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VAN HOA PHAP LUAT TRONG GIAI QUYET KHIEU NAI
PGS.TS Bid Thi Dao iec tiiyc hien quyln khilu nai mang lai lgi cung cd trong thdi ki bao cap vdi co che xin cho, ich cho nha nude va ca ngudi ddn. Vl phia cdng vdi quan niem hanh chinh la cai hi rit thinl]i^ydi ddn, viec ihuc hien quyln khieu nai la co hanh thdi bay gid. Mac du den nay, quan niem va hgi de hg dugc khdi phuc nhftng quyen vd lgi ich tiiuc le nen hanh chinh da cd nhiing thay dli dang hgp phdp bi xam hai bdi cac boat dgng trdi phap ke nhung sy bat binh ding ve vi the cua nguoi luat ciia co quan, can bd, cdng chftc nha nude. Ve khieu nai va ngudi giai quyet khieu nai trong quan phia nha nude, viec ngudi dan thyc hien quyen he giai quyet khieu nai khdng bao gid mil ^ ciing khieu nai la sy canh bdo ye khd nang mac sai ldm nhu nhimg diu an ctia tiidi phong kiln, tiidi ha trong boat dgng cua cac co quan, cdn bp, cdng cap trong phap lu^t, tix)ng tu duy cua cdn bp, c6ng chuc nha nude. Qud trinh giai quyet khieu nai chftc, tham chi ca trong nhdn ddn van cdn anh la qua trinh nha nude danh gid lai boat dpng hudng mgnh me den khieu nai vd boat dgng giai cua minh, phdt hiSn, thfta nhgn va sua chfta quylt khilu nai.
nhiing sai ldm da mac phdi ti-udc do. Qua dd, nha nude nang cao chat lugng ho^t ddng cfta minh, bao ve hftu hieu quyln va lgi ich hgp phdp cua nhdn dan ldm cho nha nude va nhdn dan xich lgi gdn nhau hon, chftng minh mdt chdn Iy Idn lao la nha nude nao cung phai vi
Vdi luu y do, bai viet nay ban den van hda phap lugt trong boat dgng giai quyet khieu nai 6 hai khia cgnh gdm van hda phap luat thl hien trong cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat vl khilu nai, giai quyet khieu nai va van hda phdp lugt trong hoat ddng khieu nai, gidi quyet khieu nai tixing thuc t^
dan va phdp luat la phuang tien quan tirpng dl d nude ta hien nay.
ngudi ddn bao ve quyln, lgi ich cfta minh. Mpt la, van hda phdp lugtthihi$n trongcd^
Gid tii tiiyc le cua quyln khilu nai vd vipe giai qiry dinh cuaplidp lugt vi khiiu ngi vd gidi qi^-i quyet khieu nai phy thudc vao nhilu ylu td khdc khiiu ngi
nhau, ttong dd van hda phap ludt la ylu Id cd vai Cd thl ndi, van hda phdp luat till hiSn dam n^
tid dac bi?t quan ftpng. Ciing nhu d bil eft hoai ttong tdt ca cdc quy dinh cua p h ^ luat vl khilu dpng nao khdc cua nha nude, van hda phap ludt ngi va giai quylt khilu nai, gia tti van hoa phap the hien trong mpi khia canh cua boat dgng giai luat rd ret nhit la khing dinh muc dich Idn nh5t quyet khieu nai. Tuy nhien, boat dgng gidi quylt cua nha nude, cua phap ludt la pliuc vu nhan dan.
khieu nai d nude ta cd nhftng dac tiimg khiln cho Mot each cu till, gia tii nay thl hien qua cac quy van hda.phap luat ttong giai quylt khilu nai phai dinh cua phdp ludt sau ddy:
dugc nhgn tiiuc vd till hien diing din, phu hgp Thir nhdt, quy dinh vl quyln khilu nai ciia mdi dam bdo gia tri thyc te cua boat ddng nay. Dd ngudi dan. Bing viec quy dinh ngudi ddn c6 la, quan he gidi quyet khieu nai la quan he gifta quyln khilu nai, phap ludt khdng chi ttao cho chii tiie quan Iy va ddi ttrgn^ chiu sy quan ly, day ngudi dan mdt phuong tien phdp ly cin thilt de la quan h^ bat binh dang ve vi tiie gifta ngudi sft bdo ve nhftng quyln va loi ich hgp phap cua minh dung quyen lye va ngudi phai phuc tiing quyln md quy dinh nay cdn cd nghia ring nha nude thiia Iyc nha nude. Sy bat bmh ddng ndy von la dac nhdn ngudi dan cd quyln ddnh gid hoat ddng ciia ttung cfta^ quan he quan ly, lai dugc to dam tiiem nha nude, quyln phan ung khi ho cho ring nha boi yeu can phyc tiing quyen lye gdn nhu vd dilu nude da mdc sai ldm (cd hanh vi hdnh chinh, kien ttong sudt tiidi Id phong kien keo ddi ttong quylt dinh hanh chuih ttai phap lugt). Nhu vay.
