s o 10 2010
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VI Tir NOI TRONG TIENG VIET
1. Nghia cua tur ndi trong tieng Vift ... . . , Trong tiiyc tien sii dyng ngdn ngtt, ngMa eiia mpt tfl dupc xac djnh can efl vao ngfl canh chfl khdng phai cM dya vao ngMa frong tfl diln. Dpng tfl ndi ciing nhu vgy. Theo Tic diin tiing
Vi^t [5,709], ndi cd cae nghia sau:
1) Phat ra thanh tieng, thanh ldi dl dien dgt mpt npi dung nhit djnh frong giao tiep (NghT sao ndi vgy. An nin dgi. ndi nin ldi);
2) Phat am (ndi gigng Nam Bg);
3) Sfl dyng mpt thfl tilng ndo do, phdt am dl giao tilp (Ndi tiing Viit.
Dgc dugc tiing Hdn nhung khdng ndi dugc);
4) Cd y kiln che trach, che bai (Ngudi ta ndi nhiiu ldm vi dng ta.
Ldm dimg di ai ndi);
5) Trinh bdy bdng hinh thflc ndi (Ndi tha Lyc Vdn Tiin. Hdt ndi);
6) Thi Mfn mpt npi dung nao dd (birc tranh ndi vdi ngudi xem nhiiu diiu, nhung con sd ndi lin mgt phdn su thgt, ndi vdi nhau bdng dnh mdt).
Cd till khdi qudt: ndi x d t Mfn trong hai trudng hpp pho biln sau:
- Ndi frong cdc trudng hpp khdng phai Id bilu Mfn cac hdnh dpng phat ngdn.
ThS LE THI THdM
TM dy 1: Ndi Id ldp hgc nhung thuc chdt la mgt gian nhd cdp 4 tuinh todng ndm ngay chdn sdng vdn la ca sd chi biin sita cua mgt ngudi Trung Qudc, vi chua phdi miia sua nin bd
trdng. ; (Bao Gido dye & Thai dgi, sd 36,
ngay 24/03/2009) . = . > • . . Trong trudng hpp tten, tfl ndi tuong duong ve ngMa vdi tfl ggi (Id).
- Ndi vdi tu each la vj tfl ttong sy tinh phdt ngdn, bieu Mfn hdnh dpng phdt ngdn. ^
Trong khudn kho bai vilt nay chiing tdi cM ^ trung xem x6t nhiing trudng hpp vj tfl ndi gifl vai tid Id vi tfl eiia sy tinh phat ngdn (vl sy tinh phat ngdn, xin xem [9]).
Tu Ufu thyc tl eho tiily, cd thi xac nhgn dpng tfl no/ la vi tfl trung tam/
diln hinh trong so cac vi tfl thupc sy tinh phat ngdn ttong tilng Vift (bdo, phdt biiu, trd ldi, cdi, Mta, h^n, chi, trdch, sai, chi thj, khen, mdi,...). Vai frd ciia nd Id thi Mfn hanh dpng phat ngdn trong d u tnic d dgng diy du nhu sau:
Phat ngon thi + hanh dpng phit ngon ± tiep ngon the ± ngon the ± dfch ngon the (1)
76 Ngon ngfl sd 10 ndm 2010 Thi dy 2: Thgch ndi vdi ddng
chi cdng an 1:"... Chdc tdi bj cd hdn giuc."
(Truyin ngdn chgn lgc 2002, tt. 312) Phat ngdn the: Thgch "^" -»
Hanh dpng phat ngdn: ndi Tilp ngdn till/ dich ngdn till: dong chi cdng an 1 I :j i
Ngdn till: Chdc tdi bj cd hdn giuc.
Trong trudng hpp khae, ndi tham gia frong ehu canh cM van de (sy cy till boa van de hay ehu dl). Liic dd nd dupe Mfn thyc boa dien Mnh vdi mpt gidi tfl nhu vi. liin quan tdi.
liin quan din. Nd thudng fra ldi cho cau hdi ndi vi cdi gi?
TM dy 3: Hdn se ndi vi diiu du djnh cita minh.
(Truyin ngdn chgn lgc 2002, tt. 251) 2. Ndi - vi tfl trung tam, tham gia vao vifc the hifn hdnh dpng phat ngon thufc nhieu lo^i hdnh vi d ldi
Vdi tu each la dpng tfl tnmg tam/
dpng tir dien hinh trong sd cac vi tfl tham gia frong sy tinh phat ngdn, ndi dk the hifn sy phong phii, da dgng ve nghia. Nd ed kha nang tham gia vao vifc the Mfn eae hanh vi d ldi khac nhau. Vi tu nay xuat Mfn d hau khdp cac kieu hanh vi d ldi theo phan logi eua Searle: Thdng tin, cam ket dieu kMen, bieu cam, tuyen bd.
