THU HUT FDI GAN vOl PHAT TRIEN BEN VlTNG NGANH DU LICH VIET NAM
Hd Vdn Hoi*
V
dn dau tu trong phat trien du ljch la van de rat quan trgng, quyet dinh ldn den sy phat trien nganh.Do dac diem nen kinh te nudc ta cdn nhilu khd khan, ngudn vdn trong nudc khdng thi dap ling dupc nhu cau dau tu va tai dau tu frong phat trien du ljch, viec tim den nhttng ngudn vdn ngoai nudc la thyc sy cin thilt.
Ngay tir nhiing nam dau Luat diu tu nudc ngoai d Viet Nam cd hieu lyc, nganh du ljch da la mdt frong nhOng nganh di tien phong trong thu hiit ngudn vdn nay, va thyc te nhilu thap ky qua da cho thay nhiing lpi ich va thanh cdng to ldn ma FDI mang den cho su phat frien nganh. Tuy vay, Iudng vdn FDI vao nganh du ljch Viet Nam thdi gian qua van thieu tinh dn dinh va chua hoan toan thda man nhu cau vdn frong nudc, do vay viec tang cudng thu hiit FDI phai duoc dac biet chii frpng.
1. Khai quat tinh hinh FDI trong nganh du lich
Tinh til nam 2000 din nay (2013), da co khoang 350 du an FDI vdi sd vdn gan 11 ty USD chay vao nganh du lich Viet Nam. Cae du an FDI nay da gdp phin md rdng diu tu, nang cap cac co sd luu tni, khu vui choi, giai tri, phye vu cho hoat ddng kinh doanh du lich.
* Ph6 giSo su, Tien sT,
Tmimg Dai hpc Kinh t i - D?i hpc Qu6c gia Hi Npi
Cd the thay, FDI ddng mdt vai frd quan frgng, gdp phan cai thien dang ke nhiing mat yeu kem eua nganh frong giai doan dau ciia qua trinh phat trien. Cac dy an FDI vao cac khach san, trung tam thuong mai, t l hpp van phdng can hd da mang lai bp mat mdi cho cac thanb phd, tai thu dd, mdt Ipat cac khach san mang tam cd qudc te da duac xay dyng va budc vao kinh doanh nhu Mefropole, Daewoo, Thap Ha Ndi, Meritus, khach san SAS, khach san Hilton, Grand Plaza, Sofitel Plaza, Horison...
Tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh chi trong vai nam frd lai day cac khach san dd so mpe len d khap mpi phudng, mpi quan frong dd phai ke den khach san New World, khach san Ommi, Equatorial, Royal, dpc Mien Tnmg cung da ed dupc nhiing khach san tam cd nhu Century d Hue, Palcace d Da Lat, Novotel d Phan Thiet. Con nhirng thanh phd nhd nhu Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh, Nha Trang, Vung Tau...
ciing thu hiit dugc khdng it vdn FDI vao kinh doanh du ljch, khach san.
He thdng co sd lim tni eua Viet Nam khdng chi phong phti them ve sd lupng ma chat lupng cung ngay cang dupc nang cap.
Trpng hon 10 nam trd lai day, he thdng co sd lim tni du lich cd nhiing bude phat triln manh me ca vl sd lupng va chat lugng, gdp phan quan frgng vao sy phat trien cua nganh du ljch Viet Nam va tham gia phuc vu thanh cdng nhieu su kien quan trpng cua qudc gia
Tgp chi nghien cd'u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 11 (Ul) thang 11/2014
Thu hilt FDI gan vdi phat trien ben vung...
ciing nhu cac su kien qudc tl frgng dai dien ra tai Viet Nam. Nam 1998, toan nganh du lich chi cd 2.510 co sd lim tni, din thang 10 nam 2010 da len tdi tten 11.000 khach san vdi khoang 230.000 budng va con sl nay se cdn tilp tuc gia tang frong thdi gian tdi. He thing CO sd luu tni tang vl sd lugng va chat luong ngay cang dupc nang cao, dap ling nhu ciu da dang cua khach du lich. Dac biet la nhiing khach san 3 - 5 sao thi hien rit ro tinh chuyen nghiep, ky nang phuc vu gdp phin nang cao uy tin cua nganh du lich.
