Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of
Temperature Control System for Artificial Catfish
Spawning
Hanif Fakhrurroja and Iwan Rohman Setiawan
Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation DevelopmentIndonesian Institute of Sciences Bandung, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract— Catfish is one of the leading commodity profitable. Catfish consumption in recent years has increased. But, loss results in fishery activity still occurs in the entire production chain from cultivation, harvest, post-harvest, processing and distribution, or transportation. Mainly in fish farming activities, i.e. the spawning process. One of the problems in catfish cultivation are extreme changes in environment temperature. Systems and technologies that can reduce the rate of yield loss needs to be developed. Based on the literature study, the water temperature affect the fish spawning. Results in the loss of spawning activity can be reduced with the construction of an automatic temperature control system so that the temperature of fish pond is always the ideal conditions for fish spawning. Qualitative research methodology used to conduct surveys, observations, interviews and data collection to support the simulation modelling using MATLAB. From the testing results of temperature control system prototype succeed to keep the spawning pond temperature in ideal temperature condition, i.e. 27ºC-30 ºC.
Keywords-Temperature Control System, Spawning, Catfish
I. INTRODUCTION
Catfish is one of the leading commodity profitable. Catfish consumption in recent years has increased. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries will strive to increase the production of Catfish 450%, from 200,000 tons in 2009 to 900,000 tons in 2014 [1]. But, yield loss in fishery activity still occurs in the entire production chain from cultivation, harvest, post-harvest, processing and distribution, or transportation. Mainly in fish farming activities, i.e. the spawning process [2]. One of the problems in catfish cultivation are extreme changes in environment temperature[3].
Catfish are poikilothermic, meaning that temperature the body is affected by environment. In general, fish are able to adapt to the a certain temperature range. This range varies from one species to another. Although some species can tolerate differences certain temperature, but extra supervision caution is still required. Low temperature in under normal can cause fish to experience lethargy, loss of appetite and become more susceptible to disease. Conversely to the temperature is too
high the fish will respiratory stress and even can cause damage to the gills permanent [1]. Systems and technologies that can solve extreme temperature changes problems needs to be developed.
Artificial spawning that performed in general seeding aims to obtain seed fish outside the spawning season, hybridization, increased production efficiency, reduce the loss of fish eggs in spawning naturally occurring, increase the number of live larva and fish eggs[4].
In general, fish spawning in tropical regions doing at a certain time, so that spawning does not occur all year. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the role of temperature on artificial fish spawning pond that may occur outside the spawning season and avoid extreme temperature changes as a result of climate change[5]. For fish, water temperature is a critical factor that can influence early life [6].
Early spawning of catfish is of value for research, and, with development, could be used to improve natural and artificial spawning for commercial application. Design of a control system was necessary to automate pond warming and to maintain temperatures for conditioning of male and female channel catfish. In designing this control system, consideration of biological and environmental constraints was essential[7].
Catfish growth may be good if maintained at a temperature of warm water and the environment, which is about 25°-30°C. The water temperature changes in the ponds maintained so as no more than 4°C. Too extreme temperature changes will cause stress catfish, which will eventually caused death [3][8].
Heat exchanger is a device for removing heat from a high-temperature fluid to another fluid low high-temperature. Most of the industries related to processing are always using this tool, so that the heat exchanger has an important role in a production process or operation. Therefore, a heat exchanger is required to have good performance in order to obtain maximum results [9]. There are two types of heat exchanger in the heat transfer system, i.e. (1) direct heat exchangers, where the hot fluid will be mixed directly with cold fluid (without a gap) in a vessel or a particular room, and (2) indirect heat exchangers, where the hot fluid not directly contact with cold fluid (indirect contact). 2015 International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and
Information Technology (ICACOMIT), Bandung, Indonesia, October 29–30, 2015
So the heat transfer process has its medium, such as pipes, plates or other types of equipment[10].
Heat exchanger that are used in the spawning catfish pond in this research is a indirect type, by using the concept of convection heat transfer. The heat transfer occurs when a fluid passes over a hot solid surface. This energy is transferred to the fluid from the wall by conduction process. The type of energy transfer process called convection heat transfer. Based on the motion of fluid flow, heat transfer convection can be classified in two that is forced convection and free convection or natural convection[11].
The purpose of this research to create artificial natural spawning system that have ideal temperature for catfish cultivation in order to decrease the lost of fish production. Spawning process on this research done by naturally, without the use of forced methods such as brood fish massage or hormone injections. Another goal is to create an ideal temperature for spawning fish larvae enlargement process (up to a certain size).
II. METHODS
Design of this temperature control system was based on the biological background information described above. Engineering design focused on hardware, including measurement devices, wiring, water circulation, and aluminum pipe heat exchanger. Finally, a series of trials was used to evaluate the system components and to confirm and clarify operational characteristics and biological results. Our objectives were: (1) simulation modelling, (2) hardware design, (2) system construction and (3) component and system testing.
Methods for designing and developing Temperature Control System for Catfish Spawning is shown in Figure 1.
In depth interview with fishery experts from the Department of Marine and Fisheries Kabupaten
Tulang Bawang
Used for Catfish Spawning at Department of Marine and Fisheries
Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Result
Figure 1. Methods for designing and developing Temperature Control
System for Catfish Spawning
III. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
A. Simulation Modelling
Heat transfer in the catfish spawning ponds can be illustrated as shown in Figure 2.
Thi, ṁh
Tc (t), Tw
Tho (t)
Figure 2. Heat transfer in the catfish spawning ponds
The process of heat transfer in Figure 2 may be described in the following equation [12][13].
