngffdi ffi ddn md sinh If vfio miln Nam thud l y p h i n nMlu lfi nSng ddn, binh si vfi tfi do. Tang ldp nfiy

cd "dc pMfiu IffU", "thudng it hoc song lgi d kMfi'u v l ca hfit"*28'. Chic h i n trfin bffdc dudng khai cd Ifip ngMfip, cung vffi cfii culc, cfii cfiy, hp cung mang theo mSt tam hon vfln nghf vfi truyin thS'ng van nghf d a mdnh dd't chSn nhau d t rS'n. Nhflng cau hfit t r i n g qufin, Idi quan hp, cae Ifin ffifu dan ca, vi phffdng vai, hfit dam, hd ve... theo budc chfin lifU dfin t i l n d i n vdo phUdng Nam, roi cflng vffi thffi gian bil'n tl^u, chuyln doi cho phu hdp vdi sinh kM vfin i ^ h l dia phffdng, hba d o i ^ t h i m nMlu yfi'u tS' t h i ngffi d a ngUM CMfim Thfinh, Mifin, Thffdng va sau nay lfi d ngffffi T r u i ^ Hoa.. Ifim cho sinh boat vfin nghf nffi day them phan da dgng. Chfnh ldp ngffffi nfiy sfi quylt dinh sU phat khdi, tnfdng t h a n h cua vfin nghfi Dfing Trong theo dffdng loi rieng, k h d i ^ cbn gilng vdi phffdng thQc phdt t r i l n tff day d a Dang Ngofii. Bffi hp, chff khong phai t i n g ldp nho sinh (nhflng tri thffc dffdc dfio tgo bdi ban) mffi la dd'i tUdng cbinh tiep nhan vfi luu truyen cac san p h i m vfin chUdng.

Hfinh trtnh t i l n v l phUdng Nam la mft chuii dfii cac hogt d f n g phfi d i t , duli sau, b i t t h u i n g luong, cliiln diui vffi ke thu, vdi tMen nMfin hung dfl.. Cufic sfi'ng cua con ngffdi vi the md thUdng t M I n v l banh dfng vfi rait kdm suy tU (dd lfi chite k l , ban c h i t ldp ngudi liy, vfi'n di rat ft suy tU). Nen vfin nghe phyc vu dSi tupng v l n khdng d n dpc, khong d n ngam nghi b i n g xem, nghe, xfle dfng, cUM cpt, hoa chdn mfla tay nhff vfiy, chac c h i n cung trd nfin khfic b i l t NhOtig bf mSn trinh ffiln, nhflng bfii thd, vfi, truyfn ke, ca hfit, ca kich., vui ra vui buIn ra buIn, trd nfin cd sffc hfi'p d i n vfi

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Trdn Thanh Thuy - Bi^t sde vdn hda Bdng Trong nhin tCt su xudt hi$n...

sffc s i n g dfic bilt, dung nhff nhan dinh cua Nguyen Vfln Xufin: "Roi trfin dffdng vifin du vfi tam dinh cff, nen van nghf vfin lfi mSn gifii tri cd y ngMa nhfi't, hi'p d i n n h l t cua ddn ehflng cQ phat t r i l n diu dlu"*^'.

Chia ke. Dang Trong kM dd cd n i n kinh t l thffdng nghifp phfit t r i l n trong khu vffc DSng Nam A dffdng thdi, trfii ngffdc hofin tofin vffi xfi hpi Dfing Ngoai luSn sS'ng khep kfn, "trpng nSng flc thffdng". So xuit Min vfi phfit t r i l n d a t i n g ldp thi dfin ddn d i n sff ton tai tren thffc te ciia nhu cau ve nghe thugt bilu ffiln. Vific phai chuyfin ngMfp hda ngMep vu bieu ffien thfinh mft logi hinh kinh doanh trd thfinh le hien nhiln.

Vd bf qua lfi, nghfi thuat sdn khUj, cOng vffi nhitog loai binh g i n k l , giao thoa vffi nd, Iai cd thfim mpt nguon dfng Iffc de phat trien bdn nfla.