2.1. Ndi tham gia vao vifc the Mfn hanh vi d ldi "thdng tin" ("tai hifn")
Hanh vi "thdng tm" la kieu hdnh vi d ldi trinh bay lgi dieu ma ngudi ndi tm ring ed thyc hay khdng ed thyc, la vifc mieu ta lgi mpt sy tinh dang dupc ndi din, tiiye tl thi nao tiii ldi thdng tin
nhic lgi diing nhu till. KM dung hanh vi thdng tin, ngudi ndi lam cho ldi eua minh thich hpp vdi thi gjdi (the gjdi eiia mem tin, till gidi ma mmh tm tudng). Tham gia trong d u tiiic cua sy tmh phat ngdn cd hanh vi thdng tin, ndi vdi tu each la hanh dpng phat ngdn. Thi dy 4:
a. (Dng thudng ndi rdng: Khi hgu d ddy chdng dugc ldnh, nhiing ngudi chua quen vdi thuy thd miin nhiit ddi, din ddy md chdng biit giu thdn, khd khdi chit vi nguy hiim dy truyin nhiem phdn nhiiu do nudc bdn.
(Nam Cao truyin ngdn tuyin chgn, fr. 459)
b. Hg ndi vdi tdi rdng vi khdng cdn hi vgng tim dugc gia dinh tdi, hg da cd V djnh in hai cudn nhgt ki thdnh sdch di cho cd thi gidi dugc biit vi mgt nit bdc sT cgng sdn ngudi Hd Ngi da sdng vd chit ra sao.
(Nhgt ki Ddng Thuy Trdm, fr. 20) c.Anh Tdn liin ndi ngay:
- Chi Ngdn binh trgng em a Chuyin qua ba binh viin. gid thi ngudi ta trd vi rdi Vdy md cd dy gidu biit Sdng nay chi Hd vita mdi diin cho anh.
(Tmyin ngdn chgn lgc 2002, fr. 111) Khi hdu a day (...) do nudc bdn trong phat ngdn 4a; vi khdng cdn hi vgng (...) da sdng vd chit ra sao frong phat ngdn 4b va Chj Ngdn binh trgng...
chj Hd vita mdi diin cho anh Ik npi dung thdng tm ma dieh ngdn thi frong 4a, tdi ttong 4b va em ttong 4c chua bilt (hodc ngudi ndi tin la chua bilt).
NgMa cua tu ndi dupe dimg ttong ea ba phat ngdn tren tuong duong vdi ngMa eua eae tu bdo, bdo, thdng bdo. thdng tin. Neu ta thay ndi bing
"^9t frong eae dpng tfl fren tM ngMa cua chiing dudng nhu khdng thay ddi Ching hgn:
a'. Ong thudng bao rdng: Khi hdu a day chdng dugc ldnh, nhirng ngudi chua quen vdi thuy thd miin nhiit ddi, din day md chdng biet giit thdn, khd khdi chit vi nguy hiim dy truyin nhiim phdn nhiiu do nudc bdn.
h\ Hg thdng bao vdi tdi rdng vi khdng cdn hi vgng tim dugc gia dinh tdi, hg dd cd y djnh in hai cudn nhdt ki thdnh sdch di cho cd thi gidi dugc biit vi mgt nii bdc si cgng sdn ngudi HdNgi da sdng vd chit ra sao.
e'. Anh Tdn liin thdng bao ngay:
- Chj Ngdn binh trgng, em g.
Chuyin qua ba binh viin, gid thi ngudi ta trd vi rdi. Vgy md cd dy gidu biit Sdng nay chj Hd vita mdi diin cho anh.
2.2. Ndi tham gia vdo vifc thi hifn hanh vi d ldi "dilu khien"
Hanh vi d ldi "dieu khien" la kilu hdnh vi d ldi d§t ngudi nghe vdo frach nhifm thyc hifn mpt hanh dpng trong tirang lai. Tham gia vao sy tinh phat ngdn thyc Mfn hanh vi dilu kMen, dpng tfl ndi vdi tu each la hanh dpng phat ngdn. TM dy 5:
a. Tui nut lgi mdy cdi Ig, dgt vdo gid, ndi nhu ra linh: ',.)<:
- Di do. Gid khuya rdi Di ngii mai cgn di ldm.