lich su nuoc ta cho dSn gdn day va phan nao dugc boat ddng cua nha nude khdng phdi Id cdng viec
' Gidng vign, Tmong Dai hoc Luat Ha NOi
cua rieng nha nuoc, cung khdng phai nha nude cd the tien hanh mgt each tiiy tien ma nhirng hoat dgng do phdi vi lgi ich cua nhan dan hay it nhit la khdng dugc xam pham nhung quyen vd lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi dan.
Thu hai, nhftng quy dinh the hien nha nude lang nghe, tdn ttgng y kien cua r ^ d i dan. Tuong ung vdi quyen khieu nai cua ngudi dan la nghia vu tiep dan, tao dieu kien cho ngudi dan dugc ndi len y kien ciia mmh, ghi nhan, coi tirang y kien cfta ngudi ddn ttong qua trinh giai quyet khi£u nai.
Nhftng quy dinh ve viec bd tri cdn bd cd nang lye phu ti:ach cdng tac tiep ddn, thu trudng co quan phai bd tri Hch tiep dan dinh ki, cac co quan phai bd tri noi tiep dan Ucb su, thudn tien... chftng td sy cau thi ciia nhd nude, sdn sang lang nghe y kiln cua ngudi dan, tao dieu kien can thiet cho n^^rdi dan ndi len tieng ndi cua minh. Phap lueit hien hanh quy dinh ngudi dan cd quyen khieu nai khi hg cho rang quyet dinh hdnh chinh, hdnh vi hdnh chinh ttdi phap ludt, xdm pham quyen, lgi ich hgp phdp ciia hp. Nhu vay, cd the quyet dinh hanh chinh, hanh vi hanh chinh khdng trdi phdp ludt, khdng xam pham quyen, Igi ich hgp phap cua ngudi dan, nhung chi cdn ngudi dan cho rang quyet dinh, hanh vi do ttai phap ludt, xdm phgm quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua hg Id hg cd quyen khieu nai va co quan nha nude cd tham quyen bat bupc phai xem xet lai tinh hgp phdp cua cac quyet dinh, hdnh vi dd. Viec xem xet nay cd muc dich:
hogc la bdo ddm chdc chdn rang quy6t dinh, hanh vi dd hoan toan diing din, khdng xam pham quyen, lgi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi ddn; hoac la dp j dyng cac bien phap can thiet de khdi phuc quyen, I lgi ich hgp phdp da bi quylt dinh, hdnh vi do xdm , phgm. Quy dinh v l gap go, ddi thogi giiia ngudi r khieu nai vai^udi hi khieu nai trong qua trinh giai 5 quyet khieu nai vira tao dieu kien cho ngudi ddn . h giai y kiln, quan diem cua mmh, vira tao co hgi
cho ngudi dan hieu ro ban nhiing ly do, co sd cua , vi8c thyc hiSn hanh vi hanh chinh, ban hanh quyet dinh hanh chinh bi khilu nai. Cd ngudi klueu nai va ngudi bi khilu ngi deu dugc dua ra y kien, y kiln ciia ca hai ben deu dugc ngudi giai quyet khilu nai cdn nhic, xem xel ttong qua trinh giai
quyet khigu ngi. Day ciing Id bang chftng cho thay nha nude rit coi ttgng ngudi ddn, dat ngudi dan (ngudi khieu nai) d vi tri ngang bai^ vdi nha nude (ngudi bi khiSu nai) ttong qud ttinh gidi quyet khieu nai.
