ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﺭﻭﺩ ﻩ ۴۱ , ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ۱ ، ۱۳۸۹ ) ۱۱۸ - ۱۱۳ (
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ*
: ﺖﺳﺮﭘﺍﺪﺧ ﺮﺒﮐﺍ ﺪﻴﺳ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ
: 1374501 -
0911
E-mail: [email protected]
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺴﻳز زا ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
چرﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
Monilinia laxa
،
هﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ نﻼﻴﮔ نﺎﺘﺳا رد سﻼﻴﮔ يا
اﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻴﺳ ﻪﻟ يرﺪﻴﺣﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﺷﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺮﭘاﺪﺧ ﺮﺒﻛا ﺪﻴﺳ ،1
*2
و ءﺎﻴﺿ ﻲﻤﺷﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا
3
۱ ، ۲ ﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻱ ﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻲ
ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﻩﺪﮑﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻴ ﻥﻼ
۳
، ﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺩ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ
) ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۱۸ / ۲ / ۸۹ - ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۷ / ۷ / ۸۹ (
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻟﻭﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻴ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮕﻧﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪ
Monilinia laxa
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ، ﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺍ
ﺭ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ۸۵ - ۱۳۸۴ ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ
ﺒﻃ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻴ
ﻌ ﻲ ﺕﺮﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ،ﻍﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
. ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺒﻃ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ﺕﺮﻛ ،ﻍﺎﺑ ﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻳ ﻂ
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮑﻧ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﮐﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﻡﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻧﺯ
. ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﮐﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭽﻴﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻗ
ﻴ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻭ ﻡﻮ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ .
ﺮﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻃ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻲ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﻔﺳﺍ
۱۳۸۴ ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻭﺮﻓ ﻭ ۱۳۸۵
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ .
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
Monilinia laxa
ﮏﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ﺮﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﻭ
ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺑ
ﻪ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺪﺳﺭ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،ﻞﺒﻗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻔﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ .
ژاو ه ﺎﻫ ي يﺪﻴﻠﻛ :
Monilia
ﻣﻮﻣ ، ﻴﺎ ﻲﻳ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ،ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ،ﻥﺪﺷ ﻟﻭﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ،ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
ﻴ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
،ﻮﻟﺎﺒﻟﺁ ،ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ،ﻪﺟﻮﮔ ،ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﺑﻼﮔ ،ﺐﻴﺳ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺧﺮﺴﻠﮔ ﻮﻟﺁﺩﺭﺯ ،ﻞﻴﻠﺷ ،ﻮﻠﻫ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ
(Byrde &
Willetts, 1977)
. ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺲﻨﺟ
Monilinia
) ﺎﺑ
ﻑﺭﻮﻣﺎﻧﺁ ﻡﺎﻧ
Monilia
(،
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
M. laxa
،
M. fructigena
ﻭ
M. fructicola
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺰﻳﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻧﺍ .
M. laxa
ﻊﻳﺎﺷ ﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔ
ﻱﺍ
۱۱۴
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ۴۱ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۹
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻞﮔ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ
ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ
(Lane,
2002)
. ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺧﻮﺳ ﺐﺒﺳ ،ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﻭﺭ
ﮏﺨﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻭ ﺱﺭﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ )
Tamm & Flückiger, 1993
.(
ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﻱﻮﻟﺁ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ
، ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ
ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺎﻳ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ،
،ﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻡﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﻟﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
Monilinia fructicola
ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻧﺍ
(Biggs & Northover, 1985; Weawer, 1950)
.
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻮﻗﻭ
ﻉ ﺑ ﻴ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚﻨﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ
ﻍﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺎﻫﺭ ﺑﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ )
Hong et al., 1997
(.
ﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ
M. fructicola
ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ )
Emery et al., 2000
(.
ﻟﻭﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻪ ﻱﺍ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻴﻧﺮﻔﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻡ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻟﻭﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ )
Hong et al., 1996
( ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻡﺮﻓ . M.
fructicola
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻦﭘﺍﮊ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻟﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻱﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮐﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
M. laxa
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ
(Byrde &
Willetts, 1977)
. ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ۱۳۸۳
ﻭ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻡﺮﻓ
ﻲﺴﻨﺟﺮﻴﻏ
M. laxa
ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺮﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻜﺸﺧ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻩﺩﺮﺒﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﻝﺍﻭﺯ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ
ﻥ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺩﺭﺯ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻭ ﻮﻟﺁ ،ﻮﻟﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ
(Irani & Oroumchi,
2004)
. ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺍ
M. laxa
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
(Hashemi
Babaheidari et al., 2007)
. ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺑ ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻴ
ﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺰﺴﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .
شور و داﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﺭﻭﺁ ﻱ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﭼﺭﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻳ
ﻃ ﻲ ﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ۱۳۸۴ ﻭ ۱۳۸۵ ﺯﺍ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻴ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻼ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
) ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻫﺩ
ﻲ ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ، ﻫﺩ ﻲ ﺳﺭ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻥﺪ ﻴ ﻩﻮ (
ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻞﮔ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻣﺁ
ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ
ﻣ ،ﮎﻮﮑﺸﻣ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻣ ﻴﺎ ﻲﻳ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ ﻭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤ
ﻣ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺳﻮﭘ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﻴ
ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻣﺁ ﻞﻤﻋ . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮐ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﻪﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺘﺳﻼﭘ ﻴ ﮑ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ
ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺸ .
ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻳ ﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻳ
ﻘ ﻲ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﹰﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﮐ
Hashemi Babaheidari et al.
(2007)
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺡﺮﺷ .
ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ٢٧ / ٨ / ٨٤ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎ .
ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺕﺮﮐ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﹰﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺳﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ )
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺑ ٠
، ٥ / ٠
ﻭ ٢ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ( ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺩ
) ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﺑ ٨
،
٩ ، ١٠ ﻭ ١٢ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ( ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ .
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻑﺮﻇ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺏﺭﺩ ﻑﺎﻔﺷﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﺳﻼﭘ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
٥
× ١٤
× ١٤
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺍ
ﻲﺷﺎﭙﺑﺁ ﺮﻄﻘﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺷ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺲﻴﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ .
ﺲﭙﺳ ﻑﺮﻇ ﺏﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ
◦C
١
± ٢ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﺲﭘ
ﻑﺮﻇ ،ﻲﻫﺩﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺏﺭﺩ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺍ ) ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ٩٨
(%
ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ، ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ،ﻲﺷﺎﭘ
ﻪﺴﻴﻛ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺑﻮﮑﻧﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻑﺎﻔﺷ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﺳﻼﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺎﻣﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
◦C
١
± ۱۵ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ١٢
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻳ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﻑﺮﻇ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺑﻮﻜﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻤﺷﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺪﻴﺣﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ
: ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ Monilinia laxa
...
۱۱۵
)
Holtz et al., 1998
.(
ﺕﺮﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ .
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻔﻠﻋ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻭ ﻙﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺕﺮﮐ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﺮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻙﻮﻠﺑ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﹰﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻖﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ
ﻙﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ )
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺑ ٠
، ٥ / ٠ ﻭ ٢
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ( ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻲﻔﻠﻋ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻭ )
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﺑ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻩﺪﻴﭼ ﻒﻠﻋ ،ﻲﻔﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻴﭼ ﻒﻠﻋ ،ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻢﺨﺷ ﺎﻳ ﻒﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ (
ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻭ
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
. ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ٩
/ ٩ / ١٣٨٤ ﺕﺮﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺍ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ١٥
/ ١٢ / ١٣٨٤ ﺎﺗ ١٥ / ٢ / ١٣٨٥ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺮﻫ ﺐﺗﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ )
Holtz et al., 1998
.(
ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﺒﻃ ﻂ ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ﻍﺎﺑ
ﻃ ﻲ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻔﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺸﻬﺒﻳﺩﺭﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻭﺮﻓ
١٣٨٤ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺖﺸﻬﺒﻳﺩﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻭﺮﻓ ﻭ ١٣٨٥
ﻍﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁ ﻞﻤﻋ
ﭘﺁ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮ
ﺖﻗﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
(Biggs & Northover, 1985; Holtz et al.,
1998; Landgraf & Zehr, 1982)
.
ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺳ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺳﻮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻴ
ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺯﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﺮﺳ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﮑﺸﺧ ﻭ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ
ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
۲۳ / ۱۲ / ۸۴ ﻭ ۱۶ / ۱ / ۸۵ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻪﻌﻣﻮﺻ ﺍﺮﺳ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ
۲۸ / ۱ / ۱۳۸۵
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ .
ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
،
ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﺪﺟ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻟ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ
ﺪﺿ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻲﻧﻮﻔﻋ
ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻴ ﺮﻠﮐﻮﭙ ﻳ ﺖ
ﺪﺳ ﻳ ﻢ ﻳ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﮏ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻴ ﻪﻘ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ
ﺐﻴﺳ ﺯﻭﺮﺘﺴﮐﺩ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ -
ﺭﺎﮔﺁ ) (PDA
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻭ
ﺭﺩ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻭ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺑﻮﮑﻧﺍ
◦C
۱۵
ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ
. ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﻨﮔﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﺤﻣ ﻴ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻂ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
Monilinia
ﺪﻧﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ )
Harada et al., 2004
.(
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
Monilinia
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ، ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻪﺑ
ﺮﻃ ﻳ ﺭ ﮏﺗ ﻖ ﻳ ﻪﺴ ﻳ ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﮏﺗ ﺎ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ .
ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
،ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﺮﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺎﻫ
ﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻳ ﻣﻮ ﻴ ﻝﺪﻣ ﭖﻮﮑﺳﻭﺮﮑ
Wild M3 (Heerbrugg,
Suitzerland)
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .
ﺮﺳ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﮑﻟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻲﻧﻮﻔﻋﺪﺿ ۷۰
% ،ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻚﻳ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻴﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻄﻘﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺮﺘﻴﻟ
ﻑﺮﻇ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﺘﺳ ﻭ ﻑﺎﻔﺷ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﮑﻴﺘﺳﻼﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺸﻴﺷ ﻭﺎﺣ ﻑﺎﻔﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻱ
ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﻮﻃﺮﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﺘﺳ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻣﺩ ﻳ ﻲ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ
◦C
١
± ٢ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﻩﺩ ﻳ
ﮏ
ﺮﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ ﻑﺮﻇ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺮﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﺩ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﮑﻳ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮ
(Watson et al., 2002)
.
ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻳﻭﺁ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻍﺎﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﻣ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﺩﺭﻮ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻳ ﺦ ٢٧ / ٨ / ١٣٨٤ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ .
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ٤
- ٥ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻲﻜﻴﺘﺳﻼﭘ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
. ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻲﺑﻼﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﻼﻴﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺑﻼﮔ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻳﻭﺁ .
ﺪﺒﺳ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﭙﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻄﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﺳ ٢٠
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ١٥
- ٢٠ ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺘﻣ
۱۱۶
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ۴۱ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۹
ﻻ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺸﻏﺁ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﻡ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻴﻓﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻳﻭﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺐﺼﻧ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ .
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﺗ ﺪﺒﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺐﺼﻧ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺩ ﻳ ﺪﺒﺳ ﻩﺭﺍﻮ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ،ﻑﺮﻃ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ٩
ﺳ ﺎ ﺘﻧ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ . ﺭﺎﮐ
ﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻴﻓﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﻡﻻ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﺒﺳ ﻑ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
١٧ / ١٢ / ٨٤ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ٢٠
/ ٣ / ٨٥ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ .
ﻡﻻ ﺎﻫ
ﻡﻻ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻳ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺖﻔﻫ ﺮﻫ ﺐﺗﺮﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
Monilinia
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ،ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
Monilinia
ﮏﺘﺸﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﺘﺳ ﻥﺯﻮﺳ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺏﺁ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ -
ﺭﺎﮔﺁ ) (WA
ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺑﻮﻜﻧﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﺸﻛ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺎﺑ
◦C
١
± ۲۰ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻧﺯ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ )
Banihashemi, 1990
.(
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪ ﻴ ﻡﻮ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ
،ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺕﺮﻛ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻳ
ﺒﻃ ﻂ ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ،ﻍﺎﺑ
ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ
M. laxa
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ٢
- ﺎﺗ ٤ ) ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ
◦C
١
± ۲ ( ﺐﺒﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻡﻮﻴﻛﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺮﺘﺴﻛﺎﺧ ﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻧﺭ
ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
) ٨ / ٦
× ٣ / ١١ (
٤ / ٧ - ٣ / ٦
× ٤ / ١٢ - ١ / ١٠ ﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ .
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻂ
ﺒﻃ ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ، ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
ﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﺎﻳ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ .
ﺍﺯﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻲﻳ ﻋ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺑ ﻞﻣﺎ ﻴ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻭﺭ ﻱ ﺎﻫﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﻱ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻜﻧﺎﺷ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﺷ ﻪﺧ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ
ﺖﺸﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ
PDA
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ،
Monilinia
ﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
ﺮﺳ ﺮﻜﻧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﻮﺻ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺍﺮﺳ
M. laxa
ﺍﺪﺟ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﺪﺷ . ﺭﺩ
ﺮﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎ
٢٣ / ١٢ / ١٣٨٤ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ١٣
ﺭﺩ ،ﺯﻭﺭ
ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ .
ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺮﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻭﺩ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ
◦C
١
± ٢ ،
ﮐﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻴ
ﻱﺮﺘﺴﻛﺎﺧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺣ
٤٠
ﮕﻧ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬ ﻳ
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ،ﻕﻮﻓ ﻂ
ﮐﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻡﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻡﻮ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ١٦
/ ١ / ٨٥ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ، .
ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭽﻴﻫ ﺮﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻮﻠﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﻣﮋﭘ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﮑﺸﺧ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻪﻌﻣﻮﺻ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺍﺮﺳ ﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺯ
ﺮﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻜﺸﺧ
،PDA
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
M. laxa
ﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﺷ .
ﻨﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻴ ﺪ ﻳ ﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮ ﻴ ﺎﻣ ﺪ ﻳ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪ
ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺪﻳﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ۱۶
/ ۱ / ۱۳۸۵ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ،ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻡﻮﻴﻛﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﮓﻧﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺰ ﻧﺯ
ﻲ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ . ﺭﺩ
ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﻻ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻱﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ،ﻩﺪﺷ
١٧ / ١٢ / ١٣٨٤ ﺎﺗ ٢٤ / ١٢ / ١٣٨٥ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﭻﻴﻫ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
Monilinia
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺁ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ
. ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
٢٥ / ١٢ / ١٣٨٤ ﺎﺗ ١٠ / ١ / ١٣٨٥ ﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﻛﻭﺩﻭﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ،ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻳﻭﺁ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
. ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻴ ﺰ
ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻧﺯ
ﻲ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ . ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ ﻱ ﻣ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ) ٢٠ / ٣ / ١٣٨٥ ( ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ .
ﺚﺤﺑ
ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ،ﺎﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﻙﺎﺧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﻣ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ
،ﺭﻮﻧ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻧ ،ﺍﻮﻫ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ،
ﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺪ ﻳ ﺧ ﻪﺘ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻖﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻙﺎ ﻣ
ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﭖﺭﺎﻛﻮﻜﺳﺁ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ،ﻙﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ .
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
٨ - ٤ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ
◦C
٣٠ - ٢٠ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﺑ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ
ﻲﻤﺷﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺪﻴﺣﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ
: ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ Monilinia laxa
...
۱۱۷
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ )
Byrde & Willetts, 1977
.(
ﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺖﺸﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ
◦C
٢ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﻭ ٩٧
% ﻭﺩ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ
◦C
٢٠ - ١٢ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ /
ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﻭﺭ ١٢
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
(Holtz et al.,
1998)
. ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻍﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ ،ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .
ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،ﺎﻣﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻖﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻫﺩ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮑﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﺭﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺍﻮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
١٣٨٤ ﻭ ١٣٨٥ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
،ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺭﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﻮﻫ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻓﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .
ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﮏﻳﺮﺤﺗ ،ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﮏﺴﻳﺩ .
ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻲﮑﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻂ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﮏﺴﻳﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
)
Byrde & Willetts, 1977
.(
،ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻣ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺴﻣﺎﻧ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺪﻋﺎ
ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ
ﮎﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ .
ﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﮏﻳ ،ﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺪ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
١٦ - ٨ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻱﺮﭙﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ
(Willetts &
Harada, 1984)
. ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺧ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺸﻬﺒﻳﺩﺭﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺳ
ﻴ ﻩﺪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩ ﻳ
ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻂ ﻳ ﻫﺎﮕﺸ ﻲ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻭ ﺍ ﻱ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﺑﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﻧﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻥﺪﺸﻧ
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﻭﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﺍﺩ . ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
M. laxa
ﻭ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﮎﺪﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﭘﺍﮊ
(Byrde & Willetts, 1977;
Willetts & Harada, 1984)
ﻲﮔﺯﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻡﻮﻴﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ
M. laxa
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ
(Irani &
Oroumchi, 2004)
. ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
M. fructicola
ﺖﺳﺍ ﮏﻴﻟﺎﺗﻮﻤﻫ
(Willetts & Harada,
1984)
ﮏﻴﻟﺎﺗﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﺎﻳ ﮏﻴﻟﺎﺗﻮﻤﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﺷﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
M. laxa
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ .
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
ﺴﺗﻮﭘﺁ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﮏﻴﻟﺎﺗﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻴ
ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺶﻨﮐﺍﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻲﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ
(Byrde &
Willetts, 1977; Biggs & Northover, 1985;
.
Landgraf & Zehr, 1982)
. ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﮕﺘﺧﻮﺳ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ
M. fructicola
ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
(Biggs & Northover, 1985; Landgraf &
Zehr, 1982)
. ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
Monilinia
ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻡﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺪﻧﺍ
)
Hong et al., 1996
.(
Watson et al.
) (2002
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ۲۰
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺴﻴﺧ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ ﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻳ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠ
M. fructicola
ﺎﻣﺩ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳ
◦C
۲۳ - ۵ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻲﺴﻴﺧ ﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻲﺷﺎﭙﺑﺁ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺭﻮﻃ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻳ
،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦ
ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺸﻧ ﺲﻴﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺭﺎﺑ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺎ
ﻣ ،ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺧﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻡﻮﻳﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪﻳﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﮔ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻩﻮﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ .
ﻣ ﻑﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻴ
ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻣﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺩﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﻼﻴﮔ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﺱﻼﻴﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺮﭙﺘﺸﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ .
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
M. laxa
ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
۱۱۸
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ۴۱ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۹
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ )
Byrde & Willetts, 1977
( ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ
ﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺰﺠﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻮﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻩ
ﺍﺪﺟ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ .
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ ﺖﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺷ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ
. ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ ﻪﺧﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﮑﻧﺎﺷ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻘﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍ ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺎﻧ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻭﺭ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ
.
يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ
ﺭﻮﺴﻓﻭﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ
Themis Michailides
) ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ
ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ،ﺎﻴﻧﺮﻔﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ (
ﺑ ﻪ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ
ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﻫﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺷ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .
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