Newly Found Stucco with Human Figures from Bishapour
Mosayeb Amiri 1
1. Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Turism,Tehran, Iran. Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected].
Cite this The Author(s): Amiri, M., 2022. Newly Found Stucco with Human Figures from Bishapour:
Journal of Archaeological Studies / No. 3, Vol.14, Serial No. 31 - Autumn - (1-20) DOI:10.22059/jarcs.2022.336829.143077
Publisheder: Unversity of Tehran Press
Article Ifo Abstract
Article History:
Received:
8, January, 2022
In Revised form:
20, January, 2022
Accepted:
26, January, 2022
Published onlin:
21, December, 2022
Keywords:
Archaeological activities during the past two decades at Bishapour have revealed architectural structures, plaster-molding, seals and other objects from this valuable site. This city, which is one of the first Sasanian cities and capitals, has its own documented historic urban planning. Excavations in the city began in 1935 and archeological activities are still continuing.
During archeological excavations at Bishapour, a few pieces of plaster- molding with human motifs were found. Stucco of this type has not reported from other Sasanian sites as yet. These pieces are mostly found in the ninth season of excavations at Bishapour that was conducted on the south of the mosaic porch and the cross-shaped hall of the royal residence.
It appears that the plaster-molding embellishments were drawn on the walls all at once, and then the artist created the desired designs on the plasters with a tool like the relief drawknife or it was prepared in the form of molding and then installed in its place. In this paper, the data collection method was based on two paths: fieldwork and library sources. The present paper analyzes and introduces these findings in the context of the Sasanian plaster-molding art of the acient town of Bishapour. The article demonstrates that the Sasanian plaster-molding art was inherited from the Iranian past.
Sasanian civilization, Plaster-molding embellishments, Human motifs, Bishapour.
1. Introduction
Gypsum is a mineral substance that exists in nature in the form of stone, and it turns into a powder after being cooked and ground. Mixing gypsum with water makes it possible to obtain a desired mortar, however, kneading and other processes change the type of the gypsum mortar.
This substance is perhaps the best mortar for plastering architectural features, in particular, interior surfaces. Gypsum mortar provides a bond that can hold building materials together, and consequently makes the building stronger and safer. The plasticity of gypsum plaster before drying is very high, hence the reason architects have widely employed this material to execute immensely delicate designs with light and shadow.
While evidence of plastering has been found from prehistoric sites (Akbari, 2017: 40;
Meldegard et al., 1963: 111), stucco ornaments were employed regularly until the Middle Elamite period. The first indication of stucco art was observed during the archaeological excavations at Haft Tappeh, where gypsum was used to cover the vault of the Tepti-Ahar tomb dating back to the Middle Elamite period (Negahban, 1991: 8). Evidence of gypsum decorations has also been recovered from the Achaemenid period (Sajadi, 1374: 195; Porada, 1357: 223).
Plastering with gypsum that coated and protected mud-brick and clay walls of buildings against moisture emerged during the Parthian period (Pope, 1339: 88). From the Parthian era onward, the art of plastering has enjoyed a special style and technique. In this period, carved and colorful stucco was one of the important features of the Iranian architectural decorations (Pope, 1393:
81). During the Parthian period, the techniques of stucco ornaments significantly elaborated.
Techniques and ornaments of this type suggest complete mastery of the high-speed and low-cost execution of this decorative style (Pope and Ackerman, 1387: 1493). These techniques evolved further during the Sasanian era and continued with some modifications in Islamic times (Ahmadi & Shokofteh 2013); indeed, twelve distinct types of stucco ornaments have thus far been identified from the Islamic era (Salehi-Kakhki & Aslani, 2015).
During the recent archaeological excavations of the town of Bishapour, several stucco fragments with human figures and floral motifs have been discovered. Only four of these fragments constitute the subject of the current article. The study of these stucco pieces will shed light on some cultural and economic themes as well as concerning clothing from this period, which has come to the fore with new methods compared to previous periods. Moreover, we will endeavor to study and discuss the visual qualities, function, production technology and characteristics of these works. It is worth noting that no stucco fragments were found in situ. All stucco pieces examined here were damaged by various natural and human causes.
The town of Bishapour and the neighboring rock reliefs were first identified by James Justinian Morier in 1809. In 1811, Sir Major Stone carried out a more thorough archaeological survey of the area, which led to the discovery of the colossal statue of Shapur I in a cave high above the gorge. Subsequent scholars including Sir William Ouseley (1821), Flandin and Coste (1851), Andreas and Stolze (1877), as well as Dieulafoy and his wife (1884) visited the site (Vanden Berghe, 1379: 56). The archaeological excavations at the town of Bishapour begun under the auspices of the Asian Department of the Louvre Museum in 1940. The first round of the excavations was conducted under the direction of Georges Salles in 1935 (Vanden Berghe, 1379). These excavations laid the foundation for the subsequent excavations at the site (Ghirshman, 1379).
Current research has employed both qualitative and strategic approaches, involving both fieldwork and library research. Hence, it is an interpretive historical research that outlines how a narrative explaining past events can be framed. Analysis has relied mostly on internal information and findings from excavations. The second method is using library resources. We draw conclusions by matching, comparing and analyzing the synchronized data .
Bishapour is one of the first ancient cities that was dated using inscriptional evidence. The construction date of the city, 266 CE, was recorded in a bilingual (Middle Persian and Parthian) inscription on one of a pair of columns forming part of a commemorative monument located at
the main intersection in the center of the city (Oriyan, 1382: 83-79). However, there is no reference to the name of the town in the inscription. Today, the ruins of Bishapour lie in the foothills of the Kuhmareh Mountain, situated some 23 kilometers west of the town of Kazerun.
Bishapour is located in the Shapur plain, where it is surrounded by high mountains on three sides and opens on the southeast side. The Shapur river passes by the town, but it is 15 meters below the level of the town. Unlike the cities built by Ardeshir I, i.e. Ardashir Khwarrah/Gur which had the Parthian circular layout, the plan of Bishapour is not circular, but rather Hippodamian in design. One of the characteristics of this type of urban design plan is the presence of vertical and horizontal intersecting streets in the center of the town.
During the archaeological excavations and the reconstruction of the town of Bishapour, which were conducted over the last decade, several stucco plaques were recovered. Four instances of these plaques bear human figures. Two pieces can be joined together. All stucco pieces represent actual figures, and no fantastic creatures have been reported as yet. Two methods of execution were employed to produce the Sasanian stucco at Bishapour. They include carving and molding. The latter was used to produce most of the stucco decorations from Bishapour. Piece no. 1 is part of a crenellated crown (Fig. 1) which was once attached to piece no. 2 displaying the face of a king (Figs. 2-4). It is apparent that piece no. 3 is part of a male figure’s face (Figs. 5-6). Piece no. 4 represents a male figure with a turban (Figs. 7-8), who was probably installed in the corner of a hall.
Decoration can be considered as one of the essentials of architecture, which has undergone fundamental changes over time and has led to the creation of various styles and techniques.
Gypsum plastering is one of the decorative elements that reached its peak during the Sasanian period. The Sasanian motifs are usually thought to be religious and are depicted in relief.