Thie ba, nhirng quy dinh the hien muc dich chinh cua giai quyet khieu nai la bao ve quyen, Igi ich hgp phap cua ngudi ddn. Muc dich ndy the hien d quy dinh v l ngudi khieu nai la ngudi cd quyen, lgi ich lien quan tryc tiep den quyet dinh hanh chinh, hanh vi hdnh cliinh bi khieu nai vd hp cd quyen khieu nai khi hp cho rdng quyen, Icri ich cfta hp bj xdm hai bdi quyet dinh banh chinh, hdnh vi hanh chinh dd. Ciing vdi muc dich nhu vdy, do ngudi dan khdng phai luc nao ciing du trinh dp de hieu thau ddo cac quy dinh cfta phap lugt ciing nhu cdc vdn de ve qudn Iy cd Hen quan, phap lugt quy dinh ngudi dan cd quyen nhd Luat su giup do ttong qua trinh gidi quyet khieu nai. Sy tham gia cua Lugt su mgt mat giup cho ngudi dan dua ra va chung minh cac ly le, bdng chftng su dung ttong qua trinh gidi quyet khieu nai chinh xac hon, thuyet phuc hon, mat khdc sy hien dien cua Luat su, ngudi am hieu ve phap ludt vd titiuc tiln phdp ly ciing phan nao khien cho co quan gidi quySl khieu ngi thgn trpng hon trong viec xem xet, giai quyet khieu ngi. Nhu vay, su tham gia cua Ludt su vdo qua trinh giai quyet khieu nai cd gid tti dang ke trong viec bdo ve quyen, Igi ich cua ngudi dan.
Thir lu, nhirng quy dinh the Men sy binh ddng ve quyln va nghia vy giira ngudi khieu nai va ngudi giai quyet khiSu nai. Mac dft nhu tren da ndi, vi tiie cua ngudi khieu nai va ngudi giai quyet khieu nai ttong quan he gidi quyet khieu nai Id rdt khdc nhau, nhung xet dudi gdc dp cac quyen, nghia vy va sy bdo dam cdc quyen, nghia vy ttong quan he giai quyet khieu nai do phap lugt quy dinh thi ngudi khieu nai vd ngudi gidi quyet khieu nai bmh dang vdi nhau. Ca hai ben deu cd nhiing quyen va nghTa vu nhdt dinh, d§u phdi chiu ttdch nhiem tirudc phap lugt ve viec thyc hien hay khdng thyc hien nhung quyen va nghia vu do.
Mot each cu the, klii ngudi ddn iheo dftng quy dinh cua phap ludt thuc hien quyen khilu ngi tiii
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CO quan giai quyet khi§u nai cd nghia vu xem xet lai ti'nh hgp phap cua quyet dinh hdnh chinh, hanh vi hanh chinh bi khieu nai. Khi khdng dinh cd sy xdm phgm quyen, lgi Ich hgp phap cua ngudi ddn thi ngudi dan dugc khdi phyc quyen, lgi ich dd va ngudi giai quyet khieu nai cd nghTa vy dam bao khdi phuc quyen, lgi ich cho hg. Nhiing quy dinh nay cho thay, mgc dft ttong quan he quan ly ngudi giai quyet khieu nai cd vi tii uu ti^i so vdi ngudi khieu ngi nhung phdp lual dd cd nhung bao dam cdn thiet nham ngan ngira klia nang co quan giai quyet khieu nai y vao vi the cfta minh de lan at ngudi khiSu nai, lam sai lech muc dich ciia hoat ddng giai quyet khieu nai.
Thic ndm, nhirng quy dinh the hien quyen gidm sat ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi hogt ddng gidi quyet khiSu nai. Khi khieu nai, ngudi dan khdng phdi Id ngudi hodn toan thy ddng chd vd phd mac CO quan gidi quyet khieu nai gidi quylt cdng viec cfta minh ma cdn cd quyen tac dgng ti'ch cyc vao qud tiinh giai quyet khieu nai ciia co quan cd thim quyln. Quyln nay thl hien ttong hang loat cac quy dinh khac nhau, nhu: quy dinh v l thdi han giai quylt khilu nai, theo dd, khi hit tiidi ban giai quyet khieu nai, ngudi khilu nai cd quyln hodc khilu ngi tilp len co quan hanh chinh cip tten, hoac ki&i ra tda; quy dinh ve cdng khai hda q i ^ l t dinb gidi quyet khieu ngi, tiieo do ngudi dan dugc biet yeu cau cua minh da dugc gidi quylt hay chua, giai quyet nhu thl nao, quylt dinh gidi quylt khieu ngi cd dugc cdc co quan, td chftc, ca nhdn cd lien quan thi hanh hay khdng. Cho dft hien nay chua cd CO che phdp ly hiiu hieu bdo dam thi hanh quylt dinh giai quylt khilu ngi, nhung viec cdng khai hda quyet dinh gidi quyil khilu nai vdn cd gia tii tich cyc khien cho hogt ddng giai quylt khieu ngi Ihem phan khach quan, chinh xac, dung phdp lual nhd sftc manh cua du Iuan xa hdi.
