NHA NUUl. v a l-n«r L u n i
VE QUYEN LAP PHAP
Ngiiy£n Si Dung*
'TS. Nguy6n Ph6 Chu nhi6m Van phbng Qu6c hdi.
I liono lin bai >iet:
Tukhod:
Q u y ^ l ^ p b i p
Lfck su bdi viel:
Nh^Db&i: 24/11/2016 BiSntIp: 27/12/2016 Duyftb&i: 05/01/2017
Tom tat:
H i ^ p b ^ nfim 2013 trao q u y ^ lgp p h ^ cho Qu6c h^i vd q u y ^ hitaih | ^ cho Chinh phu. V^ bdn chit, Up pb&p l i ho^t dfog s&ng tfo ra cdc quy p h ^ p h ^ luft D l y Ik qui trinh tucmg tic giihi ^p phip v i hinh p h ^ , giila Qu6c bfi v i Chinb phu de lim ra c i c dfio lu$t. S i ^ niy hoin toin phiit b^p v6i diyc tiln nu6c ta khi c6 d ^ 90%-9S% c i c dy i n lu^t do Chinh phA so^n thio, trinh Qu6c bfi x n n x ^ thdng qua. B i i v i ^ nghifin cira thfan mOt s^ v4n d i v^ q u y ^ l$p phip; m^i quan hf giita q u y ^ l | p p h ^ v i q u y ^ hinh phip, q u y ^ tu p h ^ .
Article Inrnmation:
Keywords:
Legislative power
Article History:
Received: 24 Nov. 2016 Edited: 27 Dec. 2016 Approved: 05 Jan. 2017
Abstract:
The Ccmsdtution of 2013 provides the National Assembly widi die legislative power and the Government with executive power. In essence, legislaticm is an activity creating the l e ^ provisions. This is an interactive process between the legislative entity and the executive one, between the National Assembly and the Govemment to make laws. This process is entirely appropriate with the current circumstance of Vietnam where 90% -95% ofthe bills are drafted by the Govemment and then appraised and approved by the National Assembly, n i i s article provides analysis of several aspects ofthe legislative power, the relationship among die legislative power and bodi of the executive power, the judicial power.
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au nay nhi^u ngudi trong chiing ta vin h i ^ CO quan l$p p b ^ Id ca quan Idm lugt, quyen l^p phdp Id quyen Idm lu^t. Qu6c hpi ndm quyen l^p phdp thl Qu6c hpi ldm lu^t. Chinh phu ndm quyen hdnh p h ^ thl Chinh phii thi hdnh phdp lu^t.Ddy Id cdch hieu chdc chdn nhu dupc do bdng bd tdng ciia logic hinh thiic. Tuy nhidn, cdch hieu nhu v$y lgi 66 ra khdng it nhung van d^ nan gidi. Trudc het, nd khong phdn dnh chinh xdc thyc tien cupc song. Tgi sao Quoc hpi Id CO quan lam lugt, nhung Chinh phli Igi sogn thao din 90-95% cdc dy lu^t?
Thl thi giiJB C^oc h$i vd Chinh phii co quan
ndo ldm lu^t nhilu hon? Thur hai. nd khdng phdn dnh diing dpng lyc ciia cupc s6ng. Nhu mft CO quan dgi difn, Qu6c h$i it c6 dpng lyc de Idm lu^t dilu chinh hdnh vi cua ngudi dan. D6 Id Iy do gidi thich tgi sao cdc vi dgi bieu Quoc h^i it khi chii dpng trlnh ra cdc dy lugt. Cho dii cbiing ta dd Idm r4t nhilu vifc dl thuc dly cdc vj dgi bieu Qu6c hfi dua ra sdng kiln l^p phdp vd trinh ra cdc dy dn lu$t. Thl nhimg, cho din nay, sau 13 nhifm ky, mdi chi cd vin v?n 02 vi dgi bilu Qu6c h$i trlnh ra dy dn lu|t. Vd chua m^t dy dn ndo trong so dd dupc thdng qua.
Trong quan nifm cua the gidi, quyen Igp phap la quyen thong qua cac dy lugt, chu khong phdi Id quyen lam lugt. Chung ta se thay cdch hieu nay Id rat tinh tl va chuan xdc. Xin chiing minh dilu nay bdng cac Igp lugn dudi day.