Ket lu^n

Nho vay lfi, tO "nga re Nguyin Hoang", vdn chffdng Dang Trong "da g i n nhff cd b i n nhong phffdng phap, nhQng quy lufit, mft ca tfnh tach bifit b i n su phat t r i l n cua van chuong Bic hfi"*^*". Trong kM vfln chffctog Dfing Ngoai tach thfinh hai dffdng phfit trien song hanh; van ebUdng bac hoc vfi binh dan, trong dd vdn chUdng bfic hpc v l n luon Ily dS'i tUdng tri thffc Ifim cfin ban, tM vfin chUdng Dfing Trong bao gid cung c l gang binh dan hda, hUdng de'n dS'i tupng la nhflng ngffdi binh dan, quan chung lao dfng, binh si... Do lfi ly do khie'n cho vfin hpc vie't Dfing Trong phat t r i l n trong mpt sinh kM hoan tofin mffi la, mfi sffc sS'ng dfic bipt cua t h i van - ve, tulng

vffi UU thfi' vUdt trdi v l kha nfing ndi va trinh diin lfi mft ffiln hinhV.

CHU THICH

1. Chflng tSi quan nifm 'Vfln hpc Ddng Trong"

Id cM t i t cd nhflng sdng tfie bing chff Nfim vfi chfl Hdn xuat Mfn d khu vUc pMa Nam sfing Gianh (Qudng Binh), trong khofing thdi gian 1600 - 1802.

2. Phgm T h i Ngfl (1997), Viet Nam vdn hgc sd gidn udc tdn biin, Tdp H - Vdn hgc lich triiu: Viit van, NiXB Ding Thdp, Ding Thfip, tr. 262.

3. L&m tuyin vdn gom gan 200 cdu luc bdt, nfii vl thfl ldm tuyln cfla ke si In ddt va migu ta Mnh ddng, mfli vi, mdu sic, cong dung...

cfla cac loai hoa, la, rau, qua theo tieng dia phuong Nghf Tinh. Ngoa Long cUdng vdn gom 136 cdu thd luc bat, k l chuyfn Gia Cfit Lupng ddi Tam Quic, In cu trgn nfli Ngpa Long nhu con ring dtfi thdi; qua do Dfio Duy Tff da nfii lgn khat vpng mufi'n dem tfii tri giflp ddi trong hodn cfinh dat nudc dang phdn diia. Tu Dung vdn gom 336 cfiu (chfl yeu la luc bdt), la mft bai ca tnfdng thien ca tung phong vfit Tu Dung, qua do dl cao cdng ngMgp cfla chfla Nguyin, cufic song tUcfi vui, binh tri cfla nhan ddn vd migu td cdi thfl ygn hfi md k l sT efi t h i tim thiy trong canh nude non tUoi dep.

4. Dutfng Tu Quan (1944), "Khdo vl Dao Duy Tff", Tri Tdn, s l 164; dan theo; Pham T h i Ngu (1997), Sdd, tr. 262.

5. Xem thgm: Pham T h i Ngu (1997), Sdd, tr.

272 - 273.

6. Xem them: Pham Dfle Du^t (2007), "Van hpc tuong ntfdc ta tif kM Mnh thfinh de'n hit the ky XIX', Vdn hgc Viit Nam thi k^

X - XIX, nhQng vdn di ly ludn vd lich sd, Trin Ngoc Vudng chfl bifin, NXB Giao due.

Hfi Noi, tr. 778 - 780.

7.Pham Dflc Dudt (2007), Tldd, tr. 779.

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84 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A, solll^Oj^

8. Hoang Chftu Kf (1973), Sa khao lich sit ngM thuat tidng, NXB Van hda, Ha Niii, tr, 64.

9. Kh&m Dinh ViSt sji thdng gidm cuang nu^;

din theo: Hoing Chiu KJr (1973), Sdd, tr.

41 - 42.

10. Pham Dinh Ho (2003), Vu tmng tiiy biit, Trin Thi Kim Anh Ichao cdu van ban, dich, cha tlilch va gidi tlii^u, NXB Khoa hpc xa hOi, Ha N6i, tr. 83.