However, the available examples are of secular rather than religious significance. The art of this period expresses social and economic situation of Iran. In fact, a powerful government regulated and influenced daily life of the society. This order was manifested in all aspects of life during the Sasanian period. A particular emphasis was placed on order, a reflection of a powerful government. The artifacts from this period are of political, economic, religious and ritual importance, and their appearance is in harmony with royal needs and religious rituals. It is clear that Sasanians inherited production methods from their predecessors. In fact, Sasanian art was completely inspired by Iranian heritage, in particular, the statues of the Sasanian kings were created to be similar to the stone examples from the Achaemenid period. Images of women with head covering are not reported from the Sasanian period, however, examples with head covering have been frequently documented from the Parthian period, and from the Byzantine period which was contemporaneous with the Sasanian era.
ﻧﺎﺴﻧا شﻮﻘﻧ ﯽ
ﭻﮔ ﺮﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺑ ﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ
ﺼﻣ ﯿ ﺐ ﻣا ﯿ ﺮ ي
1
1.
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ :
ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮﯿﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ–
:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 18 / 10 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ي :
30 / 10 / 1400 :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
06 / 11 / 1401 :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
30 / 09 / 1401
هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ :
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺧا ﮥﻫد ود ﯿﺮ
ﺑ رد ﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ نﺪﺷ رﺎﮑﺷآ
هزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﻤﻌﻣ ي
،
ﭻﮔ ﺮﺑ ي
،ﺎﻫ د و ﺎﻫﺮﻬﻣ ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ا زا رﺎﺛآ ﯾ ﻦ ﻮﺤﻣ ا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﮥﻃ ﯾ
ﻦ ﺘﺴﺨﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯿ
ﻦ و ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ
ﺎﭘﯾ ﺖﺨﺘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ اراد دﻮﺧ ﺖﺳا ي
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ زﺎﺳﺮﻬﺷ ي ا رد شوﺎﮐ .ﺖﺳا بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﯾ
ﻦ لﺎﺳ زا ﺮﻬﺷ
1935 ،م زﺎﻏآ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻢﻫ زﻮﻨﻫ و ﯿ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺣ رد .دراد ﻪﻣادا نآ رد ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯿ
ﻦ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺑ رد ﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ ﭻﮔ دوﺪﻌﻣ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﺑ
ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﯽ
ﺪﭘ ﯾ راﺪ نآ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ رد ﺎﻫ
دﯾ ﺮﮕ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ و هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﯽ
هﺪﺸﻧ ا ،ﺪﻧا ﯾ ﻦ ﺑ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻢﻬﻧ ﻞﺼﻓ رد
شوﺎﮐ ﺎﻫ ي ﺑﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ ﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ا بﻮﻨﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﯾ
ناﻮ ازﻮﻣ ﯿﯾ ﮏ رﻻﺎﺗ و ﻠﭼ ﯿ ﺎﭙ ﻞﮑﺷ هﺎﺷ ﯿﺸﻧ ﻦ
ﭻﮔ تﺎﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ ًاﺮﻫﺎﻇ .ﺖﺳا يﺮﺑ
ﯾﺎ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﮏ ﺎﺑ هر ﯽﻣ هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﺎﻫراﻮﯾد يور ﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ
و ﺲﭙﺳ ﺪﻨﻣﺮﻨﻫ ﺎﺑ يراﺰﺑا
ﻪﯿﺒﺷ ﻪﺴﯿﻟ شﻮﻘﻧ درﻮﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ دﻮﺧ ار يور ﭻﮔ ﺎﻫ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻣ هدﺮﮐ ﺖﺳا و ﯾﺎ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ترﻮﺻ يﺮﯿﮔ
ﻬﺗ ﻪﯿ
ﯽﻣ - ﯽﻣ ﺐﺼﻧ دﻮﺧ يﺎﺟرد ﺲﭙﺳ و هﺪﺷ هﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳا . رد ﯾا ﻦ شور ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎ زوﺪﻧا ي هداد ود ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺷ ﯿ ةﻮ ﻣ ﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ و ا ي ﮔ ترﻮﺻ ا ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﯾ
ﻦ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻨﻫ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ رد
ﭻﮔ ﺮﺑ ي ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود ﯽ
رﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯾ ﺨ ﯽ ﺑﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ و ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ و دﻮﺷ ﯽ
ﺪﻫد ﺮﻨﻫ ﻪﮐ
ﮔ ﭻ ﺮﺑ ي ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ي ا ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ثراو ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺮﻣا ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ .ﺖﺳا
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ نﺪﻤﺗ ﯽ
، ﺋﺰﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻨ ﭻﮔ ﺮﺑ ي
، ﻧﺎﺴﻧا شﻮﻘﻧ ﯽ
، ﺑ ﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ .
:دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﻣا ﯿﺮ
،ي ﺼﻣ ﯿ ﺐ ، 1401 . ﻧﺎﺴﻧا شﻮﻘﻧ ﯽ ﭻﮔ ﺮﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺑﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ : ﻪﻠﺠﻣ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، رود ة 14 رﺎﻤﺷ ، ة 3 ﺎﭘ ، ﯿﯾ ﺰ - ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ 31 -
) 20 - 1 .(
DOI: 10.22059/jarcs.2022.336829.143077 ﺎﻧ ﺆﻣ :ﺮﺷ .ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﻪﺴﺳ
1.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻣ ﭻﮔ هدﺎ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺪﻌﻣ يا بﺎﯿﺳآ ﺎﺑ و دراد دﻮﺟو ﮓﻨﺳ ترﻮﺻ
ﯽﻣ نآ ﻦﺘﺨﭘ و ندﺮﮐ ردﻮﭘ ناﻮﺗ
ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﭻﮔ ندﺮﮐ طﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﯽﻣ ،بآ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ار ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ تﻼﻣ ناﻮﺗ
نداد زرو لﺎﻤﻋا ﺎﯾ و نآ
ﺮﺑ تﻼﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ هدﺎﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﭻﮔ تﻼﻣ عﻮﻧ رد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻢﮑﺤﻣ و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ يا
ﻪﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﺧاد حﻮﻄﺳ رد صﻮﺼﺧ
ﻪﺑ و ﺎﻫراﻮﯾد ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ نﺪﺷ ﻢﮑﺤﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﭻﮔ ﺎﻨﺑ مﺎﮑﺤﺘﺳا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ نآ ﻊﺒﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ و حﺮﻃ ﺖﯿﺻﺎﺧ .ﺪﺷ زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﭻﮔ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ
نﺪﺷ ﮏﺸﺧ ﮥﻗﻼﻋ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ و دﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ،
حﺮﻃ اﺮﯾز ،دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﯾا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رد نارﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﯾﺎﺳ و ﻒﯾﺮﻇ رﺎﯿ ﻦﺷور
ﭻﮔ تﻼﻣ رد ﯽﻘﯿﻗد يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﺮﺟا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ زا ﭻﮔ زا ﯽﮐراﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ
ﺶﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ هﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗزا
،يﺮﺒﮐا) 1397 : 40 ؛
Meldegard et al. 1963: 111
ﭻﮔ ﯽﻟو ،(