v l bdn chit, lgp phdp la hogt dpng sdng tgo ra cdc quy phgm phdp lugt. Day Id qud tiinh tucmg tdc giiia lgp phdp va hanh phdp, giira C^dc h$i va Chinh phu de Iam ra cdc dgo lugt. Mpi chuyfn khong don gian chi Id: (^6c hpi ndm quyln Igp phdp, thi Qu6c hpi Iam lugt. Chinh phu ndm quyln hdnh phdp, thi Chinh phu thi hanh lugt. Hieu nhu vgy thl chung ta chi c6 thl thilt kl ra mpt nen quan tri quoc gia be tdc vd thieu dpng lyc. Chuyfn Idm lugt ciing giong nhu chuyfn xay nhd: c6 co quan thiet ke, thi cd CO quan thim dinh; c6 co quan thi cong, thi cd ca quan gidm sdt. Trong moi tuong quan nhu vgy, Chinb phii la ca quan thilt ke vd thi cong; Quoc hpi Id ca quan tham dinh vd gidm sdt. Chinh phii hogch dinh chinh sdch l^p p h ^ , sogn thdo thdnh dy \u^t r6i trinh ra C^oc hpi. Quoc hpi tham djnh dy lugt. Dong
% thi Quoc hfi thong qua. Khong dong y thl Qudc hpi khong thdng qua. Nhu v§y, ndi Qaoc hpi ndm quyln lgp phdp th) c6 nghla Id: Qudc hpi c6 thong qua mdi thdnh lugt, Qudc hpi khong thong qua, thi khdng thdnh lugt. D6 Id bdn chat ciia quyln lgp phdp trong mo hinh qudn trj qudc gta hifn dgi. Rat tile, c6 ve nhu chung ta mdi chi thau hieu vd thyc hifn cd hifu qud quy trinh quan tri cho vifc xdy dyng nhd, chu chua hdn Id cho vifc xdy dyng phdp lu|t
NIU vai tro ciia Qudc hpi trong hogt dpng lgp p h ^ la tham dinh, thi ndng lyc ma Qudc hfi phai c6 Id ndng lyc thdm dinh, chii khong phai Id ndng lyc xly dyng phap lugt chung chung. Ndng lyc ndy the hifn trudc hit d sy hilu biet vd kha ndng thiet ke mpt quy trinh lgp phdp hifu qud. Doi vdi Qudc hpi nhilu qudc gia trgn the gidi, quy trinh ndy thudng dupc thilt kl qua ba ldn dpc (ldn dpc la dich tir "reading" trong tieng Anh.
Thyc chdt ba idn dpc Id ba Idn trinh ra phien hpp toan the ciia Qudc hpi). Ba lan trinh ra phien hpp toan the la ba cdng dogn khdc nhau ciia mpt quy trinh chii khdng phai ldm di, Iam lgi ba ldn cho chac chan. Com nau di ndu lai ba Idn thi kho cd the ngon, lugt lam di Iam lgi ba Idn thi kho cd the tdt. Vl vdn dl nay, chiing toi se trinh bay chi tiet trong mpt bai vilt khac. Dieu chiing tdi mudn nhdn manh d day la: nhu mpt thiet che dgi difn cho dan, Qudc hpi it co dpng lyc ldm lugt, vi dilu nay anh hudng din quyln ty do ciia nguci dan va Idm phat sinh chi phi tuan thii cho ngydi dan. Chinh vi thl, Qudc hpi la mpt trong nhung thiet che quan trpng de kilm sodt vifc ban hdnh phdp lugt ban la de ldm ra thgt nhieu lugt.
Phap quyln cd nghia la quyen ty do ciia ngudi dan duac bao vf. Ban hdnh phdp lugt thi bao gid ciing anh hudng din quyen ty do ciia ngudi dan, chinh vi vgy hogt dpng nay phai dupc kiem sodt chdt che. Cd vd nhu tren thl gidi thi d Hoa Ky, hogt dpng Igp phdp bi kilm sodt gdt gao nhdt. Vd day cd le cung la ly do giai thich tgi sao md md hinh cua Hoa Ky mang lgi sy thinh vuong it md hinh nao theo kip. Mpt dy lugt dupc Hg vifn Hoa Ky thong qua cd the bi Thuprng vifn Hoa Ky bac bd va ngupe Igi. The nhung khi dy lugt do da dyyc cd Ha vifn vd Thugng vifn thong qua, thi no van co the bi Tong thdng Hoa Ky phii quylt (cd thdi ky khoang cuoi nhiing ndm 90 ciia the ky tnrdc, d tieu bang Washington, dng Thdng ddc tieu bang phu quyet den tren dudi 85% tdt cd cdc dy lugt do Nghi vifn cua tieu bang thong cjua).
Cudi cung, nlu mpt dy lugt vuot qua tat cd cdc ciia ai, nghla Id duyc ca Tong thdng phe chudn, thi nd van cd the bi nganh tu phdp (chi can toa dn cap quan) Idm cho vd hifu bdng each phan quyet rang nd trdi vdi Hien phap (nghich ly Id: cuoi cung thi Hoa Ky van Id nudc cd rdt nhieu lugt. Tuy nhien, day Id van de lien quan den ngudn cua phdp lugt hem Id hogt dpng lgp phap. Hoa Ky theo hf thong thdng lugt. Trong hf thong nay, phan
Sc 1-2.•329-330,11 2017
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NHA NUU*_ VA r n / \ r i-ufn
quylt cua tda an la mpt ngudn quan trpng ciia phap lugt- Chung tdi da cd may man dupc theo ddi cupc lugn tpi Tdng thdng Bill Chnton tai Thupng vifn Hoa Ky. Tgi do, cac thupng nghi sy thgm chi trich dan ca nhiing phdn quylt xa xua ciia tda an Anh de bien hp cho lgp lugn ciia minh). That ra a Hoa Ky, quyln lyc dupc phan chia quan trpng nhat Id theo nguyen tdc kiem soat va can bdng. Qudc hpi cd quyen thong qua luat;
Tong thdng cd quyen phe chuan hogc phu quyet lu^t; toa dn cd quyen phan xet ve tinh hpp hiln ciia lugt. Nhu vgy, cd ve nhu quyen lgp phdp khdng nam "trpn gdi" trong mpt co quan nao cd.