Theo Tdng cue Du lich, trdng nSm 2013 Viet Nam da ddn 7,5 frieu luot khach qudc te d6n tham quan, nghi duang va tim kiem co hpi
dau tu. Ttr nguin khach nay, nganh du lich da thu vl 7,5 ti USD (khoang 160.000 ti ding), tang 9,9%. Nhu vay, cii mdi khach qudc tl din Viet Nam chi tieu trung binh 1.000 USD. Nhilu hang lir hanh cho ring, du khach chau Au, My, Uc chi tieu cap hem va luu tni d Viet Nam ciing dai hon (tti 5 - 7 ngay). Rieng khach chau A den Viet Nam d trung binh la 3-4 ngay. Cung theo Tdng cue Du lich, nhiing nam gin day, du khach chau A din Viet Nam chiem sd lugng rat ddng, frong khi lupng du khach cd kha nang chi tieu cao din tir My, Diic, Phap, Canada... lai giam Slit. Tinh din hit nam 2013, ca nudc co sd luong ca sd luu tni nhu sau:
B a n g l Nim So lucmg CO SOf Tang truang (%) So buong Tang trucmg (%) Cong suat buong binh guan(%)
. Co sd lull trii ciia nganh du lich 2008
10.406 14,6 202.776
13,7 2009 11.467
10,2 216.675
6,9 59,9 56,9
2010 12.352
7,7 237.111
9,4 58,3
tinh den cudi nam 21 '^'2011 1 2012
"""13756 TSMf ' 11,4
256.739 8,3 59,7
11,8 277.661 [_ 8.1 J
58,8 13
2013 15.998 331.538
_ \
Ngudn. Vti Khdch sgn du lich, Tong cue Du Uch Xet ve quy md va nhip dp dau tu cua cac du an FDI vap cac dich vu du lich cho thiy, tinh din 31/12/2013, Viet Nam thu hiit dupc khoang 232,9 ty USD vdn dang ky. Trong sl dd, vdn FDI thudc hoat dpng du lich da thuc hien gin 10,85 ty USD, chilm 12,% ting vdn FDI trong toan nganh dich vu cua ca nudc. Nlu tinh theo ty phin giiia vdn dSng ky va vdn da thuc Men thi boat ddng du lich dupc thuc hi$n cao nhit 48,40% frong khi ty le giua vdn thuc hien so vdi tdng vdn dang ky cila toan nganh dich vu chi dat 42,43%.
Xet vl CO ciu du an FDI theo linh vuc dich vu tinh din nam 2013 thi diu tu vao djch vu luu ttu, vdi cac du an nhu xay dung td hgp khach san - van phdng - can hp cho thue, ndi ttdi ve ca sd lupng du an (chilm
59% tdng sd du an), va sd vdn dang ky (chilm 72% tdng vdn dang ky) ddng thdi ty frpng vin thtrc hien ciing cao nhit (51,6%).
Linh vuc vui ehai giai fri, vdi cdc du an nhu xay dung cac khu vui ehai, san gdn, khu vui chdi dupi nudc vv... dirng thii 2 vdi 103 dii an, (chilm 27% tdng sd du an), vdn dang ky dat 3.337 trieu USD (chilm 17,2% ting sl vdn dang ky), ty le vdn thuc hien tren vin dang ky dat 29,6%. Phin ldn cac du an FDI vao ITnh vuc du lich tinh din nam 2013 diu tap tnmg vao llnh virc djch vu luu tni va vui chdi giai tri, chiem tdi 86% tdng s l du an va 76,4% sd vdn dang ky.
Vl Cd cau du an FDI frong nganh dich vu luu tni: Ddi vdi nganh du lich da bilt nim thcri CO thuan lpi dl thu hiit vdn diu tu dac
Tgp chi nghidn citu CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONO SO 11 (111) thang 11/2014
I nu nut FDI gan vdi phat frien ben vihig...
biet la franh thii viec thyc hien diu tu fren co sd vdn da dang ky trudc day va dang ky mdi.
Vi vay, vdn FDI vao boat ddng du lich tang nhanh ban bat cii mdt giai doan nao trudc day: nam 2006 thyc hi$n 1.307 trieu USD, tang 39% so vdi nam 2005; nam 2007 thyc hien 985 frieu USD, cd giam so vdi nam 2006 nhtmg van cao so vdi rihieu nSm trudc;
nam 2008 thye hien 854 frieu USD, eung nhu nam 2007, hai nam nay roi vao tinh hinh khiing hoang fren the gidi (bat dau tii kinh te My). Tuy nhien, neu so vdi nhieu qudc gia khac fren thg gidi thi FDI d Viet Nam van tang. Nam 2009, sd vdn thuc hien la 1.120 trieu USD, tang 31% so vdi nam 2008. Con sd nay frong cac nam 2011, 2012, 2013 lin lupt la 476.8 trieu USD; 108,23 frieu USD va 204,2 trieu USD.
Ve ca eau dy an FDI trong nganh djch vu vui choi giai tri: Sau nganh luu tni, sd du an dau tu vao dich vy vui choi giai fri diing thti hai va chiem khoang 12% tdng sd cae dy an FDI vao nganh du ljch Viet Nam. Thdi ky tir nam 2005 din 2012 cung vdi frao luu diu tu nudc ngoai dd vao nudc ta manh me thi vdn FDI ciing vao nganh du lich kha quan. Rieng dich vu vui choi giai fri ciing tang trudng manh ca ve Iupng dang ky, ea vl giai ngan thuc hien. Chi trpng 5 nam (2007 - 2012) cd din 87 du an vdi 2.945 trieu USD dupc dang ky dau tu vao ITnh vye nay trong khi hang chuc nam trudc do chi cd 16 du an vdi 392 trieu USD dupc dang ky cip phep diu tu. Y I quy md binh quan eua du an thap nhit la 5,348 frieu USD din 11 frieu USD la phu hop cua du an thude ITnh vyc vui choi giai tri.