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻣ مﻼﯾا نﺪﻤﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ و يﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﯿﻟوا
يﺎﻫ
ﭻﮔ ﺮﻨﻫ شوﺎﮐ رد يﺮﺑ ﺖﻔﻫ يﺎﻫ
قﺎﺗ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﭙﺗ ﯽﺘﭙﺗ ةﺮﺒﻘﻣ ﯽﻟﻼﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ و رﺎﻫآ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻣ مﻼﯾا ةرود
) Negahban, 1991: 8
، (
ﭻﮔ زا يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ ةرود زا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﺑ
،يدﺎﺠﺳ) 1374
: 195 ،اداﺮﭘ ؛ 1357 : 223
ﺟ ﯽﻠﮔ و ﯽﺘﺸﺧ يﺎﻫراﻮﯾد ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﭻﮔ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﮐﺪﯿﻔﺳ.(
ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺖﻬ
ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﮑﺷا ةرود رد ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﺎﻨﺑ
،پﻮﭘ) 1339 : 88
نﺎﯿﻧﺎﮑﺷا ﺮﺼﻋ زا.(
ﭻﮔ ﺮﻨﻫ يﺮﺑ زا و ﺪﻨﻤﺷور
.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ هﮋﯾو بﻮﻠﺳا ﭻﮔ هرود ﻦﯾا رد
يﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﮐ يﺎﻫ تﺎﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﮓﻧرﺎﮕﻧر و هﺪﺷ يرﺎﮐ
ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﯾا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ
،پﻮﭘ) 1393 : 81
ا نارود رد .(
ﭻﮔ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﺷ ﻢﺸﭼ ﯽﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ نﻮﻨﻓ رد يﺮﺑ
و ﺮﯿﮔ
ﻦﯾذآ ﭻﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻪﯾارآ ةﻮﯿﺷ نازرا و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ياﺮﺟا رد ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ يﺮﺑ دﻮﺑ يزادﺮﭘ
،نﺎﻣﺮﮐآ و پﻮﭘ) 1387
:
1493
شور ﻦﯾا.(
رد و هدﺎﻬﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ور نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺮﺼﻋ رد ﺎﻫ هرود
ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﻓﺎﯾ مواﺪﺗ ﯽﺗاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا
يﺪﻤﺣا)
ﻪﺘﻔﮑﺷ و 1390
ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ(
ﻪﯾارآ ﮥﻧﻮﮔ هدزاود ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود رد ﭻﮔ يا
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ يﺮﺑ
) ﺤﻟﺎﺻ ﯽ ﮑﺧﺎﮐ ﯽ
،ﯽﻧﻼﺻا و 1390
ﭻﮔ ﺮﻨﻫ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﮑﺷا نارود رد .(
ﺮﺼﻋ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ نآ زا ﺪﻌﺑ نارود ﺎﺑ و هدﻮﺑ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ شور ياراد يﺮﺑ
ر ﺮﺑ ﭻﮔ يراد يﺎﭘﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ نﺎﻣز رد ﺎﺴﺑ ﻪﭼ و دراد توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ شور ،ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ يو
يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ لﺎﻤﻋا يﺮﮕﯾد ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ نآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
پﻮﭘ) 1389 (
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣا ؛
ﻪﯿﻟوا داﻮﻣ ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ
و ﭻﮔ ﻪﺑ نداد مﺮﻓ شور ﺎﻬﻨﺗ و هدﻮﺑ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﺮﺼﻋ ود ﺮﻫ رد ﭻﮔ يﺪﻨﺑرﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺸﺨﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ
ﯽ ﯽﻣ قﺮﻓ نآ ﻪﺑ هدﺮﮐ
ﺖﺳا
پﻮﭘ)
، 1365
ﻣ يﺎﺟﺮﺑ رﺎﺛآ زا .(
زا هﺪﻧﺎ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﭻﮔ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻦﯿﻣز ناﺮﯾا نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ رد يﺮﺑ ﻣﺮﺑ
ﯽ آﯾ ﺪ ﻪﮐ
ﺰﺗ ﺋ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﯾ و راﻮﯾد ﻦﯿ و شور زا ﺎﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ
ةﻮﯿﺷ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺻﺎﺧ نﺎﻨﭼ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﻪﮐ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ هﺎﮔ ﯽﭽﮔ
ﻪﺑ و ﺮﺟآ يور ﺮﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﻌﺗ ،دراد ﻪﻣادا ﻢﻫ زﻮﻨﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫراﻮﯾد ﺶﮐور ترﻮﺻ
ﻣ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﺗا زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﺎﯾ و ﺖﺳا مﺎﻤ
نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﯾ و ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺘﻓ ﯿ ﻪﻠ ا ي ﯽﻣ فﻼﮐ ار ﭻﮔ نآ يور ﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ و هدﺮﮐ
هﺪﻧﺎﺒﺴﭼ ﺪﻧا . هدﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا -
شور رد ﺰﯿﻧ زوﺮﻣا و هدﻮﺑ لواﺪﺘﻣ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﮑﺷا نﺎﻣز زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷور ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﭻﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ راﻮﯾد يور يﺪﻨﺑرﺎﮐ و يﺮﺑ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ دور
و ﯽﻤﻈﻋا) ﺎﮑﻤﻫ
نار
، 1392
ﭻﮔ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫﺎﺷ .(
د يﺮﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ر لﺎﭼ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
،نﻮﻔﺴﯿﺗ ،نﺎﺧﺮﺗ
ﺪﻨﺑ ،دﺎﺑآزوﺮﯿﻓ نﺎﯾ
ﯽﺟﺎﺣ ، باراد دﺎﺑآ
، هﻮﮐ ،رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﻌﻠﻗ ،ﻪﺟاﻮﺧ
ﻪﭙﺗ ،دﺮﮔدﺰﯾ ﺖﺨﺗ ،رﺎﺼﺣ
و نﺎﻤﯿﻠﺳ كﺎﺤﺿ ﻪﻌﻠﻗ
ﺗ ﺮﻬﻣ ﺄ ﭻﮔ و ﭻﮔ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺮﺑ يﺪﯿﯾ ﺰﺗ يﺮﺑ
ﺋ رود ﺮﻨﻫ رد ﯽﻨﯿ ة
.ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﻪﺼﺧﺎﺷ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﭻﮔ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﮐﺪﯿﻔﺳ
يﺎﻫ
ﺳﺎﺳ ةرود يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎ
و و ﯽﺘﺸﺧ يﺎﻫراﻮﯾد ﯽﺘﺷز ،هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﺪﯿﻔﻣ
ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﮕﻨﺳ ﻢﮐ و نﺎﺳآ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ و ﻪﺘﺳﺎﮐ تﺪﺷ
ﻪﺻﺎﺧ دﻮﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ اﯾ
ﻦ ﻪﮐ ناواﺮﻓ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﭻﮔ ندﺎﻌﻣ ناﺮﯾا ﺪﺠﻧ رد
ﭻﮔ نارﺎﮐدﺎﺘﺳا .ﺖﺳا ار ﻪﻓﺮﺣ و ﺮﻨﻫ ﻦﯾا رﺎﮐ
ﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ي ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﭻﯿﻫ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﯿﻧد زا يا
نآ ﺎﺑ ﺎ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ
،ﻦﻣﺮﮐآ و پﻮﭘ) 1387
: 88 .(
شوﺎﮐ ﯽﻃ رد نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣﺎﺳ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻫد
لﺎﺳ ﯽﻃ رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺖﻣﺮﻣ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ
ﭻﮔ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﺑ يﺮﺑ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﯽﻌﺳ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﻌﻄﻗ رﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﺑرد ﭻﮔ ﻦﯾا زا ﻪ
يﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﻦﯾا ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ راودا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﯾﻮﻧ يﺎﻫدﺮﮕﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﺳد هرود ﻦﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺶﺷﻮﭘ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا رﻮﻬﻇ ﮥﺼﻨﻣ
ﻦﻓ ،يﺮﻫﺎﻇ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،يﺮﺼﺑ تﺎﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﯽﻌﺳ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯿﺳر و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو .ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺛا ﺪﻨﭼ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ ﺎﺷ
ﯾ نﺎ ﺮﮐذ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺟﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
نآ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣﺎﯿﻧ هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
.ﺪﻧا
2.