(Ngudi vdt phii du, fr. 269) b. Dgt nghi qudn ddi ngdy, mgi cdng viic hgp hdnh kiim diem da xong
^iidi tnra ngu mgt chut thitc day ngap
ddi khdng biit ldm gi, con Mdc cOng chua cd chd ndo di chai ndm ddi ra dudi vdng, tdi ndi: "Di bdt cd vdi tao, mdy!"
(Truyin ngdn hay 2005, fr. 102) c. Chi ndi: Hay tdi di cimg vdi anh?
(Truyin ngdn hay 2005, fr. 112) Trong till dy 5a ngdn thi Di dd.
Di ngii mai cdn di ldm la hdnh vi ra Ifnh cua Tuf, nd ddt ngudi nghe vdo vifc phai tiiyc Mfn linh eiia ngudi phdt ngdn: di do va di ngii (My nMen, ngudi tilp nhgn cd thi ± di do, ± di ngii). Hanh vi d ldi ra Ifnh ndy da dupe gpi ten ngay trong kM so sanh ndi nhu ra linh. Nhu vgy d trudng hpp nay ngMa cua tfl ndi tuong duong vdi ngMa eiia tfl ra linh. Trong 5b, phat ngdn thi tdi da thyc Mfn hdnh vi "ni"
con Moc di bit ca. Nhu vgy ngMa eiia tii ndi frong trudng hpp ndy tirang duong vdi ngMa cua tu rii. Tuong ty nhu vgy, d 5e tiidng qua hanh vi hdi phat ngdn the chj muon hudng den dieh la dl ngM mmh dupc di ciing vdi anh.
NgMa eua tfl ndi d day tuong duong vdi ngMa eiia tfl di nghj. Nhu vgy, ttong cae trudng hpp tten ndi tham gia vdo vifc thi Mfn hanh vi d ldi dieu kMin, ngMa cua ndi tuang duong vdi ngMa eiia ra linh, ru, di nghj... Neu ta tiiay ndi bing mpt trong cac dpng tii tren tM nghia eua chiing dudng nhu khdng thay ddi Ching ban:
a'. Tui nut lgi mdy cdi Ig, dgt vdo gid, ra Ifnh:
- Di dd. Gid khuya rdi Di ngii mai cdn di ldm.
b'. D0 nghi qudn ddi ngdy, mgi cdng viic hgp hdnh kiim diim da xong, budi trua ngii mgt chiit thirc
78
dgy ngap ddi khdng biit ldm gi, con Mdc ciing chua cd chd ndo di chai ndm ddi ra dudi vong. tdi ni: "Di bdt cd vdi tao, mdy!" •""""
c'. Chj de ngM: Hay tdi di ciing vdi anh?
2.3. Ndi tham gia vao vifc thi Mfn hanh vi d ldi "Myen bd"
Hanh vi d ldi "tuyen bo" la kilu hanh vi d ldi lam thay doi thi gidi thdng qua nhiing phat ngdn. KM thyc Mfn hanh vi d ldi tuyen bo tM ngudi ndi, vdi cuong vi ciia miitii, da thay ddi the gidi thdng qua ldi. Tham gia vao sy tinh phat ngdn thyc Mfn hanh vi myen bo, dpng tfl ndi vdi tir each la hanh dpng phat ngdn. TM dy 6:
a. Chung chua kjp xin cd gido cho ldm lgi bdi kiim tra thi cd da ndi:
- Bdi ndy khdng ldy diim!
Cd lap nhdy lin reo hd sung sudng.
b. Chj ta khdng nhgn, nhin vi phia ngudi chdng rdi ndi:
- Khdng lay tiin ddu! Niu cd tiin nd lgi di mua thudc phiin.
(Truyin ngdn hay 2005, tt. 123) Trong cac trudng hpp tren, phat ngdn the dd thyc Mfn hdnh vi Myen bd. Cd gido trong 6a Myen bd vdi ca ldp ve vifc minh khdng vao so dilm ket qua bai kiem tra. Chj ta ttong 6b myen bo Khdng lay tiin tnrde ngudi dua tiln (ngudi mua do eo frong tmyfn), ddng thdi ciing la hanh dpng tuyen bo cho ngudi ehdng bilt khdng nhgn tiln tfl pMa ngudi mua (do hanh dpng nhin viphia ngudi chdng rdi ndi dem lgi). Phin phat ngdn Niu cd tiin nd lgi di mua thudc phiin cM la giai tMch
Ngon ngfl sd 10 ndm 2010 eho hanh dpng myen bo fren. Nhu vgy, frong cac tiirdng hpp fren ngMa eiia tfl ndi tuong duong vdi ngMa eiia tfl tuyin bd. Cd till thay tfl tiryin bd vao vi tri ciia ^i ndi ma ngMa cua chimg vk CO bdn khdng cd sy thay ddi. Ching hgn:
a'. Chiing chua kjp xin cd gido cho ldm lgi bdi kiim tra thi cd dd Myen bo.-
- Bdi ndy khdng lay diim!