v l CO cau dy an FDI vao djch vu lii hanh v|n chuyin hanh khach va co ciu du an FDI vao dich vy xay dung khu du lich. Trong
thyc tl huy ddng FDI cho boat ddng du lich nhung nam qua d nudc ta hau nhu mang tinh ldng ghep vdi cac dy an FDI luu tni va dy an FDI vui ehoi giai fri: Dich vy luu tni thudng tdng hop, ldng ghep cac dy an du ljch Iii harih, van ehuyen khach va phat triSn khu du lich; Viec xay dyng khu du ljch trong nhiing nam qua thudng su dyng vdn ngdn sach trung uong va ngan sach dia phuong. Sd dy an FDI chi dat 17 dy an, vdn dang ky dat 2.920 frieu USD va chi mdi thyc hien dupc 740 trieu USD, khoang 25,3% tdng vdn dang ky. Do dac diem cua du ljch mang tinh chat tdng hpp, khd cd thS tach bach co sd vat chat ky thuat rieng cho timg dich vu ma djch vu chia ra mang tinh chat tuong ddi. Mat khac, viec su dyng co sd vat chat ky thuat tdng hop nham Idiai thae het cdng suat cua phuong tien phuc vy du lich va bao dam hieu qua ciia kinh doanh (du lieh lii hanh phai gan vdi luu tni va vui ehoi giai tri, xay dyng khu du lich phai bao gdm ca eo sd lim tni va vui choi giai tri). Vi vay, khdng the bdc tach hai loai dich vy nay mdt each ro rang ma ehi xep theo hinh thirc tuang ddi.
Ve cac ddi tac FDI vao du lich: Cho den nay, cd khoang tren 30 qudc gia va vimg lanh thd cd dy an dau tu vao cae djch vu du ljch d Viet Nam. Trong do, nen kinh te nhu Han Qudc, Singapore; Hdng Kdng; Nhat Ban...diing hang dau ve diu tu true tiep nudc ngoai vao djch vu du ljch d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, viec thu hiit cac qudc gia cd nen kinh tl phat trien cua cac chau luc khac van cdn rat ban che. Trong sd cdc nudc cd nen kinh tl phat trien ciia chau Au chi cd Phap cd sd dy an nhieu nhat la 14 dy an, chiem 11%
tdng sd du an FDI, nhung vdn dau tu chi chiem 6% vdi 1.164 frieu USD. My la eudng qudc kinh te eiia the gidi nhimg mdi chi cd 5 dy an dau tu vdi sd vdn dang ky la 388 frieu
Tgp chi nghien cu-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO U ( U l ) thang 11/2014
Thu hiit FDI gan vdi phat frien ben vOhg...
USD chilm ty trgng 2% frong tdng vdn dau tu trong nganh du lich.
Xet vl Cd ciu du an va vdn FDI theo dia ban diu tu: Trong sd 379 du an diu tu vao cac dich vu du lich d Viet Nam, cd 109 du an tap trung tai Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, chilm 29% tdng sd du an, vdi tdng dang ky vdn diu tu tren 5.821 frieu USD, tucmg duong 30%. Dimg thii hai la Ha Ndi vdi 79 du an, cd tdng vdn dang ky diu tu tten 5.239 trieu USD, chilm 21% tdng sl du an va 27%
ting vdn dang ky dau tu vao cac dich vu du lich. Thir ba la Lam Ddng, sl du an chi cd 6 chilm 1,4% tdng sd du an, vol sl dang ky vin diu tu la 4.074 trieu USD, bang 21%.
Tilp din la cac tinh cd dilu kien ca sd ha ting tucmg dli tit va kinh te phat ttien nhu Quang Ninh cd 41 du an, chiem 11% sd du an vdi sl dang ky vdn dau tu tren 970 trieu USD, tuang duong 5%; Ba Ria - Vimg Tau vdi 37 du an, chilm 10% tdng sd du an, vdi sd vin dang ky dau tu tten 776 trieu USD, tuong duong 4%.
Vl CO ciu vdn dau tu vao cac dia ban tren ca nudc, tdng sd vdn dau tu FDI vao cac dich vu du lich cua rieng 5 tinh, thanh phd ldn la Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Ha Ngi, Quang Ninh, Lam Ddng va Ba Ria - Viing Tau da chiem den 85,5% tdng so vdn dau tu FDI cua ca nudc ttong linh vuc nay. Rieng tinh Lam Ddng, mac dii sd du an khdng nhieu, chi cd 6 du an, tuang duong vdi 1,4%
nhtmg sl vdn diu tu vao Lam Ding lai chiem din 21%, dirng hang thii 3 sau Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Ndi vl tdng sd vdn dau tu. Viec hau het cac du an diu tu tap frung vao cac khu hung tam cua Viet Nam nhu Ha Ndi, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh chp thay Cd hdi phat trien ve co sd ha ting ky thuat cua nganh du lich ndi rieng, sir phat
trien cua du lich ndi chung tten ca nudc khdng tuang ddng, mat can xirng.