ﭘ ﯿ ﺸ ﯿ ﮥﻨ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
و رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﮥﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ شﻮﻘﻧ
نآ ﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﯿ ﻦ رﺎﺑ ﺳو ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﮥﻠ لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﯾرﻮﻣ ﺰﻤﯿﺟ 1809
،م ﻨﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎ
ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ نآ ﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
رﺎﻏ و ﻪﻤﺴﺠﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ
لﺎﺳ رد 1811
،م ﮥﻠﯿﺳو ﻪﺑ يدﺮﻓ
و نﺪﻧﻼﻓ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻟزوا مﺎﯿﻠﯾو ﺮﺳ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و نﻮﺘﺳا دﺮﮔﺮﺳ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ سﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ لﺎﺳ رد ﺖﺴﮐ
1851 .م
هرﺪﻧا رد ﺰﻟﻮﺘﺳا و سآ 1877
م و رد شﺮﺴﻤﻫ و اﻮﻓﻻﻮﯾد 1884
،م ﻧ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪﯾدزﺎﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﺰﯿ
گﺮﺒﻧﺪﻧاو) ،
1379 : 56
شوﺎﮐ.(
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ لﺎﺳ زا رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
1319 ،ش ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﻫ ةزﻮﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﺳآ ﺶﺨﺑ
لﺎﺳ رد لﺎﺳ ژرژ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ شوﺎﮐ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ زﺎﻏآ روﻮﻟ 1935
ﺪﯿﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ،م
،گﺮﺒﻧﺪﻧاو)
1379
زﺎﻏآ شوﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا .(
ةﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا يا شوﺎﮐ نﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
دﻮﺑ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا رد يﺪﻌﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﮔ) ﯿ ،ﻦﻤﺷﺮ 1379
ﻦﻣور ﻞﮐ رد .(
ﻦﻤﺷﺮﯿﮔ لﺎﺳ رد ﻞﺼﻓ ود ﯽﻃ لﺎﺳ ژرژ و
يﺎﻫ 36 ـ 1935 و 37 ـ 1936 ،م
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شوﺎﮐ ار رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ
؛ و شوﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ
ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮥ
شوﺎﮐ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﮏﯾ رد ﻊﯿﺳو يﺎﻫ
ود رة سرﺎﻓ ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا
؛ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ مود ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﮓﻨﺟ عوﺮﺷ ﺎﻣا يﺎﻫ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ تﺪﻣ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ زا ﺲﭘ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﺑﺮﯿﻏ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
زا ﺲﭘ لﺎﺳ ﯽﺳ دوﺪﺣ رد ﯽﻧﺎﻣز
لﺎﺳ رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ شوﺎﮐ ،لوا ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ 1347
) .ش 1968 ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ (م زاﺮﻓﺮﺳ ﺮﺒﮐا
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺳ زا
) ،زاﺮﻓﺮﺳ 1366
يرﺎﮐ ﻞﺼﻓ رد .(
1348 نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﯽﺳﺎﯾ ﺮﯿﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ،ش بﺎﯿﻏ رد ار رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
زاﺮﻓﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ هﺪﻬﻋ لﺎﺳ زا و ﺖﺷاد 1349
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ شوﺎﮐ هرﺎﺑود ،ش زاﺮﻓﺮﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﭘﯿ ﮕ ﯿﺮ ي ﺪﺷ
) ،رﺎﯾﺮﻬﻣ 1378
ﺳ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد.(
لﺎﺳ) رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ شوﺎﮐ مﻮ 1374
ش نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( رد ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻣﯿ
ثاﺮ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ هژوﺮﭘ ﻒﯾدر رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ رﻮﺸﮐ يﺎﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ،رﺎﮐ تﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ندروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ناوردﺎﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
لﺎﺳ رد .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﭘ زا رﺎﯾﺮﻬﻣ 1374
،ش ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﻫ هﺪﻧز شوﺎﮐ ،هرﺎﻣﻻاراد رد شوﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ رﺎﯾﺮﻬﻣ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ دﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﺳ زا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
،يزورﻮﻧ) 1384
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﻮﺳ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥﻣادا رد .(
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﮥﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
لﺎﺳ رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ 1383
شوﺎﮐ زا ﻞﺼﻓ ﮏﯾ ،ش نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﺻﺎﻧ ﯽﺘﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ زورﻮﻧ
هداز
ﯿﮕﭼ ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻨ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻓﺮﺑ) 1391
لﺎﺳ رد .(
1388 ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﻣا ﺐﯿﺼﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ .ش فاﺮﻃا يزﺎﺳﺎﻧاﻮﺧ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ تﺎﻔﯾﺮﺸﺗ رﻻﺎﺗ 2
دﻮﻤﻧ شوﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا هﺎﻣ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﯿﻣا) 1391
ﭻﮔ رﺎﺛآ درﻮﻣ رد .(
ود رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ يﺮﺑ
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺎﺗﻮﮐ يا ﺮﺑ
سﺎﺳا شوﺎﮐ زا هﺪﻧﺎﻤﯿﻗﺎﺑ ﺮﯾوﺎﺼﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧ ﻦﻤﺷﺮﯿﮔ
) هﺎﺷ رﻮﭘﺪﻤﺤﻣ ، 1384
ﭻﮔ مود ﮥﻟﺎﻘﻣ .(
يﺮﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ شوﺎﮐ ﻢﻬﻧ ﻞﺼﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ
،يﺮﯿﻣا) 1399
.(
ﭻﮔ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود يﺮﺑ
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا
يﺎﻫ
ﺮﮔوﺮﮐ بﺎﺘﮐ زا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮔزﺎﺗ
،ﺮﮔوﺮﮐ) 1396
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ (
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﭻﮔ تﺎﯿﻠﮐ ةرﺎﺑرد ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ زا ﺰﯿﻧ يا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﯽﮔزﺎﺗ
) Krger, 2019
ﯽﮑﯾ ( .