11. Pham Bflc Du^t (2007), Tldd, tr. 786.

12. TuySn tap NguySn Vin Xudn (2002), NXB Da NSng, Da Nang, tr. 565."

13. Nguyin T6 Lan (2014), Hido ludn vi tuSng Qudn phuang t&p khdnh, NXB Th^

gidi. Ha NOi, tr. 289.

14. Hoang Chau Ky (1973), Sdd, tr. 73.

15. Hoang Caiau Kf (1973), Sdd, tr, 82.

16. Tuyin tdp Nguyin Van Xudn (2012), Sdd, tr. 669.

17. Nguyin T6 Lan (2014), Sdd, tr. 266.

18. Nguyin TS Lan (2014), Sdd, tr. 261. Phin in nglii&ng do tdc gia bai vilt nliah manh.

19. Dan theo: Pham D4c Du|it (2007), Tldd, tr, 787.

20. Cao Ti( Thanh (2007), "Van hpc Dang Trong", Van hgc Via Nam thi kj X - XIX nhiing vdn di ly ludn vd lich si^, Sdd, tr.

281.

21. Hoang Chau Kf (1973), Sdd, tr. 71.

22. sach d chdu cdn luc cda Duung Van An, khi ghi lai nhong sir ki^n trong sinh hoat vCing Thuan QuSng th^ k^ XVI tCmg cd doan vi^t: "... mua xuan md h^i dua thuyln, lua la tha thudt, mua hfe md cuOc tang cuu (trong t^, ngoai liat mua), liat mua riim beng.. Dua dam ma thi hat mda trudc linh cijfu goi la 'dUa linh'... Tham chi noi trutmg hat mda canh khuya h6 giuc rli ma cd" ngii rue dl mua vui. HI cd vifec Ky Y6n, thi dii vdi mdt 11 mon ga xdi, cung bay trd lidt xudng" [din theo Pham Ddc Duat (2007), Tldd, tr. 7871; qua dd cd the ihiy ttt trddc khi chua Nguyin cat cd Dang Trong, ndi

day da cd mdt phong trao diln trd va ca nhac trong ddn gian kha r i m rO.

23. Din theo: Tuyin tap Nguyin Van Xudn (2002), Sdd, tr. 566.

24. Din theo: Tuyin tdp Nguyin Vdn Xudn (2002), Sdd, tr. 667.'

25. J. Barrow (2008), Mdt chuyin du hdnh din xa Nam Hd (1792 - 1793), Nguyin Thtta Hf dich, NXB ThS gidi, Hd Ndi, tr. 72.

26. Nguyin Td Lan (2014), Sdd, tr. 260.

27. Din theo: Pham Ddc Duat (2007), Tldd, tr.

787 - 788.

28. Tuyin tdp Nguyin Vdn Xudn (2002), Sdd, tr. 547.

29. Tuyin tdp Nguyin Van Xudn (2002), Sdd, tr. 549.

30.rio'*> tdp Nguyin Van Xudn (2002), Sdd, tr. 660.

TAI Lifiu THAM KHAO

1. Pham Dinh Ho (2003), Vu trung tuy hui, Trin Tlii Kim Anh klilo cdu vdn bin, dich, chd tiiich va gidi tlii§u, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.

2. J. Barrow (2008), M6t chuyin du hdnh din xa Nam Hd (1792 - 1793), Nguyin Thiia Kf dich, NXB ThS gidi, Hd Ndi.

3. Hodng Chau Ky (1973), Sa khdo lich si nghi thudt tuSng, NXB Van hda, Ha NOi.

4. Nguyin Td Lan (2014), Khdo ludn vi tuSng Qudn phuang tdp khdnh, NXB The gidi.

Ha Ndi.

6. Pham Thd' Ngu (1997) ViSt Nam van hgc si gidn Udc tdn biSn, Tdp II - Van hgc lich triiu: Vi^t vdn, NXB Dong Thdp, Ddng Thdp.

a Tuyin tap Nguyin Van Xudn (2002), NXB Dd NSng, Da NSng.

7. Tiln Ngpc Vuong (2007), Van hoc ViSt Nam thi kj X - XIX nhang vdn di l^ ludn vd lich sU, NXB Gido due, Ha Ndi.