2. Danh gia FDI trong nganh du lich tr§n quan diSm phat trien ben vung
- Xet tren khia cgnh lai ich kinh te FDI trdng nganh du lich ttong thdi gian qua da gdp phin tang doanh thu ciia nganh du lich. Tinh din nam 2010, cac du an dau tu FDI trong ITnh vuc du Hch da cd tdng doanh thu la 1.519,54 trieu USD. Doanh thu ttt khu vuc FDI trong nganh du lich ddng vai tro quan trpng trong viec tao ra doanh thu cua toan nganh du ljch.
Dli tupng phuc vu chu yeu cua nganh du Hch la khach du lich, gdm khach du Hch npi dia va khach du lich qudc te. De thuc hien mdt chuyin du lich qudc tl, khach du lich phai mang theo tiln (ngoai te), nhung phai la mdt trong nhirng ddng tiln cd gia tri thanh toan qudc te. Tai nudc den du lich, khach du Hch diing ngoai te hoac dung tien cua nudc sd tai da dupc chuyin ddi ttr ngoai te de sir dung cac dich vu, mua hang bda... Vi vay, du lich dugc coi nhu mpt nganh "xuat khau tai chd", tang thu ngoai te cho dat nudc.
Dpanh thu xuat khau ciia cac doanh nghiep cd vin dau tu nudc ngoai ttong nganh du Hch da cd nhiing ddng gdp dang ke vao kim ngach xuat khau cua nen kinh te nudc ta.
Trung binh mdi lugt khach den Viet Nam, nln kinh tl thu dugc 450 USD.
Xuit khiu cua nganh du Hch cd xu hudng tang qua cac nam: nam 2003 tang 16,55%, nam 2004 tang 6,8%, dac biet nam 2005 tang 16,85%. Day la tdc do tang trudng tucmg ddi cao so vdi tdc dp tang trudng xuat khau trung binh cua toan bp nen kinh te. Ly do la viec xuit khau tai chd cd hieu qua cao hon so vdi viec xuit khau hang hda ra nudc
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG so 11 (111) thang 11/2014
1 nu hilt FDI gan vdi phat trien ben viing... Ha Van Hgi ngoai vi nd giam dugc cae chi phi bao bi,
ddng gdi, van chuyen, cac khoan le phi ve xuat khau, hai quan, thul, bao hilm va tranh duoc rui ro frong qua trinh van chuyen. Nam 2008 do anh hudng eua cude khting hoang tai chinh the gidi, doanh thu xuit khau cua nganh du ljch giam ro ret. Nhtmg cimg vdi viec khach du ljch gia tang trd lai tir nam 2009 doanh thu xuat khiu ciia nganh ciing da dan phuc hdi. Vdi chien djch quang ba "Du ljch Viet Nam diem den than thien" ciia Tdng cyc Du ljch, trong nhiing nam tdi tinh hinh xuit khiu ctia nganh se cd nhiing biln chuyen tdt hon niia. Tuy nhien, ben canh viec mang lai lpi ich kinh te nhu da phan tich d tren, FDI trong nganh du ljch vin cdn tdn tai nhirng bat cap:
Thic nhdt, vdn dau tu mat can ddi. Xet tren ting thi, ngudn vdn FDI vao du ljch Viet Nam chu yeu la dupc giai ngan trong ITnh vyc khach san, chi cd mdt phan rat nhd la dau tu vao ITnh vyc nha hang djch vu, khu vui choi giai tri. Dieu nay xuat phat tir sy thieu hyt rat ldn ve noi an nghi dat tieu chuan qudc te cho khaeh du lich den Viet Nam frong nhung nSm dau cua thdi ky md eiia. Trong nhiing nam nay, Iuong khaeh qudc td den Viet Nam tang manh do nhiing cai thi^n frong quan he ngoai giao, sy dn djnh ve chinh tri va mdi trudng kinh te vT md. Trong khi do, he thdng nha nghi, khach san do eac doanh nghiep nha nudc sd hiiu khdng dap ifrig dupc nhu cau ciia du khach ca sd lupng va ehit lupng. Cac nha diu tu nudc ngoai da sdm thay eac co hdi lpi nhuan frong ITnh vyc khach san. Do dd, mgt lupng ldn vdn diu ttr nudc ngoai da dd vao nang cip, xay dyng eac khaeh san. Hang loat cac khach san cd quy md ldn (phin ldn fren 250 phdng) da duac xay dyng frong giai doan
nay nhu Hanoi Tower, Hilton, Horison.
Daewoo...
Hien tupng nay da dan den sy xay dung fran lan frong he thdng khach san cudi nhimg nam 1980, diu nhiing nam 1990. ViSc bung nd trong xay dyng khach san khiln cung phdng khach san d cac dilm du lich ehinh cua Viet Nam tang vdi tdc dp ldn vupt xa tdc dp tang lugng khach qudc tl din Viet Nam.