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ﭻﮔ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺟﺎﺣ ﯽﺑﺎﺑرا ﮥﻧﺎﺧ يﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا باراد دﺎﺑآ
) Azarnoush, 1994
ﻄﻣ .(
ﮥﻌﻟﺎ
ﭻﮔ يور ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻌﻣﺎﺟ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺑ
لﺎﭼ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ير نﺎﺧﺮﺗ
) Thompson, 1976
ﻦﯾا ﮥﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﯽﻟو(
ﯽﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﻞﺤﻣ زا ﯽﮐﺪﻧا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و هدﻮﺑ دﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ شوﺎﮐ نﺎﻣز ﺎﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ .ﺪﻫد
شﻮﻘﻧ درﻮﻣ رد يا
ﭻﮔ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ يﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
) ﻮﺳﻮﻣ ي ﺟﺎﺣ ﯽ و ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1398
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ.(
ﭻﮔ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﻪﭼ يﺮﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭼ و كﻼﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ،ﺖﺳا هﺮﻤﯿﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﮐ ﻪﻟاﻮﻗزﺮﺑ زا ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ ترﻮﺻ
ﯽﻨﯾز و ﺪﻧواﺮﮔ) ،ﺪﻧو
1392
ﭻﮔ رﺎﺛآ ﺰﯿﻧ يرﻮﮔﻼﻗ زا ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﯽﮑﯾدﺰﻧ رد .(
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺰﯿﻧ يﺮﺑ
ﻦﺴﺣ) ،رﻮﭘ
1393 ﻞﮑﺷ :
ﮋﭘ .6(
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا نﻮﻔﺴﯿﺗ خﺎﮐ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ شﻮﻘﻧ يور ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺸﻫو
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻤﻈﻋا) 1392
.(
نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﭻﮔ درﻮﻣ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ يﺮﺑ
زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ نآ
ﭻﮔ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ
زا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ لﺎﺒﻗا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
يﺮﻬﭼ
،يﺮﻬﭼ) 1386
ﭻﮔ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ شﻮﻘﻧ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و (
يﺮﺑ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ سرﺎﻓ
،يﺮﺨﺘﺳا) 1394
.ﺖﺳا ( ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻣزراﻮﺧ ﺎﺴﻬﻣ ﭻﮔ رد ﻪﺳﺪﻨﻫ يﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ةرﺎﺑرد يا
يﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧ ﺪﻧا
) Kharazmi et al. 2012
.
(ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ كﺎﺷﻮﭘ درﻮﻣ رد ﯽﺒﻠﻄﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻦﻬﮐ نﻮﺘﻣ رد
نﺎﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ سﺎﺒﻟ ،نازﺎﺑﺮﺳ ﯽﮕﻨﺟ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ درﻮﻣ رد ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﺗارﺎﺷا بﺎﺘﮐ رد نﺎﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ سﺎﺒﻟ ﮓﻧر و
ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
و ناﺮﺒﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
نﺎﻫﺎﺷ
)ﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻا هﺰﻤﺣ ﯽ
، 1346
مﻼﺳا و ناﺮﯾا رد يرادرﻮﺸﮐ ﻦﯿﯾآ جﺎﺗ ،( ،ﻆﺣﺎﺟ)
1392
و (
راﻮﺘﻟا ﻞﻤﺠﻣ ﯾﺦ
ﺺﺼﻘﻟا و
،ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ)
1389
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ جرد(
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور و ﺖﺳا يدﺮﺒﻫار و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ مﺎﻈﻧ ياراد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ
ﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ،فﺪﻫ و يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ تﺎﻘﯿ
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ
ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ،شور و ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ .دور ﻦﯾازا ﺚﯿﺣ ﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿ ﻪ ﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ شور -
ِﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ
هدﻮﻤﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ار ﯽﺟﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا يدﺮﮑﯾور ،نﻮﻤﻀﻣ شور و
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ زوﺪﻧا ي هداد ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ و ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ةﻮﯿﺷ ود ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ يا
رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ةﻮﯿﺷ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺮﺑ ﯽﮑﺘﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ
و ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ مود شور و ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا
هداد ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﻫ يﺎﻫ
نآ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺎﺑ و نﺎﻣز ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ يﺮﯿﮔ .
3 . ﺑ ﯿ رﻮﭘﺎﺸ ﺘﺴﺨﻧ زا ﯽﮑﯾ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ود زا ﯽﮑﯾ يور ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا بﻮﺘﮑﻣ يزﺎﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ياراد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯿ
ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﻮﺘﺳ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﮑﺷا يﻮﻠﻬﭘ ﻂﺧ ﻪﺑ يا
لﺎﺳ ار ﺮﻬﺷ 266
ﯽﻣ م ﺪﻧاد
،نﺎﯾﺮﻋ) 1382 : 83 - 79
رد ﺎﻣا(
ﺎﺠﻧآ هرﺎﺷا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﺳا ﻪﺑ يا ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر
،رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ةرود رد ﺮﻬﺷ مﺎﻧ
» رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﻮﯾﺪﻧا زا ﻪﺑ «
ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
» ﻪﯿﮐﺎﻄﻧا زا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ «
رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﮥﺒﯿﺘﮐ رد .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ
زا ﺖﺸﺗرز ﮥﺒﻌﮐ رد لوا ﭘاﺮﺗﺎﺳ
ﯽ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ
» رﻮﭘﺎﺷ كﻮﺘﯿﻧا ﯽﻫو
«
،ﯽﻣﺎﺳ) 1338 : 193
ﺎﺑ ار نآ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﻓر مﺎﻧ (
» رﻮﭘﺎﺷ يﺪﻨﮔ «
ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ﺎﻣا ﺪﻨﻧاد .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ سرﺎﭘ رد رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ نﺎﻤﻫ
» هو « ﺎﯾ
» ﻪﺑ « يﻮﻠﻬﭘ نﺎﺑز رد
ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
» ﮏﯿﻧ « ﻪﺑ دراد لﺎﻤﺘﺣا .ﺖﺳا ﺮﻬﺷ مﺎﻧ نﺎﻣز روﺮﻣ
ﻪﺻﻼﺧ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ و
» ﻪﯾو رﻮﭘﺎﺷ « ﺎﯾ
» ﻪﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ « ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﮔﯿ
ﻦﻤﺷﺮ » ﻪﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ « ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ار
» رﻮﭘﺎﺷ يﺎﺒﯾز ﺮﻬﺷ «
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاد
ﮔ) ﯿ ،ﻦﻤﺷﺮ 1391 : 139 .(
ﻪﻧاﺮﯾو هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد ،هﺮﻤﻫﻮﮐ ﻪﺑ فوﺮﻌﻣ تﺎﻋﺎﻔﺗرا ﮥﻨﻣاد رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ
23 نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ بﺮﻏ يﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ
هﻮﮐ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺳ زا ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﮥﮕﻠﺟ رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا .دراد راﺮﻗ نورزﺎﮐ زا و رﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻤﺳ ﻗﺮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ ﯽ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ رﺎﻨﮐ زا رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﮥﻧﺎﺧدور .ﺖﺳا زﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا درﺬﮔ