Cd ldp nhgy lin reo hd sung sudng.
b'. Chj ta khdng nhgn, nhin vi phia ngudi chdng rdi Myen bd:
- Khdng lay tiin ddu! Niu cd tiin nd lgi di mua thudc phiin.
2.4. Ndi tham gia vao vifc thi Mfn hdnh vi d ldi "cam kit"
Hanh vi d ldi "cam kit" Id kilu hanh vi d ldi theo dd ma ngudi ndi rang bupc mmh vdi hdnh dpng frong Mong lai nao dd. Nd thi Mfn dilu ma ngudi ndi ed y dinh thyc Mfn. Dd Id cdc hdnh vi hua hen, tfl choi cam kit, the thdt... Cac hanh vi ndy cd the dupc thyc Mfn bdi mpt minh ngudi ndi, ho^c mpt tgp thi md ngudi ndi Id dgi difn. KM dimg hanh vi cam kit ngudi ndi CO gang lam eho thi gidi tMch hpp vdi ldi ndi. TM dy 7:
a Anh dy nghi nggi mgt chut rdi ndi:
- Sinh nhgt ndy bd se tgng con mgt chiic d td leo tudng.
Thdy bd hda thi cgu con trai reo lin sung sudng.
b. Hdi ndi to nhu thet:
- Di chir. Cd nhiin la phdi di (Nam Cao truyin ngdn tiryin chgn, tt. 299)
Q till dy 7a, ngudi bo da tiiyc Mfn hdnh vi hua hpn vdi cgu con trai:
sg mua tang mpt cMic d td leo Mdng nhan djp sinh nhat Nhu vgy, trong tiirdng hpp nay ngMa eiia tii ndi tirang duong n ^ a eiia tii hira. Cung nhu vgy, d 7b la sy qud quylt, cam kit sg tiiyc Mfn hanh dpng di mpt each chle chin eua Hdi. Tfl ndi d day ed ngMa Mang duang vdi tii qud quyit. Cd till tiiay eae tii hira, qud quyit vao v\ tri eiia tii ndi ttong cac tiirdng hpp tten ma ngMa eua phat ngdn vl co ban khdng thay doi Ching hgn:
a'. Anh dy nghT nggi mgt chiit rdi hua:
- Sinh nhgt ndy bd se tdng con mgt chiic d td leo tudng. ' . ,;; ^
Thdy bd hica thi cgu con trai reo lin sung sudng.
b'.//a; qua quylt:
- Di chic. Cd nhiin la phdi dl 2.5. Ndi tham gia vdo vifc thi Mfn hanh vi d ldi "bilu cam"
Hanh vi d ldi "bilu cam" Id nhflng hanh vi d ldi bilu Ip nhflng ttgng thai tam U, tinh cam, cam xiic nhu dau ddn, budn chan, vm mimg, ho hdi, cdm on, xin loi... KM dimg hanh vi bilu cam ngudi ndi lam cho ldi tMch hpp vdi thi gidi ciia sy cam thy. TM dy 8:
a. Ong noi gdt:
- Thi cir di bgc md dem chdn!
M? kjip! Cd tiin, cd ciia, ldm ngudi dan anh khdng mudn, cu muon di dira khdc nd cudi lin ddu, lin cd. Ngu nhu bd!
(Nam Cao truyin ngdn tiryin chgn, tt.192)
b. Anh dan toy vdo toy Hg, xiit mgnh khe noi: "Anh nhd em Idmr
(Truyin ngdn chgn lgc 2002, fr. 252) c. Cdi H^n Idn han khdng ndi, cd bdn dua em nd: Vdc, Ma, Tinh, Cii diu xiim lgi dm cd bd, ndi:
- Bd minh tdi thgt. , -
(Truyin ngdn chgn lgc 2002, fr. 47) d Thi ddt d?p qud! Ra la bd cy da chd sdn dng cy d day rdi Mgt ngudi phu mg ndi.