Sy du thiia khach san khiln ti le phdng thue giam, keo theo viee giam gia phdng va canh franh khdng lanh manh. Tinh frang nay din den mdt Iupng nhat dinh vdn diu tu nudc ngoai frong tilu nganh khach san boat ddng kem hieu qua. Nlu lupng vdn diu tu nay dimg de dau tu vao eac khu vyc khae nhu xay dyng cac khu vui choi giai tri, khu sinh thai, du lich lii hanh...thi cd the se cd hieu qua hon.
Thu hai, co ciu diu tu giira eac vung chua hpp ly. Trong nganh du lich, hien tupng dau tu thien lech vap cac thanh phd ldn cd kinh te phat trien, he thdng giao thdng van tai va thdng tin lien lae tuong ddi tdt..la kha phd bien. Cd qua nhieu dy an vdi sd vdn ldn dau tu vao cac khu du ljch d trung tam do thj ldn, frong dd lai cd qua it sd vdn FDI dupc giai ngan tai cac khu du ljch ndi tilng nhung d xa trung tam. Vi vay, nhung khu du lieh nay deu rai vao tinh trang thieu vdn dau tu fram trpng va khdng nhan dupe nhiing tac ddng tieh cyc ma FDI mang lai. Nhiing vimg cd CO sd ha tang du ljch da phat trien nay lai cang phat friln hon, cang thu hiit dupc nhieu FDI hon, cdn nhiing viing cd tiem nang du lieh nhung co sd ha tang du ljch qua kem phat trien thi lai cang xudng cap do khdng dupc cac nha diu tu quan tam den. Va hau qua la su ehenh lech ca sd ha ting giiia cac viing mdi ngay mgt tang.
Tgp chi nghien cdn CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO U (Ul) thang 11/2014
Thu hut FDI gan vdi phat trien ben vO'ng...
Thli ba, phu thudc qua nhieu vao cac ddi tac chil ylu. Mac dii nudc ta cd quan he vdi hiu hit cac nudc tren the gidi nhtmg sd nudc diu tu vao nganh du ljch Viet Nam khdng nhieu, quy md van cdn nhd be. Sd nudc dau tu vao Viet Nam chu ylu la tir khu vuc chau A. Chiing ta van qua tap trung vao mdt sd dli tac chii ylu nhu Singapore, Hdng Kdng, Dai Loan... Do vay chi mdt sir bien dpng nhd ttong cac nudc nay se anh hudng rat ldn den FDI vao Viet Nam. Chang ban nhu trong cugc khung hoang tai chinh tien te chau A, diu tu ciia mdt sd nudc trong khu vyc vao Viet Nam giam lam cho lugng FDI vao nganh du lich Viet Nam giam di mdt each nhanh chdng. Ben canh dd, viec phu thudc vao mdt sd ddi tac ldn se dan den tinh trang bi khdng che, phu thupc vao nhiing nuac nay. Mat khac, su thieu vang cac nha dau tu tir cac nudc chau Au, chau My, nhiing nha dau tu thudng cd tilm lire tai chinh manh, cdng nghe hien dai, kinh nghiem quan ly gidi... la mpt dieu thiet thdi ddi vdi nganh du lich Viet Nam vi chting ta se bi mit co hgi hgc hdi kinh nghiem quan ly tien tiln, tilp nhan cdng nghe hien dai tir nhtrng quic gia giau tiem lire tai chinh nay.
Thti tu, hinh thtrc diu tu chua phong phii, kha nang gdp vdn ciia Viet Nam cdn han chl. Trong thdi gian qua, cQng nhu FDI ndi chung vao Viet Nam, FDI vao ITnh vuc du lich chi thuc hien theo 3 hinh thtrc la doanh nghiep lien doanh, doanh nghiep 100% vdn nudc ngoai, va hpp ddng hpp tac kinh dpanh, chua chu trpng din cac hinh thiic khac nhu thanh lap cdng ty cl phin, cho phep mua ban, sap nhap doanh nghiep frong nudc vdi cac cdng ty nudc ngoai. Trong cac lien doanh, ty le gdp vdn cua ben Viet Nam chi chilm khoang 20-30% vdn phap dinh va chu ylu la gdp von bing quyln sir dung dit, nha
xudng cd sin, chi cd 1-2% la bing tien. Vdn gdp ciia phia nudc ngoai thi chii yeu bang tiln va may mdc thilt bi cdng nghe hien dai, gia dugc day len cao. Do dd, cac ddi tac Viet Nam thudng ylu thi frong lien doanh, thudng bi dgng trudc nhimg van de mdi va bi cac ddi tac nudc ngoai thao tiing, lin at.