Nhu vgy, cdc quy dinh cua phdp lual hien hanh da thl hien ro sy ddnh gid cao cua nha nude vl vai ttd cua khilu nai, giai quylt khilu nai, sy cin tiuet phdi bao ve quyln, lgi ich hgp phdp cua ngudi dan khdi cdc boat ddng bit hgp phdp cua cac CO quan, can bg, cdng chftc nha nude. Cac gid tii chdn, thien, my, ich, dac biet la chdn va ieh da
ifl%
dugc the hien va bao dam. Cac quy dinh vl khi^
ngi, giai quyet Idiieu nai hien nay tuong ddi hoai chinh, the hien tu duy phap ly tiln bp vl nin h ^ chinh hien dai, ve mdi quan he giua nha nuoc yi nhan dan, mang linh nhan van sdu sdc, dap im nhu cau quan Iy xa hdi ttong thdi ki hpi nhgp qu&
te. Mdc dft cac quy dinh dd chua thyc su hoan thien, nhung da chuyen tai dugc cac gid tri cii ban cua phap luat, cfta van hda ndi chung, tao co sd phap Iy vung chdc cho boat ddng gidi quy^
khieu ngi tten thuc te.
Hai Id, vdn hda phdp lugt trong hogt dpng khieu ngi vd giai quyet khieu ngi tren thucti Nhiing quy dinh khd ddy dft, chi tilt ciiaph^
luat ve khieu nai vd gidi quylt khilu ngi da gop phan to Idn vao viec ndng cao hieu qua hoat ddng giai quyet khieu nai ttong nhilu nam qua, Tuy nhien, tft quy dinh cua phdp luat din viec thyc hien cdc quy dinh dd tten thyc t l bao gio ciing cd mgt khoang cdeh nhit dinh va chinhi day, mdt Idn nua, vdn hda phap ludt dnh hudng manh me d i n hieu qua thuc t l cua boat dong giai quyet khieu nai. Neu nhu nhiing tac dpng lich cyc cua van hda phdp luat thl hien dam net ttong cac quy dinh cua phap lugt thi Irong te hien phap luat Igi khdng t h l khong kl d§n nhung tac ddng tieu cyc. Nhiing quan niem khdng dung ddn ve vai trd cfta nha nude, ciia phap ludt ttong quan ly xa hdi, nhftng dac tnmg cua quan ly nha nude d nuac ta da dugc ndi den d tten cd the trd thanh vdl can ttong qui trinh giai quyet khilu nai.
Thic nhdt, v l phia ngudi dan, quan niSai tuyet ddi hda vi tri uu ttdi cua nhd nude, ciia can bg, cdng chftc ttong mdi quan he gifta nha nucic va nhan dan khien cho ngudi ddn van cdn tam If e nggi phap luat khdng gin giii vdi chinh quyk ngai den "cfta quan". Vi vdy, ngudi ddn co xu hudng chdp nhdn nhilu hon la phdn khang. Cho nen, khdng phdi khi nao cd hanh vi, quylt djnh hanh chinh ttai phdp luat xam pham quyen; l^i ich chmh dang cfta ngudi dan tiii hg ciing khieu nai, md thudng ngudi ddn khilu nai khi ho t kha bfte xftc v l quylt dinh, hanh vi ttai pimp 1^
do. Chinh vi vay, khi ngudi ddn thyc hien quyen
So thang 5/2U16 - Nam Uiff Mirai Mpt
khieu nai, hg thudng kha ndng nay, mudn co quan nha nude thua nhan va sua chfta ngay sai lim. Trong trudng hgp nay neu nguyen vgng cua hp khdng dugc ddp ung nhanh chdng thi hp de tiiat vgng, mat Idng tm vao chinh quyln, ddi khi khilu nai dai ddng vdi thdi do cay cii.
Ben canh do, cd nhieu trudng hgp ngudi dan khdng hoan loan am hieu phap luat, am hilu cdc van de ve quan ly nhd nude cd lien quan nen viec tiinh bay quan diem, ly giai, chftng minh yeu ciu minh dua ra khdng phu hgp phap luat hay khdng thyc sy cd sftc thuyet phyc. Neu can bp, cdng
; chftc tiep dan, tryc tilp giai quylt khilu nai
; khdng hda nha, kien nhdn tun hilu ki, giai thich, hudng ddn tan tinh, cd tinh cd ly se de ddn den I tinh ttang ngudi dan doi diu vdi ca quan nha I nude vi hg cho rang co quan, can bd, cdng chuc i nhd nude thieu ti-ach nhiem, khdng quan lam din lgi ich cua dan. Thuc le cd khdng it cac tiirdng
; hgp ngudi ddn khieu nai tiep hay khilu nai din J nhieu co quan khac nhau chi don gidn vi khdng jhai Idng vdi each thftc giai quyet cua co quan cd J thim quyen chft khdng phdi vi ket qua giai quylt , khieu nai.
