DIEN DAN
CHUYEN BIEN N H A N T H I J C
VE NHAN QUYEN STRUNG Qudc
• Ho Anh Hdi
Qui trinh bi^n 66\ nhin thilTc vl nhin quyIn dTrung Qu^c rit phiiTc tap vi n6 gin liin vdi lich siJr ddc dio vi phong phu cua dit nUdc ddng din nhit thi gi6i vi c6 nin vin h6a hmi 5.000 nam.
Trong pham vl mdt bii bio chi c6 thi trinh biy ddi n^t sd \Mc v l vin d l niy.
fiai hot O^ng CSTQ nam 1999 ban ve van d l ntian quy^n
N
hdn quyen. lir do. ddn chu. binh duny....nhiing gia tri phd quit niy cua loii ngudi
\nn khdng cd ngudn gdc tai phuang Ddng va du nhip Trung Qudc kha mugn. ddng Ihdi Igi ddn tir phuong Tay, tire la tir ke xam lupc bi ngudi Trung Qudc cam ghet. Ban than nhirng tir the hicn cic gi:i Iri ay cung khdng cd Irong kho tir \ ung Han ngir ma do cac nha khai sing Nhat Ban si'ing tao vao cudi Ihc ky XIX khi hg djch lac pham ciia nhirng nha khai sing phuong Tay viel bang licng Ha Lan. Anh. Phap.
Dire ra ngdn ngu Han-Nhat.
Bdi vay cic gia tri tien ticn ay khdng dc duac ddng dao ngudi Trung Qudc ticp nhan va vice thuc hien lai cang khd. Cho Idi nay khai niem nhin quydn d Trung Qudc van cdn bi phd bien coi la "nhay
•]g T i a S o n g wwwtiasang,com vn
cam", chua phai li "quyen sinh ra da cd" ciia tat c i mpi ngudi; Nha nudc cho phep hudng den dau thi dupc den dd. ai yeu ciu cao hon se bj coi li ddi lap vdi Chinh phii Phuong Tay vi cic nhi bat ddng chinh kien Trung Qudc \an cho rang nudc nay cd tinh trang thieu nhan quyen. Phuong Tay ludn giuong la cd nhdn quyen cao han chu quyen de phd phin che do chinh tri ciia Trung Qudc vi diy cung li mgt ngoai lye tim cho nhan ihiru ve nhan quyen cua Trung Qudc iliay ddi rat nhieu.
Ljch sir nhin thuc nhin quyen 6 Trung Qudc cd the chia lim hai giai do^n ldn.
TRUOC NGAY THANH LAP Nt/dc CONG HdA NHANDANTRUNGHOA
Khai nidm nhan quyen Ian dau tien dupc gidi thiC'u vio Trung Qudc qua tic pham Dai Ddni; Thir cua Khang Hiru Vi xuit bin nam 1902, Ndi chung cic nhi tri thuc Trung Qudc deu nhipt lict Ian thanh tu tudng nhan quyed cua phuong Tiy, ke c i Ly Dai Chieu, TranDOe Tu (sau nay nam 1921 sing lap Dang Cong siQ Trung Qudc va la Tdng Bi thu). Hg sir dyng nhan quyen nhu mpt khiu hieu dau tranh chdng su thong tri chuyen che ciia chinh quyen Qudc Dan Dang Tudng Gidi Thach. De dip l^i ddi hdi ciia gidi tri thuc. nam 1930 Chinh phu Qudc Dan ban hanh Lenh Bdo ddm nhdn
S 6 I 9 . N G A Y O 5 . 1 O . 2 0 1 2
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quyen. Tuy vay de ddi phd vdi phong trio dau tranh ddi dan chii cua nhan dan do Ding CSTQ lanh d^o, Chinh phu Tudng Gidi Th^ch tren thyc te van tiep tuc sy cai tri dpc Iii chuyen che, h^n che quyen ty do din chu ciia nhin dan.