Lgi dung sir yeu kem trong cdng tac thim dinh gia cdng nghe cua ddi tac Viet Nam, mdt sd tap doan kinh te cd cac cdng ty con lien doanh lien ket vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam ttong ITnh vuc du lich da khai tang gia dau vao va ha gia dau ra. Trong do hien tugng khai tang gia tri vdn gdp bing may mdc thilt bi, tang chi phi quang cao, tiep thi la mgt "chieu bai kha phd biln" cua cac cdng ty nudc ngoai. Viec 16 hang chiic ty ddng trong nhieu nam lien ciia ddi tac nudc ngoai din tdi su "ra di" ciia cac lien doanh, cac cdng ty con va diy cac lien doanh chuyin ddi thanh cac doanh nghiep 100%
vdn nudc ngoai, gat bd ddi tac Viet Nam ra khdi lien doanh.
Thi ndm, trinh dp cdng nghe chua tien tien. Viet Nam dupe danh gia la cd tilm nang du lich, ddng thdi lupng vdn FDI duoc thu hilt vao nganh du lich da gia tang dang kl trong nhiing nam gin day. Tuy nhien, thi phan ciia nganh du lich trong miy nam gin day van thap hem so vdi kha nang va thip ban nhilu nudc trpng khu vuc nhu Thai Lan, Singapore, Malaysia. Sd lupng cac doanh nghiep dang ky kinh doanh du lich tang manh, nhung hoat dgng khdng chuyen nghiep gay anh hudng ldn din chit lupng dich vu du lich. Du lich Viet Nam cd lpi thi so sanh, nhtmg sir phat ttiln ciia du ljch Viet Nam chua nhanh, quy md nhd va hieu qua kinh doanh chua cao, ty trgng trong GDP thip, san phim du lich dan dieu, tinh chuyen nghiep thip, ve sinh chua bao dam. He
Tgp chi nghien ciiru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 11 ( I U ) thang 11/2014
• •" iiui r u i gan vcti phat frien ben vJitig... Ha Van Hoi
thdng CO sd ha ting, vat chit ky thuat du ljch chua ddng bd, chung loai djch vu va chat lugng dich vu cdn ban che chua dap iing dting cac mong mudn cua ngudi tieu dimg du ljch, dac biet doan thj trudng khach du lich cd kha nang thanh toan cao. Trong ITnh vyc kinh doanh luu tni du ljch, tinh trang vira thieu viia thiia van dang tilp diln.
- Xet tren khia cgnh bdo ve moi trirdng Thu hiit dau tu trye tiep nudc ngoai vao nganh du ljch tao ra hieu qua tdt ddi vdi viee sir dyng hpp ly va bao ve tdi uu cac ngudn tai nguyen va mdi trudng. Du ljch gdp phan tich cyc vao viee bao tdn eac vudn qude gia, cac khu bao tdn ty nhien, eac khu rimg van hoa - ljch Sli - mdi trudng, tu bd, bao ve he thdng den dai lich su, kien tnic my thuat. 6 Viet Nam hien nay da xac djnh va dua vao bao ve cap do qude gia 105 khu rung dac dung, frong do 16 vudn qude gia, 55 khu bao tdn ty nhien va 34 khu rimg - van hoa - ljch sd - mdi trudng. Nhung dy an FDI thudng cd cac cdng vien canh quan, khu nudi ehim thli hoac bao tdn da dang sinh hpc thdng qua nudi trdng nhan tao phuc vy du ljch, lam tang them da dang tai nhiing diem du ljch.
Thu hilt FDI vao du lich tao nen mdi tnrdng mdi hay gdp phan eai thien mdi trudng nhu viec xay dung cac cdng vien vui choi, giai tri, cae cdng vien eay xanh, hd nudc nhan tao, cac lang van hda du lich...
Ben canh dd, viec thu hiit dau tu trye tilp nudc ngoai vao nganh du ljch da gdp phan tich cyc tu siia phat friln canh quan do thi, canh quan tai cac diem du lich nhu tu sua nha ciia thanh nhimg eo sd du ljch mdi, eai thidn mdi trudng cho ca du khach va cu dan dja phuong bing each gia tang phuang tien ve sinh cdng cdng, dudng sa thdng tin, nang lugng, nha cira, xiia ly rac va nudc thai dupc
cai thien, djch vy mdi frudng duoc cung cip.
Han che cac Ian truySn d nhiem cue bd trong khu dan cu do eae giai phap ha tang, ky thuat ddng bd dupc ap dung. Ddng thdi, thu hiit FDI vao du ljch gdp phin tang hieu qua sii dung dat nhd sir dung quy dat cdn trdng chua dupc sir dung hieu qua. Giam siic ep do khai thac tai nguyen qua miic til boat ddng dan sinh kinh te tai cac khu vyc phat triln du ljch thdng qua cac dy an quy hoach tdng thi.
Ben canh nhiing tae ddng tich cyc cua cae dy an FDI frong nganh du lich, nhung bilu hien thieu ben vung ve mdi trudng trong viee trien khai cac du an FDI van cdn tdn tai.
Dd la gay d nhiem ngudn nudc, canh quan thien nhien bj nhiing hanh ddng cua eon ngudi Iam hu hdng, day rac rudi...