Xdc lgp va vgn hdnh mdi quan hf giua Idp phdp vd hdnh phap Id npi dung cdt loi ciia mpi nen quan trj qudc gia. Hien phap nam 2013 trao quyen lgp phap cho Qudc hpi vd quyen hanh phap cho Chinh phii. Dieu nay nen dupc hieu the ndo trong vifc vgn hanh nen quan tri quoc gia tren thyc te? Tren thyc te. d bat ky nudc ndo tren the gidi, Chinh phu deu do dang thdng cu thanh Igp, va thyc chat Chinh phii la cua dang. Q nudc ta lgi cdng nhu vay, bdi vi Dang ludn chilm tdi tren dudi 90% ghe d yong Qudc hpi.
Ngudi dan bau cho Dang nghia td phe chudn chuong trinh ciia Dang vd Uao quyen thdnh Igp Chinh phii cho Dang de trien khai thyc hifn chuang trinh do. Nhu vgy, chucmg trinh hanh dpng cua Chinh phu chinh la chuang trinh ciia Dang da dupc da sd cii tri phe chuan thong qua bau cii. Tiic Id trong mo hinh nha nudc hifn dgi, chuang trinh ciia dang thdng cii dupc phe chuan d cdp cao han Qudc hpi (cdp nhan dan). Vay thi Qudc hpi van dupc sinh ra dl lam gi? Cau fra ldi la: de bao dam sy tham dinh cho qua trinh ban hdnh chinh sdch, bdo dam su giam sat cho qud trinh thyc hifn chinh sdch. Ngodi ra, Quoc hpi trong mo hinh dgi nghi, ciing tuong ddi gidng mo hinh a nudc ta, la nen tang de thanh lgp Chinh phu. Cd ba phuang an thanh lgp Chinh phii d day: 1. Dang cd da sd trong Qudc hpi diing ra thanh lgp
l U LAP P H A P '^0 1'2[329-330i '• 2ri
Chinh phli (Chinh phu ndy rat mgnh); 2. Cdc dang lien minh cd du^c da sd trong Qudc hpi vd thdnh lgp Chinh phu (Chinh phii nay se mgnh, neu lien minh mgnh va ngirpc lgi);
3. Dang khdng co da sd nhung c6 nhilu ghe nhat trong Qudc hpi diing ra thanh Igp Chinh phli (Chinh phii nay Id mpt chinh phii ylu, con gpi la chinh phii thieu sd). Ban chit ciia khoa hpc chinh tq hifn dgi la nhu v§y. (Judc hpi ddng mpt vai tro het siic quan trpng trong vifc thdnh lgp Chinh phii, nhung bdn chit la ddng thang cii thanh lgp Chmh phii.
Khi dang thing cii da cd da sd d Qudc hpi thi quy trinh, thii tyc d Qudc hpi phdi rit nhanh chdng va don gian.
Chinh phli nam quyen hdnh phdp vd Qudc hpi nam quyen lgp phdp. Sy tirong tdc (thgm chi cgnh tranh) giua hai quyln ndy chinh Id dpng lyc cua mpt nln qudn Xr\ qudc gia. Sy kiem sodt va cdn bdng giiia hai quydn lyc ndy cilng chinh Id ddi hdi quan trpng nhat ciia phdp quyln. Ngay tii dau, nlu chiing ta hieu dupc nhy vgy thi vifc thiet kl vd vgn hdnh cdc quy trinh qudn tn quoc gia se hpp ly vd hifu qua hon.
Khi ndi ve quyen lgp phdp vd quyen hdnh phdp thi ciing khong nen bd qudn quyen tu phdp. 6 nudc ta, quyln tu phdp dupc Hien phdp nam 2013 trao cho tda dn.
Ap dvmg phdp lugt de phdn xti Id quyln tdi cao ciia tda dn. Ma nhu vgy thi tdc dpng ciia tda dn len quyln lgp phdp la khong he nhd.
Bdi vl ring, cho dii tat cd cdc dy lugt dlu do Chinh phli soan thdo vd Qudc hpi thdng qua, thi mpi dieu van chi thgt sy sdng td trong cdc phan quylt cua tda an. Vd day mdi chinh Id thii phdp lugt tdc dpng thgt sy Idn cupc sdng.
Nhihig can nhdc, nhihig tinh todn ciia cdc nhd Igp phdp cho dii ky luong din dau, thi cung chi Id nhung gid thuylt md thdi. Rit tide, chiing ta chua cong nhgn khai nifm sy tham dinh ciia tu phap. Tuy nhidn, nlu c6 dupc dieu ndy, thi sy kiem sodt quyen lyc giua cdc ca quan nhd nj'Vc md chiing ta mong mudn se hifu qua ban nhieu •