Assumpions: a. constant properties
b. neglegible heat loss from ponds to surroundings c. water in ponds is isothermal
�= = �= �
where,
� = ̇ℎ ℎ ℎ�− ℎ
Total heat transfer rate and the axial distribution of the mean temperature for the constant surface temperature condition, given,
Given expressin total convection heat transfer equation [2] in the form,
� = ̇ℎ ℎ[ ℎ�− − ℎ − ] =
̇ ℎ ℎ ∆ ℎ�− ∆ ℎ (8)
And subtituting for ℎ ℎ from equation [7], obtain
� = � ∆
Where, As = P L and
∆ = ℎ�−�− ℎ −�
(�ℎ −���ℎ�−��) = ℎ�− ℎ
(�ℎ −���ℎ�−��)
The substitution of equation (10) to (9) and equating to (2),
̇ℎ ℎ ℎ�− ℎ = � ℎ�− ℎ
ℎ�− ℎ −
So that,
( ℎ�−
ℎ − ) =
�
̇ℎ ℎ
or
ℎ � = + ℎ�− � (− �⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)
� = ̇ℎ ℎ[ ℎ�− − ℎ�− � (− � ⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)]
� =
̇ℎ ℎ ℎ�−
[ − � (− � ⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)]
− ∫ −
ℎ� =
̇ℎ ℎ
�
[ − � (− � ⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)] ∫ �
− ( −− ℎ�
ℎ�) =
̇ℎ ℎ
[ − � (− � ⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)]�
� = ℎ�− ℎ�− � {− ̇ℎ ℎ[ − � (− ���⁄ ̇ℎ ℎ)]}
To acquire the value of U in equation [12] and [11], the value of U acquired by using the equations below[14]:
Reynolds Numbers
= �
�
Other forms using mass flow (m) where,
ℎ
̇ =
= � �
So that,
= ℎ̇
� �
Nusset number:
� = , ,8 ,
Heat Transfer Coefficient (hi):
ℎ�= �
�
Resistivity Thermal Pipe for each unit length of pipe (Rs)
= ⁄�
�
The thermal resistance per unit length of the inside of the pipe (Ri)
�=ℎ���=ℎ� �
The thermal resistance per unit length of the outside of the pipe (Ro)
=ℎ � =ℎ
Heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipe (ho)
ℎ = , ∆ ⁄ = , ℎ − ⁄
Energy balance requires,
ℎ�− � �� =
�− ℎ �� =
ℎ −
�
Combined equations (22) and (23) gives,,
ℎ −
� =
,
1 4⁄ ℎ − ⁄
Equation (24) is inserted into equation (23) to produce two equations, that Ti and Tho,
ℎ�− �
� =
�− ℎ
�− ℎ = ,
Heater acquire the heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipe (ho) and then be acquired Ro so that the value of U by the equation [25] can be obtained, for the next substituted into equation [11] and [12] .
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
=�
�� �⁄ �+� ��+�
Simulation results shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The simulation results
The curve acquired through equation [11] and [12] with ṁh =
Figure 4. Spawning pond
Specification of heat exchanger pipe were 11.7 mm diameter, 0.5 mm wall thickness, and 25.69 m long. Outer pipe temperature was 27°C. Dynamic fluid flowed at 0.3 kg/s. Power dissipation in the heater is 600 W. A 200 W pump used to provide the heated water in this pond.
C. Hardware design
From the simulation results in the previous section, obtained the technical specifications of materials to be used as a heat exchanger. The heater is used to raise the temperature and chiller used to lower the temperature. A sensor is connected to the control system to be able to control the heater and chiller to maintain the stability of ponds temperature in the range of 25-30°C.
A schematic diagram of Temperature Control System for Catfish Spawning is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. A schematic diagram of Temperature Control System for Catfish
Spawning
The prototype consists of two main parts, i.e. the temperature control system (Figure 6) and heat exchanger systems (Figure 7). Temperature control system consists of four main parts, i.e. heater, chiller, temperature control systems, and pumps. Heat exchanger system consists of a aluminum pipes to distribute heat transfer.
Figure 6. Design of temperature control system
Figure 7. Design of heat exchanger system
Temperature control system prototype testing carried out for 24 hours (day and night conditions). This activity is performed to determine the temperature changes that occur in
the spawning pond for 24 hours. Spawning pond water volume is 500 Liters. Early temperature of spawning pond is 27,5ºC. The test results are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Testing result for temperature control system prototype
From the testing results of temperature control system prototype succeed to keep the spawning pond temperature in ideal temperature condition, i.e. 27ºC-30 ºC.
Electrical power that prototype used for 12 hours was 1.20 KWh. If the price of 1 kWh is Rp700,- then the cost is Rp840,-. This shows that the system is economical enough to be used.
Test results of laboratory-scale spawning catfish indicate that the system is able to improve results of the catfish fertilization and hatching process (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Catfish eggs produced from laboratory-scale spawning in UPT BPI
LIPI
Test results on the temperature control system for catfish spawning with qualitative approach showed 95 % of eggs successfully fertilized, no tools are fertilized only 50 % and 98 % hatchability of eggs (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Test results on the temperature control system for catfish spawning
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Simulation results using MATLAB get technical specifications for designing heat exchangers are used to maintain temperature stability at catfish spawning ponds. A temperature control system prototype succeed to keep the spawning pond temperature in ideal temperature condition 27ºC to 30ºC. Test results on the temperature control system for catfish spawning showed 95 % of eggs successfully fertilized, no tools are fertilized only 50 % and 98 % hatchability of eggs.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to thank the Ministry of Research and Technology with PKPP Program Foundation in 2012 for the opportunity to do the research. We would also to thank staff at Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation Development and Balai Benih Ikan Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Lampung for making our research a pleasurable one.
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