J Thie hai, ve phia co quan gidi quyet khilu nai, do giai quyet khieu nai khdng phai la cdng jViec duy nhat ma co quan cd tiidm quyen giai quyet khieu nai phai thyc hien hang ngay, ddng (thai giai quyet khieu nai Id hoat ddng bmh thudng ttong qua trinh co quan thuc hien chftc nang, nhiem vu ciia minh, cho nen, d mftc do ti'ch cyc, cdn bd, cdng chuc giai quyet khieu nai binh tihh, gidi quyet vy viec theo diing trinh ty phap 'ludt quy dinh; d muc do tieu cyc, cdn bp, cdng
"chuc gidi quyet khieu nai lanh lung, thd o vdi sy oftc xuc ciia ngudi dan. Trong cd hai trudng hgp nay, ngudi dan thudng khdng tim tiiay cd su sdt 'sang ma hg mong mudn cd dugc d ngudi gidi
^quyet khieu nai. Mat khac, ttong trudng hgp idiieu ngi la dung tbi co quan, can bd, cdng chftc '^nha nude phai cdng khai, chinh thftc thua nhdn
^va siia chua sai lam cua minh. Dieu nay khdng
"phai luc nao ciing dien ra thudn lgi do tu tudng
•'sao thii, tdm ly sg dnh hudng danh dy, sg mat uy
^in cua co quan, can bg, cdng chftc. Vi vay.
khdng it trudng hgp ngudi giai quyet khieu nai cd xu hudng mudn lan at ngudi khieu nai, mudn ty bao ve y kien, quan diem ciia minh ngay ca khi thyc sy cd sai lam. Chinh d day nay sinh mdu thudn giiia nhu cau dupe quan tam, dugc giai quyet tftc thi, diing yeu cdu cfta ngudi ddn vdi sy diem tinh hay lanh nhgt, bao thft cua co quan, can bd, cdng chftc nha nude. Mau thuan nay la nguyen nhan quan ttgng ddn den nhihig ban che cua hogt dgng giai quyet khiiu nai ttong nhieu ndm qua. Vdn de se cang khd khdn hon khi co quan giai quyet khieu nai lan ddu gift nguydn quyet dinh, hanh vi bi khieu nai nhung co quan gidi quyet khieu nai lan hai lai dua ra each giai quyet khac. Bdi vi, luc nay chinh co quan giai quyet kliieu ngi Idn ddu la ngudi phai thi hanh quyet dinh giai quyet khieu nai lin hai, tftc la phdi thfta nhdn khdng chi quyet dinh, hdnh vi bi khieu nai la sai ma phai thua nhdn cd viec gidi quyet khieu nai Ian ddu la sai. Dd ciing la mgt ttong nhung ly do vi sao cd nhiSu quy^l dinh gidi quyet khieu nai cd hieu lye khdng dugc thi hdnh.
Nhu vay, nguyen nhdn quan ttgng ldm giam hieu qua boat dgng giai quyet khieu nai khdng nam d cac quy dinh cfta phdp luat ve khieu ngi ma chinh Id quan niem cfta ngudi khieu nai vd ngudi giai quyet khieu nai ve mdi quan he giira nhd nude vd nhdn dan, ve vai ttd, vi the cfta mdi ben ttong quan he dd ndi rieng, ttong qudn li nha nude ndi chung. Ca quan, can bg, cdng chftc nha nude can xda bd tu duy theo kieu dng quan tda khdng the xu sai, ngu&i cdng chirc khdng bao gid nhdm lan vd can cd tu duy cdi md rang bat ki ai ciing cd the mdc sai ldm, ddng thdi thang thdn thfta nhdn, sua chiia sai lam Id kha nang tdt nhdt de tranh nhiing sai ldm ve sau. Chinh viec nha nude quy dinh quyen khieu nai cua ngudi ddn Id thua nhdn mdt thyc te mang tinh tdt yeu rang hogt ddng quan ly khdng tiie khdng cd sai lam. Neu quan niem mpt each dung dan ve van de nay thi co quan, can bd, cdng chftc khdng khd khan gi khi thfta nhdn sai lam ciia minh va ngydi ddn ciing se binh tinh hon khi khieu ngi, se tich cyc hd trg co quan giai quyet khilu nai tim ra each lot nhdi dS gidi quyet ttanh chap./.