Mdt sd doanh nghiep FDI chua thyc sy chii y tdi nhiing bien phap phdng ngira d nhiem. Mat khac, quy md va sd lupng cac khu du lich tai Viet Nam ngay cang gia tang, nhu eau tang trudng kinh te ddi hdi nhanh ehdng md rdng eac khu du lich, chuyin ddi mye dieh sir dung dat va khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, da dang sinh hgc va tao sue ep ldn len mdi trudng. Trong khi dd, trinh do cdng nghe va san xuat trong nudc van cdn kha lac hau. Day la thach thirc ldn ddi vdi boat ddng quan ly bao ve mdi trudng va Sli dung tai nguyen nham giii gin va bao tdn ben viing cac di san thien nhien va van boa ciia dat nudc.
Viec chia Id cap dat cho cac nha dau tu xay dyng khu nghi mat tai mien Tnmg dien ra tren dien rdng cd tixe se anh hudng tdi he sinh thai mang lai hau qua ldn (xdi mdn, trupt cat, sut Id, pha canh quan) nen can sdm cd quy hoach tdng the de bao ve va khai thac viing nay mgt each ben vung.
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO U ( U l ) thang 11/2014
Thu hilt FDI gan vdi phat tnen pen vung...
Viee xay dyng san golf ciing tao ra tac ddng ldn tdi mdi trudng. Mdt san golf tieu chuin trung binh khoang 60 ha. De tao ra mat bing nay thudng phai tiln hanh chat bd, dgn sach cay cdi. Ddi vdi cac khu dit rimg hoac frdng cay cdng nghiep, sd lupng c§y cdi bi chat bd kha ldn. Tuy nhien, sau khi san lip mat bing, chu dau tu phai phii xanh toan bd bing cd va cay xanh de tao canh quan vira kit hpp che chin giiia cae dudng golf va eac khu cdng cdng. Gia frj canh quan ma eac san golf tao ra thudng la cao hon nhilu so vdi hien frang cac khu dat trudc khi dugc diu tu. Tuy nhien, frong qua frinh boat ddng san xuit kinh doanh sSn golf, can phai sir dung eac loai phan bdn, thudc trir sau, thulc diet cd, nudc tudi de bao ve, duy fri, phat triln ed va cay xanh fren san golf. O nhilm mdi trudng frong giai doan nay la van dl dupc nhilu ngudi quan tam nhat vi nd diln ra iau dai cimg vdi qua trinh boat dgng cua san golf.
Thuc tl, FDI tuy dua lai sy phat trien
"ndng" ve du lich trong thdi gian qua, nhung tinh da dang sinh hgc cua toan bd dai ven bien va hai dao eiing dang bi anh hudng, xao frgn neu khdng dupc kiem soat chat che vdi mue tieu bao ve mdi trudng, ciing nhu gay nen nhiing xung dot ve xa hdi va van hoa nhu dy an xay dimg khu du lich tren ddi Vgng Canh tai Hul (dang dupc Chinh phu xem xet lai). Day la van de birc xiic va can dugc quan tam vi nd lien quan sy phat frien ben vimg cua nen kinh te mue tieu ma chiing ta theo dudi fren con dudng xay dung dat nude.
- Xet tren khia cgnh lai ich xa hpi Du lich khdng chi la mdt boat ddng kinh te - xa hdi thuin tiiy ma cdn la mdt boat ddng van hda, frd thanh mdt edng cu quan
frpng frong viec nang cao miic sdng, giam ngheo, timg budc thu hep khoang each giiia ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo. Trong 20 nam qua, nhd tien frinh ddi mdi va nhiing chinh sach md cira hpp ly, Viet Nam da tien mdt bude dai frong viec thyc hien chien lugc tren. Thue tl tai Viet Nam trong thdi gian cho thiy d dau cd du ljch phat trien, d do chit lupng cudc sdng cita ngudi dan dugc cai thien.
Hoat ddng du lich frong nudc diln ra khip noi, tir dd thi din ndng thdn, tir vimg sau den nhting vimg cao nguyen... da ve n^n mdt dien mao lac quan ve sy phat frien cua du ljch Viet Nam. Vdi thu nhap hon 1,5 ti USD/nam, du ljch "Viet Nam da trd thanh nganh kinh te mtii nhpn cua dat nude, tao ra viec lam cho hon 250.000 lao dgng true tiep va tren 450.000 Iao dpng gian tiep, chiem khoang 6% lao dpng trong ca nudc. Theo Myc tieu phat trien thien nien ky ciia Lien hiep qude la den nam 2015 con sd 1,2 ti ngudi hien dang sdng vdi miic thu nhap dudi 1 USD/ngay se giam cdn mdt niia, thi du Ijeh Viet Nam cd nhiem vu phai gdp phan day cdc boat ddng du lich phat trien hon niia, mang lai nhieu Ipi ich hon niia cho cac viing, mien cdn khd khan. Mat khac, thdng qua viec tham gia vao cac hoat dgng du lich, cac cgng ddng dan cu ma dac biet la nguoi ngheo se cd nhieu co Hdi ban de tang thu nhap va cai thien cudc sdng, ddng thdi gop phin quan frgng vao cdng tac bao tin va gin giii cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng.