Tu tuong nhan quyen cung khdng thiy xual hipn trong cac van ki?n cua Dang CSTQ, luy rgng Dang ling hg cac nhan sT dan chii dau tranh chdng Chinh phii Qudc Dan Dang vi phgm nhan quydn. Ding CSTQ khdng coi viijc gianh nhan quydn vi dan chii triru tupng li myc tieu cudc dau tranh each mang ciia minh. Cic tic pham cua Mao Tr^ch Ddng khdng cd cau nio \ iet ve nhan quyen. mi chi cd nhirng each de cap den khai nidm tuong ty nhan quyen,
SAU N G A Y T H A N H L A P Nl/dC CHND TRUNG HOA Trong thdi ky Khang chien chdng Nhat, de giii dap ndi nghi ngd (cua gidi nhan sT dan chii trong viing Qudc Din Dang kiem soat) ve viec Dang CSTQ se hpc Lien Xd thyc thi chuyen chinh vd sin va che do mpt dang lanh dao, trong tac phim Bdn ve Chinh phli lien hop, Mao Trach Ddng ndi ro chuyen dd chi xay ra d giai doan chu nghia xa hdi, cdn d giai doan Tan dan chii thi nhiem vy cua Dang CSTQ li dd nhin dan "gianh duac quyen lpi tu do day dii".
Bo phieu <ho Luat Nhan quyen Trung Quiic nam 2004 S 6 I 9 . N G A Y 0 5 1 0 . 2 0 1 2
Tuy nhien khai nigm nhan din d day la gi thi Mao chua ndi rd.
Khdng lau trudc ngiy cich m^ng thing lpi, Mao Trach Ddng vidt bii Bdn ve chuyen chinh ddn chu nhdn ddn, giii thich chuyen chinh din chii nhan dan la sy kdt hpp "mat din chii ddi vdi npi bp nhin dan vi mat chuyen chinh ddi vdi bpn phan dpng". Nhu vay khii nidm nhdn ddn da dupc ndi ro li dai bd phin cdng dan ddi lip vdi mpt thieu sd "bgn phan dpng"; quydn lpi va dia vi ciia hai bg ph^n nay quyet dinh bdi dia vj giai cip ciia hp.
Tuy vay trong thdi gian tir nam 1949 tdi nay, quan didni nhan quyen ciia Dang vi Chinh phii Trung Qudc da cd su thay ddi ro ret, chia ra lim nam thdi ky.
Thtriky 1949-1978
Day la thdi ky Nha nudc va gidi ly luan Trung Qudc hoan toin phu dinh nhin quydn. He tu tudng Trung Qudc thdi ay cho rang: - Tren the gidi khdng tdn tai bat cu khii niem nhan quyen sieu giai cap nao, bdi le mpi lgi ich hien Ihuc deu cd tinh giai cap, cho nen bat cir quyen lpi nio phan anh lgi ich iy deu cd linh giai cip. - Nhan quyen li thir giai cap tu san diing lim cdng cu lira bip nhan dan, td son trat phan cho bd may cai tri cua hp.
Khdng nhirng cac nha lanh dao khdng bao gid ndi den van de nhan quyen ma tat ca cac van ban phap luat, ke ca Hien phap Trung Qudc deu khdng cd bat ky the hien nio \ e nhan quyen. Tu nhdn quyen khdng xuat hien Irong mpi in pham, trir cac sach lich su. Tren Ihuc te, cac quyen tu do CO ban ciia nhin dan lao ddng deu it nhieu bi han che, nhat li tu do ngdn luin, ty do lap hgi, dang.
Nhirng ngudi khdng thudc giai cap cdng ndng cang bi han che hon. Ngudi thanh phan tri thiic cii, tu sin, ngudi thudc phai hiru thi bi tudc bd mpi quyen ty do, tham chi bi ngugc dai. Trong
Mdt mat Nha nUdc Trung Quoc thira nhan tinh quan trong cua nhan quyen ca nhan, mat khac cho rang viec bao ve nhan quyen ca nhan phai tuy theo nang lye thifc te cua Nha nu'dc, bdi le neu doc loan lUc vao viec nang cao trinh do bao ve nhan quyen ca nhan cho bang v6i tieu chuan cua cac nudc phat trien thi Trung Quoc se phai bo mat nhieu cO hpi phat trien kinh te, xet ve lau dai la bat loi cho viec nang cao trinh do bao ve nhan quyen.