15 ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺘﻣ ا ﺮﺗ
.دراد راﺮﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ز
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻠﮐ حﺮﻃ هﺮﯾاد يﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ (رﻮﮔ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ) لوا ﺮﯿﺷدرا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ
ار ﯽﺗرﺎﭘ يا
حﺮﻃ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ روﺪﻣ ،ﺖﺷاد
» ﯽﺳﻮﻣادﻮﭙﯿﻫ «
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو زا .دراد نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺧ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ
ﻊﻃﺎﻘﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﯿﻧ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ رد .ﺖﺳا ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻘﻓا و يدﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﭼﻮﮐ ثاﺪﺣا نﻮﭼ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﻪﻠﺤﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
هﺎﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻢﺋﺎﻗ يﺎﯾاوز ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻠﺧاد يﺎﻀﻓ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ،ﺮﻬﺷ نورد ﺰﺒﺳ يﺎﻀﻓ و ﺎﻫ
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رد ﯽﺗﺎﻔﯾﺮﺸﺗ و ﯽﻓاﺮﺷا ﻒﮐ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
شﻮﭘ ﭻﮔ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﯽﮑﯿﯾازﻮﻣ ﺲﯿﻔﻧ يﺎﻫ يﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺷﺎﻘﻧ و ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ رﺎﮕﻧر يﺎﻫ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ زا و ﮓﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺘﯿﻨﻣا و ﯽﺘﺳاﺮﺣ ﮥﺒﻨﺟ ﺮﺗ
ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﮥﻌﻠﻗ ﮏﯾ ثاﺪﺣا ترﻮﺻ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﺑ فﺮﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ
،ﯽﻧﺎﯿﮐ) 1366 : 31 - 23
لزﺎﻨﻣ و ﯽﺘﻟود تارادا و تﺎﺴﯿﺳﺄﺗ زا ﯽﻤﯿﻈﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ .(
هﺎﮔرﺎﮐ و ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ ياﻮﻗ و ﯽﻧﻮﮑﺴﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﮥﻬﺒﺟ رد ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو يﺎﻫ
ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺪﻧا ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﮐ ﺪﺳر ﻪ
و ﻪﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ ژﺪﻨﻬﮐ رد ﺎﯾ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﮥﻬﺒﺟ رد ًاﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ نﺎﯾرﺎﺑرد ﺮﻘﻣ و ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻠﺻا نﻮﻧﺎﮐ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ لﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺧ -
خﺎﮐ و ﯽﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا رﻮﺼﻗ ﻦﯾا ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ زا ﻪﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾاﺮﯾﺬﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ رﻮﻃ
ﯽﻣ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يرادا و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﻧﻮﮑﺴﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ار گرا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هار ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ و ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﺪﻫد
شزرا ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ نﺎﻣز نآ رد داﺮﻓا ﺖﻧﻮﮑﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﺎﻘﺒﻃ و ﺎﻫ
نﺎﯿﻣ رد ندز مﺪﻗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ
ﯽﻣ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ هﺪﻧﺎﻣ يﺎﺟﺮﺑ رﺎﺛآ ﮏﺒﺳ و ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻠﮐ حﺮﻃ رد ار ﯽﻣور يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ لﻮﺻا زا ﯽﯾﺎﭘدر ناﻮﺗ
نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ لوا رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣور ياﺮﺳا ﺪﯾﺎﺷ .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ نآ يزﺎﺳ
ﻪﺑ مور نﺎﯿﻫﺎﭙﺳ و ﻦﯾﺮﻟاو ﺮﺑ يزوﺮﯿﭘ زا ﺲﭘ
ﯽﺑ ﺮﻣا ﻦﯾا رد ،داد لﺎﻘﺘﻧا سرﺎﭘ و نﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﯿﺤﯿﺴﻣ ﺪﺳر
ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﻧﻮﮑﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ لﺎﺳ زا ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺗ اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﻧا
544 ﺮﯿﺷدرا نﻮﭽﻤﻫ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ،يدﻼﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ هرﻮﺧ
ﻒﻘﺳا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﯿﺸﻧ
ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﺎﻣ) ،تراﻮﮐر 1383 : 63
؛(
ﻪﺑ يرذﻼﺑ و يﺮﺒﻃ ،باﺮﻋا ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ فﺮﺼﺗ ﺮﮐذ رد ﺎﻣا
) نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺣ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ يﺮﺒﻃ .ﺪﻧراد هرﺎﺷا ﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻠﺻ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ فﺮﺼﺗ لﺎﺳ
30 زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ (ق.ه
ﯽﻣ ﺢﻠﺻ ﻦﯿﻤﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ نﺪﺷ هﺮﺻﺎﺤﻣ و دﺮﺒﻧ ﮏﯾ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ار ﺪﻨﮐ
» نﺎﯿﺑرذآ « ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻃ) ،يﺮﺒ
1398 : 2010
،بﺮﻋ رادﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا سرﺎﭘ باﺮﻬﺷ ،كﺮﻬﺷ رداﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺢﻠﺻ ﻪﺑ رﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺰﯿﻧ يرذﻼﺑ.(
ﻦﺑ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﯽﺑا
ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا صﺎﻌﻟا لﺎﺳ) ﺪﻨﮐ
24 ﯽﻣ ﻪﻣادا رد ﺎﻣا (ق.ه :ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾﻮﮔ
» ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ مدﺮﻣ شرﻮﺷ
لﺎﺳ رد مود رﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ 26
،ق.ه مﻼﺳا هﺎﭙﺳ اﯾ
ﻦ رﺎﺑ ﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﻨﮐ فﺮﺼﺗ ﮓ
«
،يرذﻼﺑ) 1364 : 145 - 142 .(
لﺎﺳ رد رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ فﺮﺼﺗ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﮓﻨﺟ ود ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
25 و 26
،ق.ه دراد هرﺎﺷا
،نﺎﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ) 1391
: 41
نﺎﻤﻫ .(
ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ رﻮﻃ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ فﺮﺼﺗ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ درﻮﻣ رد ،سرﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻢﯿﻨﯿﺑ
ﯽﻓﻼﺘﺧا ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﺷ
زا) ﻪﻟﺎﺳ 24
ﺎﺗ 30 ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ (ق.ه .دﻮﺷ
يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺷ هرﻮﮐ
نورزﺎﮐ ،هﺮﺟ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ
هﺎﭙﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺑﻮﻧ و ﻦﺑ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ
ﯽﺑا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ فﺮﺼﺗ صﺎﻌﻟا
،يرذﻼﺑ) 1364 : 145 - 142
ﺮﻬﺷ ،لاﻮﺣا ﻦﯾا مﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ .(
هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﻢﮐ و هدﻮﺑ دﺎﺑآ و نﻮﮑﺴﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ يﺎﻫ
نآ ﯽﮑﯾدﺰﻧ رد نورزﺎﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﮐ و مﺎﻘﻣ
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ
4.
ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﯽﭽﮔ يﺎﻫ
رد عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻣﺎﺳ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ و ﯽﻫد ﭻﮔ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﯿﺧا ﮥﻫد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ زا كﻼﭘ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ و يﺮﺑ
ﭻﮔ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﮐ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ نﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ يﺮﺑ
نآ زا ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ود ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺶﻘﻧ هﺪﺷ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﭻﮔ ﻬﻨﺗ يﺮﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ رد ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻟو ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﺗﺎﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ ﺎ
ﭻﮔ ﻦﯾا .دراد يﺮﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ :ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣ ﯽﻋاﺰﺘﻧا يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﺎﯾ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻫ ،ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻘﻧ و ﻪﻧارﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و ﻪﯾﺎﻣ
ﺶﻘﻧ .ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﯾﺎﻣ
و ﻞﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﻞﺨﻧ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﺐﯿﻠﺻ ،شﻮﮔرﺎﻬﭼ حﻮﻟ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﮑﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ هدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫراﺰﺑا و ﻢﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ و ﯽﻫﺎﻣ
و ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﻣ
ﻢﯿﻧ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻪﻗﺎﺳ نﻮﺘﺳ
نﻮﺘﺳ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ و ناﻮﯾا ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ يﺎﻫ
هﺮﮑﯿﭘ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﯾﺎﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا عﻮﻧ زا رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ زا هﺪﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻟﺎﯿﺧ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽ
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ
هﺮﮑﯿﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯾ ﺶ زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺮﻨﻫ رد هﺪﻣآرد نآ
ﻪﮐ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ و ﯽﻧورد تﺎﯿﻨﻤﺗ يﺎﺿرا ياﺮﺑ
ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ناﺪﻨﻤﺗرﺪﻗ ﺪﻧا
،ﯽﺒﺤﻣ) 1392 : 157 .(
ﭻﮔ يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ رد اﺮﺟا ةﻮﯿﺷ ود ﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺮﺑ
ﻞﮑﺷ ةﻮﯿﺷ ﯽﮑﯾ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺎﺟرد ﯽﻫد
ﺖﻔﺳ و ﯽﻫﺎﺗﻮﮐ نﺎﻣز ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ زا ﺪﻌﺑ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ءاﺰﺟا حﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﭻﮔ ﺮﯿﻤﺧ ياﺮﺟا زا ﺲﭘ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا رد ﭻﮔ نﺪﺷ
ﭻﮔ ﺪﻨﻣﺮﻨﻫ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﺣ رد ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا رﺎﮐ
نداد ﻞﮑﺷ هﺪﻨﮐ و
ﯽﻣ ﭻﮔ تﻼﻣ يور يرﺎﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد دﺮﮕﺷ ،ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺮﺘﺸ
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻦﻓ ﺎﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﭽﮔ يﺎﻫ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺮﯿﮔ
ياﺮﺑ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻧا
بﺎﻗ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ و مﺎﮑﺤﺘﺳا هﺮﻔﺣ ،طﺎﺴﺒﻧا و ضﺎﺒﻘﻧا مﺎﮕﻨﻫ رد ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ
يور ﯽﻧ و ﺖﺸﮕﻧا ﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﺨﺿ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﯿﺷ و ﺎﻫ
نآ هدﺮﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺎﻫ ﺶﯿﭘ و ﺎﺟرد ﮥﻧﻮﮔ ود ﺰﯿﻧ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻧا
ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ
لﺎﮑﺷا ﺪﻧا
.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﺮﺟا ﭻﮔ ﺎﺑ ار ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﮑﺗ لوا ﮥﻌﻄﻗ هﺮﮕﻨﮐ جﺎﺗ زا يا
ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻫﺎﺷ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﮐ مود ﮥﻌﻄﻗ يور ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يراد ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
.
ﻪﺷﻮﮔ ،مﻮﺳ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ رد ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ و ﺖﺳا يدﺮﻣ ترﻮﺻ ًاﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ زا يا
ا هدﻮﺑ ﺐﺼﻧ رﻻﺎﺗ ﮥﺷﻮﮔ و ﺞﻨﮐ .دراد ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳد و ﺖﺳ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 1 ،هﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) جﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ . 1398
.(
Fig. 1. A piece of stucco representing a crown (photo by the author 2018).
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ و ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ نﺎﻫﺎﺷ جﺎﺗ ةﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺟﺎﺗ لوا ﮥﻌﻄﻗ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) 1
دوﺪﺣ.(
30
ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺷاد عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﺘﻣ دوﺪﺣ و
49 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ زا و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ .ﺖﺳا نآ ﺮﻄﻗ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ يﻮﮔ ﺎﺑ نآ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﭽﮔ ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ ﮏﯾ ،ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ
و هﺪﺷ ﻦﯾﺰﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﯿﻧ نآ يور هﺪﺷ ﻞﺻو ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ راوﺮﯿﺠﻧز ﻪﮐ دراد راﺮﻗ ،هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻞﮑﺸﻟاﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻞﺻا رد ﻪﮐ يﺮﯾاود
و ﮥﻧﺎﯿﻣ .ﺪﻧا ﺖﻤﺴﻗ
ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ جﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻗﻮﻓ حﺮﻃ
ﺎﻫ ي هﺮﮕﻨﮐ و ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻘﺷﺎﻗ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ راد
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 2 ،هﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) جﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ . 1398
.(
Fig. 2. A stucco bust which once had a crown (photo by the author, 2018).
و ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﮑﺷ ،هدﺎﺘﻓا ﻦﯿﻣز يور ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﺑ زا جﺎﺗ ﻦﯾا زا يراﺪﻘﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ و ﺖﮑﻠﻤﻣ لوا ﺺﺨﺷ و دﻮﺑ نارﺎﯾﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ و ترﺪﻗ زا يدﺎﻤﻧ جﺎﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ .دﺮﮐ
ﻪﺳ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ زا يدﺎﻤﻧ جﺎﺗ رود هﺮﮕﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺖﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ ار نﺎﻤﺳآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺖﺸﻬﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ
ﺪﻨﮐ
،پﻮﭘ)
1389 : 68
ﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ ،مود ﮥﻌﻄﻗ .(
ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ جﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ دﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ل
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) 2 .(
42 و نآ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﺘﻤﯿﺘﻧﺎﺳ 33
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻔﮐود ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ زا ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا ضﺮﻋ ﺮﺘﻤﯿﺘﻧﺎﺳ
زا و هﺪﺷ ﺮﺳ ﺖﺸﭘ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﯽﺠﻨﮐ ﺎﯾ يا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) 3
. (
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 3 ،هﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) ﯽﭽﮔ ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ زا ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ . 1398
.(
Fig. 3. Another view of the stucco head (photo by the author 2018).