Phat trien du lich ben viing dua vao cdng ddng va cd frach nhiem vdi xa hdi Iudn dugc coi la budng phat trien can ban ciia du Ijch Viet Nam. Su phat friln cua nganh du lich Vigt Nam ngay cang dupe gan liln vdi cac myc tieu giam ngheo, bao dam an sinh xa hdi cua dit nudc. Do dd, chiing ta eung cin
Tgp chi nghiin curu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 11 ( U l ) thang U/2014
: ^ n u t hPI gan vdi phat frien ben vJi^g,..
quan tam hon mdi quan he giiia phat trien ngudn nhan lyc du ljch gan vdi giam ngheo.
Du ljch la ngarih cin nhieu lao ddng, tao viec lam cho lao ddng nu va lao ddng tre, ke ca viec lam thdi vy.
Viee phat triln ngudn nhan lye cd the giiip ngudi ngheo, the hien bang viec: phat frien ky nang nghi, dao tao nghe tai chd hay thyc tap; ky nang phat frien san pham mdi va nang cap chat lugng san pham hien cd; dao tao each tiep can thj trudng, nhan thirc ve du ljch, dich vu, than thien va ky nang ban hang; eac ky nang xay dyng va dieu hanh doanh nghiep nhd. Tren co sd dd, de khai thac cd hieu qua mdi quan he nay, can phai tao CO hdi de ngudi ngheo tiep can cac khda dao tao du lieh va thilt k l ndi dung dao tao phii hop, tap trung hon vao du ljch giam ngheo, chinh sach, chuang trinh va sang kien phat trien ngudn nhan lyc, de xay dyng va phat frien cae phuong phap phat trien ngudn nhan lyc phii hpp vdi ngudi ngheo, cac viing ndng thdn va cac diem du ljch hien nay.
Ben canh nhiing tae ddng tich cyc cua cac dy an FDI trong nganh du lich tdi viec giai quyet cdng an viec lam cho hang chuc ngan Iao ddng, dao tao nghe cho ngudi lao dpng...mat trai cua cac dy an FDI trong nganh du lieh ciing khdng the bd qua. Cu the, cac dy an FDI khi tham gia khai thac djch vy du lich lai chua chti y den viec dam bao cac lpi ich ve kinh te - xa hdi cua nudc nhan diu tu, chua quan tam den cac chuong trinh phat triln cdng ddng, ciing nhu phat triln ngudn nhan Iuc...
Ben canh do hg cung khdng quan tam din hau qua vl mat xau xa hgi khi diu tu, khai thac cac dich vy du ljch, vui choi, giai tri. Vi du nhu cac dy an dau tu khai thac san gdn d cac thanh phd ldn nhu Ha Ndi, TP. Hd Chi
Minh hoac xay dung khu nghi dudng - du lich...da gay ra tinh trang su dung lang phi dat dai, that thoat tai san cdng va tai nguyen qudc gia, nhat la dat ndng nghiep, dat ven bien va tudc doat edng an viec lam, eiing nhiing he qua da dang, nhieu ddi cho ngudi ndng dan mat rudng, mat cdng an viee Iam, khd khan trong sinh nhai.
Ket luan
Trong thdi gian qua, nganh du ljch Viet Nam tuy cdn nhirng tdn tai va yeu kem can phai giai quyet nhung nhin chung da dat dupc nhung tin hieu dang mirng, cho thay nganh du ljch da va dang tren da phat trien nhanh, hiia hen nhieu co hdi phat trien cao hon frong nhung thap ky tdi. Ngudn vdn FDI la mpt cdng cy quan trpng khdng the thieu gdp phan thiic day sy phat trien nay. Neu ehimg ta vach ra dupc nhimg giai phap thich hpp va cd nhung budc di chuan xac thi viec thyc hien dupe nhiing myc tieu da dat ra ve thu hilt FDI de phat frien nganh du lieh chac chan se thyc hien dupc trong tuong lai khdng xa.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Tdng cue Du ljch Viet Nam, Chuong trinh hdnh dgng qudc gia ve du lich 2011- 2015.
2. Vien Nghien ciiu phat trien du ljch, Bdo cdo ve hien trgng ddu tu true tiep nudc ngodi vdo ITnh vice du lich Viet Nam den cudi ndm 2013.
3. Tran Van Ngpi, Sic dung cd hieu qud ngudn vdn ddu tu true tiep nudc ngodi. Tap chi Du lieh Viet Nam, Sl 5/2012.
4. Thanh Binb, Du lich vdn con Id miin ddt hua ddi vdi cdc nhd ddu tu. Tap chi Du ljch VietNam, sl 8/2003.
5. Minh Anh, De du lich Viet Nam thuc su phdt trien. Tap chi Du ljch Viet Nam, Sd 4/2003.
Tgp chi nghien ciiru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S^ 11 ( U l ) thang U/2014