(Truyin ngdn hay 2005, tr. 26) KM ndi den hanh vi d ldi bilu cam khdng ed ngMa Id hanh vi ly ton tgi d dgng don Igp ma nd thudng cd sy phdi hpp vdi mpt hay mpt vai hanh vi khac: thdng tin, dilu kMin, cam ket, Myen bo... Dd ed thi la sy khd cMu, khinh bi, cham chpc, coi thudng doi vdi vifc khdng bd tiln ra dk mua danh ciia mpt dich ngdn thi ndo dd frong tM dy 8a; la frgng thai cam xuc nhd nhung, au yim (Anh nhd em ldm!) frong tM dy 8b; Id sy khing diMi, kieu hanh ty hao vl cai tdi eiia bo (Bd minh tdi that) frong tM dy 8e; Id sy ngpi khen, xac tin thi dit dpp frong tM dy 8d. Cd mpt dilu de nhgn thiy hanh vi d ldi bilu cam thudng ed nhflng d u Mfu Mnh thue, ho^e tfl ngfl ehuyen dyng the Mfn. Dd Id ngfl difu thi Mfn bing dau "!" frong cac tM dy 8a, 8b, 8d; la ldi ehfli ddng M^ Mep! \k sy mift tM Ngu nhu bd! (a 8a), la tilu tfl tmh thai dung cudi phat ngdn: ldm (8b), thgt (8e), qud (8d).
3. Ket lu|n
Nhu vgy, qua vifc xem xet v] tfl ndi fren phuang difn dyng hpc ta thay ndi cd kha ndng the Mfn hanh
80 Ngdn ngfl s6' 10 ndm 2010 dpng phat ngdn tiiupc nMiu logi hdnh
vi d Idi. Net n^a phdt ra thdnh tiing, thdnh ldi di diin dgt mgt ngi dung nhdt djnh trong giao tiip eiia ndi dupc cy thi hod frong timg ngfl canh Trong thyc tl, mpt so vi tfl thyc Mfn hanh vi thdng tin, dilu kMin, cam k i t Myen bo, bilu cdm cd thi thay thi vi tfl ndi Tfl day ta cd thi ndi: Vdi M each Id vi tfl trung tam trong nhdm vi tfl ndi ndng, trong nhQng ngfl canh Milt dinh, ndi ed kha nang till Mfn cdc logi hdnh vi d ldi. Kit qud khdo sat vd phan tich ndy cho thiy sy phong phu vl ngMa vd khd ndng thyc Mfn ede hdnh vi d ldi ciia vi tfl ndi ndi rieng vd nhdm vi tfl ndi ndng ndi ehung. Kit qua ndy till Mfn cdch nhin da cMeuvl ddi tupng ngMen cflu, giiip cho vifc tilp cgn doi tupng toan difn han dl mieu td doi tupng chinh xac ban. Dd cung chinh la mpt trong nhflng nMf m vy quan frpng cua ngdn ngfl h p c ., ,:-^~. ,,^-^ „; .,k
. i. r ^ j A l LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Biii Minh Todn, Tfl frong hogt dpng giao tiqj tilng Vift Nxb GD, H, 1999.
2. Ddo Thanh Lan, Mpt sd d$c dilm ngu nghia - ngfl dyng cua nhdm vj tu bieu tiij hogt dpng ndi nang frong tieng Vift
T/c Ngdn nga, So 7, 2009. /n^ini.
3. Dd Hihi Chdu, Co sd ngfl n ^ a hpc tfl vyng, Nxb DH & THCN, 1998
A. Hodng Vdn Vdn, Ngfl phdp kinh n ^ i i ^ cua ci tilng Vift: Mieu ta tiieo quan dilm chiic nang hf thon& Nxb KHXH, H. 2005.
5. Hodng Phi (chu bien), Tfl diln tieng Vift, Nxb KHXH - Trung tdm Tir diin hoc, H, 1994.
6. M A. K. Halliday, Dan lugn ngfl phap chuc ndng, Nxb DHQG, H, 2001.
7. Nguyit Vdn Phd, Mpt so van de ngfl phap, ngfl nghia cua dpng tfl ndi ndng tieng Vift Lugn dn tiin sTNgfc vdn, 2004.
8. Nguyin Thi Quy, Ngfl phap chiic nang tilng Vift (Vj tii hanh dpng), Nxb KHXH. H.,2002.
9. Le Thj Tham, Sy tinh phat ngdn trong tmyfn ngln Chi PhSo cua Nam Cao, 77c Ngdn nga. So 3. 2008.
10. F. de Saussure, Gido frinh ngdn ngfl hpc dgi cuong, Nxb KHXH, H., 2005.
11. Phgm Thj Hda, Hifn tupng nhilu nghia frong tmdng tfl vyng chi ngirdi (Cac dpng tfl nhieu nghia cd nghia ndi ndng), Lugn dn tiin sTNga vdn, H., 2000.
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