ﺖﺸﭘ رد زﻮﻨﻫ نآ ﮥﻠﺻو يﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻞﯿﺒﺳ و ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻦﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا يدﺮﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﺳ
ﻪﺷﻮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ نآ ﭘﯿ
ﭻ هدرﻮﺧ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻌﻗاو ةزاﺪﻧا زا جرﺎﺧ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ و ﺖﺷرد نﺎﻤﺸﭼ .ﺖﺳا
و ﺖﺸﭘﺮﭘ ناوﺮﺑا .ﺖﺳا ﺪﻌﺠﻣ و هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻦﺳﺎﺤﻣ يﻮﻣ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﺑ زا و ﻪﺘﺴﮑﺷ شﻮﮔ يور ﺪﻌﺠﻣ يﻮﻣ .ﺖﺳا نﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ جﺎﺗ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ رد نآ ﮥﻣادا ﻪﺘﺒﻟا ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ نآ ﯽﻧﺎﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﭗﭼ يور .دﻮﺷ
ﻢﻫ ﻪﺘﻓر ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺎﺑ رﺪﺘﻘﻣ يدﺮﻣ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺣور
ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﯾآ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﺟ رد ﺮﮔا و ﺖﺳا ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ﺪﻣآ
ار نآ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ ﻦﯾا ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻨﭘ
هدﺮﺑ ثرا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ فﻼﺳا زا نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ار ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺪﻧا
ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ثراو ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺮﻣا ياﺪﺘﺑا رد ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺮﻨﻫ ﺖﻘﯿﻘﺣ رد
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ)
4 ﺻ ،جﺎﺗ زا ﺮﯿﻏ ،(
رﺎﯾﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻦﺳﺎﺤﻣ .ﺖﺳا لوا ﺰﻣﺮﻫ و لوا رﻮﭘﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ هﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ﻦﯾا ترﻮ
ﯽﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﯽﻟو ،دراد توﺎﻔﺗ مود ماﺮﻬﺑ و لوا ماﺮﻬﺑ ،لوا ﺮﯿﺷدرا ﻦﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ جﺎﺗ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯿ نﺎ ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﯾآ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺪﺟ تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧا ﭻﯿﻫ ﺎﺑ هﺎﺷ ﻦﯾا جﺎﺗ .دﻮﺷ
ﻪﺘﺴﯾز رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ رد ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻫﺎﺷ زا ماﺪﮐ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺪﻧا
ﯽﻤﻧ هﺪﻣﺎﯿﻧ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ زا ﻪﺳﺮﻧ ﺖﻨﻄﻠﺳ زا ﯽﻧﺎﺸﻧ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻟو ،ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺳﺮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ ار وا و ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ار ﯽﺸﻟﺎﭼ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ،ﺖﺳا ﯽﭽﮔ ﺮﮑﯿﭘ ﻦﯾا اﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
اﯾ ﻦ رﺪﻗ جﺎﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺎﯾآ ؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﺳﺮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ
و ؟ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ يور ﻦﯾدﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﺺﺨﺷ ﯽﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ﮥﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ
ﻦﯾا ﺎﯾ و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﯾز رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﺳﺮﻧ ﻪﮐ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
و ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هﺎﮔ ﯽﻣ ﻖﻠﻄﻣ يرﺎﮕﻧ .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﺳد نآ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 4 ،هﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) جﺎﺗ و ﺲﯾدﺮﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ . 1399
.(
Fig. 4. The head with a crown (drawing by the author 2019).
ﻪﮑﺗ مﻮﺳ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ ﺖﺳا ترﻮﺻ ﮏﯾ زا يا
ﺮﯾوﺎﺼﺗ) 5 - 6
ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا يور،(
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد خﺮﺳ ﮓﻧر زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ
ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ يور نآ تاﺮﺛا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ترﻮﺻ يﺎﻫ
ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا ،دﻮﺷ 41
ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺮﺘﻣ و
25 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ
يور زا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻢﯿﻧود ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا نآ ضﺮﻋ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻫ ار ﻮﻣ زا ﯽﺘﻤﺴﻗ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﺑرد ار ﯽﻧﺎﺸﯿﭘ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺮﺛا .ﺖﺳا ود ةرﺎﻤﺷ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ نآ ﺖﺷرد نﺎﻤﺸﭼ و ﺖﺳا دﺮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺶﻘﻧ دﺎﯾز لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻫد
ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ فﻼﺳا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ دﺮﻣ يﻮﻣ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ناوﺮﺑا زا ﯽﻔﯿﻌﺿ شا
، ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻌﺠﻣ
ﻢﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﺸﯿﭘ يور ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﺮﮐذ ار عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ
ﭻﮔ يﺮﺑ رود يﺎﻫ ﻪﭽﻗﺎﻃ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﻤﻫ
و شﻮﻘﻨﻣ هدز ﮓﻧر
ﮓﻧر ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ و هﺎﯿﺳ ،درز ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ
ﺮﯾوﺎﺼﺗ 5 و 6 ﻪﮑﺗ . ،هﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) ﯽﭽﮔ ترﻮﺻ زا يا 1398
.(
Figs. 5-6. Part of a stucco face (photo and drawing by the author 2018).
ﯽﺑ و هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ﮥﻌﻄﻗ يرﺎﺘﺳد ﻪﮐ ﻮﻣ
ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﯾوﺎﺼﺗ) دراد 7
- 8 ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا ،(
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﭻﮔ ﻦﯾا ﺶﻘﻧ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺐﺼﻧ قﺎﺗا يﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد ﯽﯾاﺮﺳﺮﺳ ﺎﯾ قﺎﺗا ﺞﻨﮐ رد ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا و هدﻮﺑ زﺎﺳ رد يﺮﺑ
ﺐﻟﺎﺟ دﻮﺧ عﻮﻧ يرﺎﺘﺳد ﺺﺨﺷ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ رد ﻪﮐ دراد ﯽﺑﺮﻋ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ لوا هﺎﮕﻧ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﺳر
و ﻮﻣ نوﺪﺑ وا ترﻮﺻ ﺜﻠﺜﻣ
ﯽ ﻞﮑﺷ ةزاﺪﻧا رد ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ،ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا شﻮﻘﻧ ﺮﮕﯾد فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﺶﻧﺎﻤﺸﭼ ،ﺖﺳا
ﯽﻣادﺎﺑ و هﺪﯿﺸﮐ وا نﺎﻤﺸﭼ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ نآ ﮏﻣدﺮﻣ و زﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ نﺎﻣدﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻟو ﺖﺳا ﻞﮑﺷ
ﻣز قﺮﺸﻣ ﯿ
ﻦ .ﺪﻧراد يﺰﯾر نﺎﻤﺸﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ نﺎﻫد
نآ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ شﻮﮔ ود ﺮﻫ و دراد يا
ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ار ﺺﺨﺷ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻨﯿﺑ خارﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﻣﺮﻨﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ يرﺎﺘﺳد وا ﺮﺳ يور .ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ
،دراد دﻮﺟو سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ
ةﻮﺤﻧ و ﻪﭼرﺎﭘ عﻮﻧ ﻦﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺮﺳ
) ﺐﺼﻗ رﺎﺘﺳد هﺮﮑﯿﭘ ﯽﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ،رﺎﺘﺳد 1
ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺮﺳ يور (
ﺸﻧ رﺎﺘﺳد ﺮﻫﺎﻇ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎ
ﻪﺘﺧود رﺎﺘﺳد ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﮓﻧر ﺪﻨﭼ رد ﯽﮕﻧر يﺎﻫراﻮﻧ و هدﻮﺑ ﻢﺸﯾﺮﺑا نآ ﮥﭼرﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
ﻪﺟارﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ نﻮﻨﮐا ﻢﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ ﯽﻗﺮﺷ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ رﺎﺘﺳد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﭼ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ
ﻊﻗاو ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻞﺻا ﺖﯾﺎﻋر ،ﯽﯾاﺮﮔ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ
هﺮﻬﭼ و درﻮﺧ تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
هﺮﻬﭼ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ يا
