ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺔﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﻛ ،ﻲﻈﻔﻟ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺓﺯﻮﺣ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ) ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺓﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﺯﺍ ّﻢﻋﺍ ــ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺭﺩ (ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ــ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﻣ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻭﺍﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﺏﺎﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ِﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﺸﮕﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻣ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ
،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ،ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﻮﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻣ ،ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .7 .ﺹ 254 ،ﺵ1377 ،ﺖﻤﺳ ،ﻝﻭﺍ پﺎﭼ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺓﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﺘﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺔﭽﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭ ﻚﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ .ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﺷﻮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺔﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﺏﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﺭﻮﺜﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻚﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻘﻧ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ،ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻬﻛﺭﺎﻌﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺮﺗ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ :ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ،(153 ـ 7 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ :ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ :ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻩﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ،(29 ـ7 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ .1 ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺳﻭﺭ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﺴﺑﻮﻛﺎﻳ ﻦﻣﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍ ،(43 ـ29 ﺹ) ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺬﮔ .2 ﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻦﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻢﻛ ﻭ .ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ،ﻦﺘﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﻢﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،(54 ـ 43 ﺹ) ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻡﺮﻓ .3 ﻪﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ،ﻦﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻡﺮﻓ ﻲﮕﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻃ ...ﻭ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ،(63 ـ54 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻌﺷ .4 ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻌﺷ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﺋﺍﺭﺍ
.ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺮﻌﺷ ﻲﻘﻴﺳﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺯﺍ ،(72 ـ64 ﺹ) ﺮﻌﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ .5
.ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻚﻴﺗﺍﺮﭘ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ (81 ـ73 ﺹ) ﺮﻌﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻩژﺍﻭ .6 ﺯﺍ ،(104 ـ82 ﺹ) ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ .7 ﻲﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻳﺮﮔﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ :ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ،ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺰﻳﺮﮔﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ .ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ،(111 ـ105 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺩﺯ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ .8 ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺩﺯ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﺏﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺩﺯ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﺯﺍ ـ112 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ .9 ﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ،(139 ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺯﻭ ،ﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﮔژﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺁ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻲّﻤﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺁ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺁﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺔﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﮔژﺍﻭ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻊﺠﺳ ،ﻪﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﺔﻳﺍﺭﺁ ﻪﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺁﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ .ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ...ﻭ ﺐﻠﻗ ،ﺮﺸﻧ ﻭ ﻒﻟ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺩﺭﺎﮕﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﻳﺪﺑ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺕﺎﻴﺗﺍﺫ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻭ ﻢﻳﺪﻗ ﻱﺎﺑﺩﺍ .ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ،(153 ـ140 ﺹ) ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ .10 ﻥﺍﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣﺪﻗ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻛﺪﻛ ﻲﻌﻴﻔﺷ ﺎﺿﺭﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﮕﺗﺭﻮﺻ .ﻲﻨﻫﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،(239 ـ154 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ :ﻡﻭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ
:ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻲﺜﺤﺑ ،(166 ـ154 ﺹ) ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ .1 ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﺔﭽﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺮﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺔﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ .ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .(173 ـ167) ﺭﻮﺳﻮﺳﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺩﺮﻓ .2 ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻮﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﻲﻧﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ،ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﻔﮔ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻨﻤﻫ ،(184 ـ174 ﺹ) ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ .3 ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺼﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻤﺷ ﺔﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ،(230 ـ185 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻘﻧ .4 ﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺔﭽﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ؛ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺰﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ
ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻬﻛ ﺭﺎﻌﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ پﺍﺮﭘ ﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺼﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺨﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﻮﺠﻫ ﺏﻮﺠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻳﺎﻜﺣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ،(239 ـ231 ﺹ) ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .5 ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻦﺴﺑﻮﻛﺎﻳ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺰﻣﺭ ،ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ،ﻡﺎﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ) ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ (ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺪﻤﻫ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺯﺍﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺎﺟﺭﺍ ،ﻲﺸﻨﻛ ،ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ) .ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ (ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺎﻨﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻮﺜﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻌﺷ ،ﻑﺭﻭﺩﻮﺗ ،ﺕﺭﺎﺑ ،ﻮﻛﻮﻓ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻦﻴﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﻛﺩ ًﺍﺮﻴﺧﺍ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺭﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ... ﻭ ﺖﻧژ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻦﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻭ ﻱﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺤﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ،ﻝﻭﺍ پﺎﭼ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻛﻮﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ :ﻚﻧ) ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻬﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ .(267 ـ235 ﺹ ،1385 ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ،ﺮﻓﻮﻠﻴﻧ ﺵﺭﻮﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺳﻮﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﻮﻔﺻ ﻱﺮﻌﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻛﺪﻛ ﻲﻌﻴﻔﺷ ﺮﻌﺷ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻰﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﺳ
ءﺎﻴﺿ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ،ﻥﺭﺍﻭ ﻦﺘﺳﻭﺁ ﻭ ﻚﻟﻭ ﻪﻧﺭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .8 ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻭﺩ پﺎﭼ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ،ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﺰﻳﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺪﺣﻮﻣ .ﺹ 21 + 418 ،ﺵ1382 ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻦﺗ ﻭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻧ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻩﺪﺠﻫ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻚﺒﺳ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻮﺳﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷﻮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ؛ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ،ﻮﺳﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺮﻔﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﻛ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺷﻮﻛ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ،ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ .ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻥﻮﻨﻏﺭﺍ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻫﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ .ﺾﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﺮﺻ ﻲﻃﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻧ
ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺵ1350 ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ .ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻴﺳﺭ پﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﻭﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻱﻮﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻭ ﺵﺭﺎﮕﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻑﺬﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫﺎﻧ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺓﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻜﺒﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ،ﻥﺎﮔژﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ﻢﺸﭼ .(49ـ1 ﺹ) ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻭ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ :ﻝﻭﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ .ﻒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ؛ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻠﻋﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺲﭙﺳ ؛ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ،ﻱﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺕﺬﻟ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻔﮔ ،ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ .ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺏﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻲﻳﺍﺩﺯ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺪﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،(67ـ51 ﺹ) ﺕﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗ :ﻡﻭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ
؛ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﺎﺗ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻟﻭ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻱﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ﻲﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻭ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﻭﺍ .ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻄﺳﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻄﺧ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻭ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﺖﺤﺻ ﻭ ﺖﻟﺎﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﻼﻣ ،ﻥﺁ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻩﺮﺠﺷ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺍﺬﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﺷﺍﻮﺣ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺍﺰﻴﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻁﻼﻏﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ،ﺮﻴﭙﺴﻜﺷ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻭ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﺖﻟﺎﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺣﻼﻄﺻﺍ ؛ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﻭ ﻪﻧﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﻗﺍ ﺱﺪﻘﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﻲﺣﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﭘﺎﭼ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ،(150 ـ69 ﺹ) ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ :ﻡﻮﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺎﻓﻮﻜﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻊﻳﺎﺷ ؛ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ (ﻦﺘﻣﺍﺮﻓ) ﻥﺁ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ :ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺫﻮﺧﺄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻴﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺮﻨﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭽﻴﻧ ﻭ ﮓﻧﻮﻳ ،ﺪﻳﻭﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ گﺮﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺷﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﻜﻌﻧﺍ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ...ﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﻴﺴﻛﺭﺎﻣ .ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻲﻠﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺮﭼ ؛ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﻚﻴﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻚﻴﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺮﺒﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺍﻮﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ
ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﺼﻓ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺡﻭﺭ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺁ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺳﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻨﻫ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ .(312 ـ151 ﺹ) ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺔﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ :ﻡﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺪﻨﻠﺑ ،ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ،ﻮﻧ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻭ ﻲﺳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﺘﺴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻬﻛ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺽﻭﺮﻋ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﺿﻭﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻭ ﺖﻏﻼﺑ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻧﺍژ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﻼﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ،ﻥﺁ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﺸﻨﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﭼ ﺮﻨﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻏ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺽﺮﻏ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺧ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺓﺪﻳﺰﮔ ﺔﻣﺎﻨﺑﺎﺘﻛ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺝﺭﺩ
ﺹ.ﻡ
،ﺕﺭﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻥﻮﺗﻼﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ .9 ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ،ﺶﻛﺭﻮﺟ ﺭﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﺮﻈﻧﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ،ﺪﻨﻟﺭﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺎﭽﻳﺭ .ﺹ 440 ،ﺵ1382 ،ﻝﻭﺍ پﺎﭼ ،ﻪﻤﺸﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻥﺮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ؛ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺭﺪﻣﺎﺸﻴﭘ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ،ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ،ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﻮﺳﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ ،ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ .ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻕﺮﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﺒﻳﺩﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻨﺨﺳ ﻢﻫﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ،ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ :ﺩﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﻭ ؛ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ .ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﺑﺩﺍ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻩﺩﺯﺎﻳ ﻦﻳﺍ .(46 ـ15 ﺹ) ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .1 ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ
ﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻏﻼﺑ ﺪﻘﻧ :ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻃﻼﻓﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﻥﺎﺒﻴﻄﺧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻳﺎﻄﺴﻓﻮﺳ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻖﻳﺎﻘﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻄﺳﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ،ﻪﻧﺍﺮﻋﺎﺷ ﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻌﺷ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻊﺿﻭ ،ﺲﻴﺳﺭﺎﺗﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺭﺩ .ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﻂﻤﻧ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻮﻨﻴﮕﻧﻮﻟ ﺔﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻮﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ .(58 ـ47 ﺹ) ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .2 ﻭ ﺱﺪﻘﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻠﻴﺜﻤﺗ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺜﺤﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﺷﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﺜﻤﺗ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ .ﻲﻄﺳﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻳژﺮﻳﻭ ﺭﺎﻌﺷﺍ ﻱﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﻱﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﺒﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺳﺎﻔﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻦﻬﻛ ؛ﺩﻮﺷ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻮﺳﺭ ﺲﻟﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺔﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﺠﻧﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺔﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﻞﺻﺍﻲﻨﻌﻳ،ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﺓﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻭﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻫ ﺶﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﻡﺎﻤﺗﻥﺁﻖﺒﻃﻪﻛﻲﻨﻴﺘﺳﻮﮔﺁﻲﻫﺍﻮﺧﺮﻴﺧ ﺏﺎﺑﺭﺩﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑﻖﺒﻄﻨﻣﻲﺤﻴﺴﻣﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁﺎﺑ ﻞﻳژﺮﻳﻭﺪﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﺁﺯﺍﻢﺸﺷﻥﺮﻗ ﺭﺩﺱﻮﻴﺘﻨﺠﻟﻮﻓﻲﻠﻴﺜﻤﺗﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻩﻮﻴﺷﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍﻪﺘﻧﺍﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍﻪﺑﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘﺭﺩ.ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍﻲﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺩﺮﻴﻏﻲﻣﻮﺑﺭﺎﻌﺷﺍﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗﺭﺩ .(108 ـ59 ﺹ) ﻮﻧ ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻝﻮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻣﺁﺮﺑ .3 ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ،ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻴﺗﻻ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺍﺪﺟ ﻭ ﺲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺭ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﻳﺩﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻮﻄﺳﺭﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻮﻧ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺲﭙﺳ ؛ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ .ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻧﺎﺘﻳﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻱﻮﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻔﮔ .(138 ـ109 ﺹ) ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻴﺘﻧﺎﻣﺭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .4 ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻠﻴﺷ ﻭ ﺭﺩﺮﻫ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻴﺘﻧﺎﻣﺭ ﻚﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻓﻮﺴﻠﻴﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻚﻴﺘﻧﺎﻣﺭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺳﺍﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺭﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻜﻧ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﻨﻫ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ﻪﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻚﻴﺘﻧﺎﻣﺭ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺍ ﻭ ـ139 ﺹ) ﻢﻫﺩﺯﻮﻧ ﺓﺪﺳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .5 ﻥﺍﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ،(160 ﺶﻳﺎﺘﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻟﻮﻧﺭﺁ ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻩﺩﺯﻮﻧ ﻥﺮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﺳﻭﺭ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺍ .ﺲﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻦﺗ
،(203 ـ161 ﺹ) ﻢﺴﻴﻧﺭﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﻮﺒﻤﺳ ،ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺍﺭﻮﺗﺎﻧ .6 ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺑﻮﻠﻓ ﻭ ﻻﻭﺯ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺍﺭﻮﺗﺎﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﻮﺒﻤﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻥﺎﻣﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺭﻻﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻟﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﻢﺴﻳﺩﺭﺎﮕﻧﺍﻭﺁ ﻭ ﻢﺴﻴﻧﺭﺪﻣ ،ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺕﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻭﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ،(234 ـ205 ﺹ) ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ .7 ﻭ ﺭﻮﺳﻮﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺎﺑﺯ ،ﺪﻳﻭﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻪﭽﻴﻧ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ
.ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﺴﻛﺭﺎﻣ ،(265 ـ235 ﺹ) ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﺓﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺱﻭﺭ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ .8 ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﻲﺳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﺨﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﻭ پﺍﺮﭘ ،ﻲﻜﺴﻓﻮﻠﻜﺷﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺨﻳﺭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ پﺍﺮﭘ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺼﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،(319 ـ267 ﺹ) ﻲﻳﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺍ ـ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ .9 ﻡﺎﻬﺑﺍ ﻮﻧ ﺖﻔﻫ ،ﻮﻧ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺩﺭﺎﭽﻳﺭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺔﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ،ﺰﻳﻮﻴﻟ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ،ﻦﺴﭙﻣﺍ ... ﻭ ﻚﻟﻭ ،ﺖﺴﻤﻳﻭ ،ﺰﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﻙﺮﺑ ﺖﻨﻛ ،ﻡﺎﺴﻧﺭ :ﻮﻧ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ .ﻢﻳﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ،ﻱﺍﺮﻓ پﻭﺮﺗﺭﻮﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺭﻮﻄﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻭ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺲﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻧ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺓﺪﻤﻋ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ 1960 ﺎﺗ 1900 ﺹ) ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﻭ ﻪﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺭﺍﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺪﻘﻧ .10 ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﺔﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ،(349 ـ321 ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻟﻮﭘ ژﺭژ ﺯﺍ ،ﺮﮔﺪﻳﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻝﺮﺳﻮﻫ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺍﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺰﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﺎﮕﻨﻳﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ،ﻮﻧژ ،ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺱﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺮﻣﺍﺩﺎﮔ ﻚﻴﺗﻮﻨﻣﺮﻫ ،ﻦﺘﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻨﻴﻤﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﺜﺤﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ،(378 ـ351 ﺹ) ﻱﻮﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ .11 ؛ﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺝﺭﺩ ﻩﺩ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻚﻴﺗﻮﻨﻣﺮﻫ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻋﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻳﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻦﺴﺑﻮﻛﺎﻳ ﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ :ﺯﺍ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻘﻴﻃﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺱﺎﻣﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻑﺭﻭﺩﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ .ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺕﺭﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﻛ ،(387 ـ379 ﺹ) ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﺨﺳ .12 .ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳﺎﺴﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺭﺪﻣﺎﺴﭘ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺮﺸﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ «ﺭﺎﮕﻧﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ» ﻡﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺩﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺮﻴﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺔﻣﺎﻧ ﻩژﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ .(388 ﺹ :ﻚﻧ) ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺩﺎﻳ ﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ـ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ،ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ،ﺕﻼﻤﺟ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻜﺒﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻞﻗﺍﻻ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ،ﺕﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺱﻮﺴﺤﻣ
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