Tra Sang •\j
DIEN DAN
Sach xanh nhin quy^n Trung Qu6<
Cach myng Vin hda. nh(hig ngudi bj chyp mQ "phii phin dpng" - trong dd c6 rat nhi^u cdng din chan chinh. nhi cich m^ng - bi Hong V§ Binh dinh d^p. tra tan. xir tii. ho^c xu tir vo Cling da man khdng ihco bit cir luit phap nio.
Tuy V9y tren mil tryn ngo^jii guui. Chinh phii Trung Quoc van tuyen bo iing hg cupc dau tranh giinh nhan quyen ciia nhan dan cic nudc trcn the git'ii.
Thirikv 197H-19HS Bing \ iv'c dc xuat Thi/c tien Id ticu chuan duy nhat kiem nghii'in chdn lv. Hpi nghj lan 3
toin the Trung uang Ding CSTQ khda XI cudi nim 1978 dinh diu Trung Qudc ticn sang thdi d^i giai phdng tu tudng. Xa hpi dugc md cua vdi nudc iigoiii, \di phuang Tiy, nhd ihc tu ludng nhin quyen du nhap phd bien vio Trung Qudc. I30 ra sire ep du luan. Tir dd trong xi hpi bat diu cd ngudi cd siiy tu tudng nhan quyen. \a nhin chung din chiing bat dau dugc biet ve quan diem cua phuang Tiy ddi vdi \an de nhin quyen d Trung Qudc. Gidi tri thirc bat dau tien hinh nghien cuu dpc lap ve vin de nhan quydn, trudc het trong ITnh
\uc phap luit, hien phip.
Vide nghien cuu nay LO tlac dicm la gidi ihipu moi each cd phd phin quan dicm nhan quydn vi lich su phai iricn nhan quyen ciia phuong Tiy nhung khdng thira nhan Trung Qudc cd \aii do nhan quyen, khdng cho ring Trung Qudc ncn licp thu quan diem nhan i[uycn cua phutrng Ta>. nguoc lai cdn chirng minh \ c ly luin tai sao Trung Qudc each ly vdi ly luin nhan quydn, Trdn nguyen lac.
gidi hgc thuat vc co ban nhal Iri vdi quan dicm cua Nha nudc, van cho rang irong xa hgi c6 giai cap Ihi vide ban van dc nhan quyen la khdng hien thyc.
Thi/iky 19H5-199I
Trong giai doan nay, dudi iinh liirong cua sy truyen bi manh mc tu tudng nhan quyen \a do chiu sire cp cua phuang Tay yeu cau Trung Qudc cai thien nhan quyen. Dang va Nhi nudc bat dau chii truang nen nghien eiru van de nhin quyen.
Dang Tieu Binh la nha lanh dao cap cao diu lidn cdng khai ddng y viec dc cap vin de nay, Ngiy 6/6/1985, dng ndi vdi c;ic vJ khach Dai Loan trong
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KH'H^Mc \']
doan chii tich cupc hpi thio "D9J lye vi Dai Loan": "The nio la nhfin quyen? Dieu diu tien la nhan quy^n cua bao nhidu ngudi? La nhan quy^n ciia thicu sd hay nhan quyen cua da so? hay nhan quyen ciia nhin dan toin qudc? Ve ban chat, cii ggi li 'nhin quyen' cua phuang Tay vi nhin quy^n chung tdi ndi li hai chuydn (khac nhau)."6 day dng Dgng phan bi?t nhan qiiven ctia phuang Tdy vdi nhdn qiivcn ciia Trung Quoc. chir khdng phin bi^t nhdn quyen ctia giai cap tir sdn \(r\ quyen Ifxi ca bdn cua cdng ddn nirdc xd hpi chu nghia nhir each the hiyn lu ngir trudc kia Trung (June hay diing, Diy li mpi thay ddi rit ding chii y, Mat khic dng giin iicp to y thua nh^n Trung Qudc cd vin dc vc nhan quyen. Gidi hgc thuai nudc niy l^p tire nhin djp dd dit van de thio luan lyi sao trudc day diing tir quyen It/i cong ddn mi khdng diing tir nhdn quyen. Tuy hp vin cho ring Trung Qudc co ly do h ^ 1\ de dimg tir nhu \ay.
nhung dii sao cupc thao luin niy di vupt ra ngoai ph^m \ i binh lu^n ciu ndi ciia Dang, md diu cho dpi tranh lu^n rpng rii han xung quanh vin de tdn tgi \ c nhin quyen d Trung Qudc.
Mdi sd hpc gia cd trach nhiem da dimg ra keu ggi nghicn eiru quan diem nhan quyen ciia M;ir\
\;i gidi ihidu quan dicm nhan quyen cua phuong Tay. nhung ngay lip tire hg bi the lye ly luin truyen thdng kdt idi li "phin tu ty do hda tu san":
cd gang ciia hp bj ngan chin. Thi dy Bao cio tai Hpi nghi lin 4 cua Oy ban thudng \ u Qudc hdi khda \'11 hoi thing 4 1991 cd vidi: "Miy nam gin day. mpt sd cyc it ngudi kien tri ty do hda cua giai cip tu sail ra sue ddi xda bd che dp Dai hgi dai bieu nhan dan (lire Qudc hpi) cua nudc ta, luyen iruydn 'din chii', 'ty do", 'nhan quyen' vi 'tam quyen phin lip' cua giai cap tu sin, cd xiiy di theo con dudng nghj vien phuong Tiy, nham myc dich phu dinh dan chii nhan dan vi che dp hdi nghj dai bieu nhin dan... ngdng cudng doi thay che dp XHCN thinh chd do tu ban."
Nhung chi sau do it lau, thii dp ddi vdi nhan quyen cua Dang vi Chinh phii Trung Qudc da cd bien ddi chua tirng thay.
Thai ky 1991-1998
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Tli nua cuoi nam 1991, Chinh phii Trung Quoc bat diu cdng bd Sdch Trdng vc Iinh hinh nhan quyen d Trung Qudc, mdi nam mpt lin, nham gidi thipu lich su phit tnen nhan quyen, tinh hinh hipn nay vi cic bien phip bao vp nhan quyen d Trung Quoc, Viec cdng bd Sdch Trdng nham dip tra sy cdng kich ciia phuang Tay tren van de nhin quydn ciia Trung Qudc, vi the ndi dung chinh ciia Sich li ndi vd thinh tich tien bp ciia Trung Qudc tren van de nhan quyen.
Dii sao viec cdng bd niy di giin tidp cho thiy Chinh phii Trung Qudc thua nhin nudc hp cd ldn Igi cic vin de ve nhin quyen Thi dy Sdch Trdng nam 1991 chia 10 phin, trinh biy 10 van de. cudi moi phan deu diem lai nhirng thieu sdt \ c mat bio vg nhin quyen.
Tir do trd di cdng tic bao \ c nhin quyen vi nghien ciiu nhan quyen ciia gidi hpc Ihugl di bat dau di vao quy dao nghiem chinh. Nhieu viing cim Irong nghien eiru dupc md ra; xi hpi bat dau chii trgng den viec nghien cuu niy. Trong djp Tdng thdng Clinton tham Trung Qudc nam 1998, Chu tich Giang Trach Dan tuyen bd: "Hdm nay, Chinh phii Trung Qudc trang nghiem cam ket se xiic tien vi bao ve nhan quyen va tu do co ban". Ldi hiia nghiem chinh nay da tdng ket mdt giai doan phat trien nhan quyen d Trung Qudc, ngam td y sy bit ddng giira Trung Qudc vdi My va phuang Tay ve van de nhan quyen se cd the duac thu hep vi cd kha nang di tdi nhat tri. Tren thuc te trong may nam tiep sau, nhan thiic cua Nhi nudc (la nhan Id quyet dmh), cua gidi hgc Ihuat vi ciia xa hdi Trung Qudc deu cd lien bd ve thuc chat, ca ban tin thinh quan diem "nhan quyen trdi cho".
Thdi ky sau 1998
Trong thdi ky nay, nhan thiic cua Nhi nudc Trung Qudc ve nhan quyen nhanh chdng tiep can lieu chuan nhan quyen cua the gidi. Nim 1999, phit bieu tai Dai hoc Cambridge (Anh qudc), Chii tjch Giang Trach Dan ndi nhan quyen tap the va nhan quyen ca nhan khdng mau thuan vdi nhau va Trung Qudc se cd gang xuc tien viec bao ve nhan quyen ca nhan, nhung phai dua tren co sd nang luc kinh Ie ciia minh.
Qua day cd the thay mgt mat Nha nudc Trung Qudc thira nhan tinh quan trpng ciia nhan quyen ca nhan, mat khic cho rang viec bao ve nhin quyen ca nhan phai tiiy theo nang luc thyc te ciia Nha nudc, bdi le neu ddc toan luc vao viec nang cao trinh do bao ve nhin quyen ci nhin cho bing vdi tieu chuin cua cac nudc phat trien thi Trung Qudc se phai bd mit nhieu ca hdi phat tnen kinh td, xet vc lau dai la bat lai cho viec ning cao trinh dp bao ve nhan
Diu the ky XXI, kh^i ni^m nhin quy^n mdi bk Qiu dl vSo h^ thdng ti/ ngCf ciia Oing v i Nhi nUdcTrung Qudc, khdng bj trcinh n^ nhu trUdc, NSm 2004,13n diu tien trong fjch sCfTrung Qu6c, vin d^ biio diim nhin quy^n duoc dua vio Hien phip.
quyen.
Dang chu y, Chinh phii Trung Qudc chi ndi vin de nhan quydn vdi nudc ngoai la chinh, cdn ddi vdi nhan dan nudc minh thi rat it de cap tir nhin quyen, Mai den nim 1997, Bio cio chinh tri cua Dai hgi Ding XV mdi bat diu ndi Ding CSTQ cd nhiem vu "tdn Irgng va bio dam nhan quyen".
Dau the ky XXI, khai niem nhan quyen bat dau di vao he thdng tir ngii ciia Dang va Nha nudc Trung Qudc ma khdng bi tranh ne nhu trudc. Cudi nam 2002, Trung uong Ding CSTQ chinh thiic de nghi viet dieu khoin "Bao ve nhan quyen cua cdng dan" vao Hien phap. Trong ky hop thing 2/2003, Qudc hdi Trung Qudc nhat tri vdi de nghi nay.
Cudi Cling, lan dau lien trong lich su Trung Qudc, van de bao dam nhin quyen duoc dua vao Hien phap: Dieu 33 Hien phdp Trung Quoc do ky hgp ldn 2 Quoc hoi Trung Quoc khoa X thong qua ngdy 14 thdng Ba ndm 2004 quy dinh;
""Ngudi ndo co quoc tfch nuac CHND Trung Hoa deu Id cong ddn nuac CHND Trung Hoa.
Cong ddn nu&c CHND Trung Hoa nhdl ludi binh ddng trudc phdp luat. Nhd nudc ton trong va hdo ddm nhdn quyen..." Dieu 37 quy dinh: "...
Sdt cd cong ddn ndo cung khong hi giam glCr khi chua CO phe chudn hoac quyet dinh ciia Vien Kiem sdt Nhdn ddn hoac quyet djnh cua Toa dn Nhdn ddn vd do co quan cong an thi hdnh... ".
Nhu vay Hien phip Trung Qudc da thira nhin tat ca mgi ngudi cd qudc Ijch nudc CHND Trung Hoa deu dugc Nha nudc bao dam nhin quyen, khdng phan biet Ihin phin giai cap vi chinh kien ciia hg. Dieu do cho thiy quan niem nhin quyen d Trung Qudc da chuyen bien tir ITnh vyc nghien Cliu ly luan trd thinh phap luit \a chinh sach bio ve nhan quyen, quan nidm nay da nhit tri vdi quan niem ciia cong dong qudc te. •
Sdl9.NGAY05.ia2012 vmw tiasang com vn TiaSOng T 9
