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heo quy dinh eua Luat Thuong mai nam 2005, thdi hieu khdi Men dp dung dii vdi cac tranh chip thuong mai la 02 nam, ke tijf thdi diim quyin vd lyi ich hyp phap bi xam pham; tnrdng hop khdi kien thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vy logistics ve tdn tliat ddi vdi hang hda phat sinh, thdi lii?u khdi ld?n ia 09 thdng, ke tix ngdy giao hang'. Thdi hieu khdi Iden ciing duyc quy dinh rai rac d nhieu van ban ludt khdc2. Tuy nhien, giing nhu Luat Thuong mgi nam 2005, cdc van bdn luat ndy chu yeu chi quy dinh ve dd ddi thdi hi^u khdi kien va thdi diem bat ddu tinh thdi hi$u khdi ki?n; cac quy djnh cy thi khac ve thdi hieu khdi kien se dp dung eac quy dinh chung cua BQ luat Dan sy.Dp ddi thdi hi?u khdi kifn ddi vdi tranh chip thuong mji theo quy dinh cua Luat Thuong mai la 02 nam (trd thdi hi?u khdi kien ddi vdi thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vy logistics). Day ciing la dg dai didi hi?u khdi kien dii vdi hanh chap hop ddng dan sy vd yeu cau hii thudng thiet hai ngoai hgrp dong theo quy dinh eua Bp M t Dan sy nam 20053. xuy nhien, hong nhieu luat, bd ludt khac ed thi tim thiy quy dinh v6 mpt sd l o ^ dp dai thdi hi?u khdi kipn khdc nhau, dao dpng trong khoang tit 01 den 05 nam*. Theo quy dinh tai diim e khoan 1 Diiu 237 vd Diiu 319 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005, Uidi diim bat diu eua thdi hi$u khdi ki?n 14
didi didtn quyen vd lyi ich bi xdm pham; thdi dien bat ddu thdi hieu khdi kien ddi bdi thudng t o a i i hang hda ddi vdi thuong nhan kinh doanh dichv|
logistics la ngdy giao hang cho ngudi nhdn. Titoii ty, Diiu 427 Bp lujt Dan sy nam 2005 quy diili
"Thdi hipu khdi kipn de ydu ciu Tda an giai qnyll tranh chap hyp ddng dan sy la hai nam, ki tii ngjy quyin vd Igi ich hop phap eua cd nhan, phdp nMn, cac chd thi khdc bi xam phjm". Nha vdy, ttoij ITnh vyc thuang mai, thdi hipu khdi ki^n tai V|[
Nam thupc he thing nhat nguyen (chi quy dpi mpt khoang thdi hieu duy nhit) va chu yiu if dyng tieu chuan khach quan (objective ctiteria)ile xac dinh thdi diem bit diu thih thdi hieu'. Tliy nhien, nguydn tic xac dinh thdi diem bat dau cflj thdi hipu dya tren tieu chuan chii quan (tieu c ^ nhan biit) da dapc ap dung theo quy dinli 4 khoan 3 Diiu 159 Bd luat Td tung ddn sy ml 2004 (dupe sua ddi, bd sung nam 2011) doiVS mpt sd hudng hpp phap luat ndi dung khdng qlj dinh thdi hipu khdi kien^.
Cac quy dinh phap ludt hipn hdnh ve thdi dio bit dau vd dp ddi cila thdi hieu khdi kipn thiiu it gSn kit chat ehe. Trong nhiiu trudng hpp, vifc * dinh thdi diem bit ddu va dd ddi thdi hi^u li*
toan khdng phai Id dieu de dang ddi vdi cdclii«
ttanh chip vd vdi chfah cac thim phan, bdi n6 S hdi phdi xac dinh chmh xac ban chat cua loji W*
I Ddn ChO & Phdp ludt
' Bo Cong / * « *\^5Ag, difHg, fikifi. Ia4t 8610(271)-2014
f-hap vd van bdn quy phgm phdp lugt tuong ting tieu chinh. Thvc te nay phdn dnh viSc xay dvng ac quy dinh ve thdi hipu khdi kipn thudng mang mh "vu viec" doi vdi tiing du an ludt, bp luat rong sudt m§t thdi gian dai. Di lidn vdi su thiiu
;an kit eiia phdp li4t vh thdi hi$u khdi kipn la sv )hiie tap khong can thilt cua no. CJ cdp dp chung,
^di vipc phap luat quy dinh khde nliau v l tiSu chi d c dinh thdi diem bit ddu vd d§ dai cua thdi hi^u thdi kien doi vdi tiing loai tranh chap c6 the trd hanh "cdi bay" cho su thiiu cdn trpng cua chmh rda dn vd ben cd quyen khdi Icipn, dong thdi lam
;ho phap lugt trd nen khd hieu trudc ngudi dan.
Frong thvc tien gidi quyet cde tranh chap kinh loanh, thuang mai, da c6 khong it Toa an xac djnh diong dung tinh chat cua tranh chap vd din den ap lyng quy dinh ve thdi hipu khdi kien khong chinh cdc.
Mdt vi du c6 the neu ra la tai Ban dn kinh ioanh, thuang mgi so thdm s6 04/2007/KDTM-ST igdy 24/5/2007 eua Tda an nhan dan quan Ba Dhih, Hd Npi da xac dinh tranh chap ve viec ddi ip tiln vdn ehuyin giiia nguyen don Cdng ty co )han Container phia Nam va hi don ong Vo Ngpc
!!;hung Id tranh chap hgp ddng dich vu vd dp dung Oieu 85 Lugt Thuang mai nam 2005 dl giai quyet ranh chip. Trdi l^i, t^i Bdn an kinh doanh, diuang n^i phuc tham so 14/2007/KDTM-PT, Tda an ihan dan TP. Hd N6i lai xac dinh day Id tranh chap
;d lien quan din hgp ddng vgn chuyin hang hoa )lng dudng bien vd dinh chi giai quylt vu an vdi
•^ do hit thdi hiSu khdi kien. Trong Quylt dinh
»idm doc tham so 26/20D9/KDTM-GDT ngay 16/11/2009, Tda Kmh te Tda an nhan dan toi cao 9i Hd NOi can cd Nghi quyet so 01/2005/NQ-
© T P ngdy 31/3/2005 cua Hpi ddng thim phan rda dn nhan ddn toi cao hudng dan thi hdnh mot i6 quy djnh trong Phan thd nh^t "Nhiing quy djnh
chung" cua Bp luat To tung dan su nam 2004 xac dinh tranh chap nay Id tranh chip v l kinh doanh, thuang mai va cho rang, vipc dinh chi gidi quyet vu an vdi ly do hit thdi hieu khdi kien la khong co can cd phap luat, khong dung phap ludt vd quyet dinh huy Ban an kmh doanh, thuang mai phuc tham ndi tren''.
Trudng hpp tuong tv cung xuit hien trong vu vi$e "ti-anh chap hqrp dong mua ban" giiia nguyen don Cong ty TNHH nude giai khat Coca-Cola Met Nam va bi dan Trdn Van Dung^. Tai Ban an dan su sa thim sd 1000/2007/DSST ngay 20/6/2007 eiia Tda an nhan dan TP. Ho CM Minh, Hoi dong xet xu sa tham da xac dinh quan hp trong vg kipn nay Id "ttanh chap hpp ddng mua ban" va dp dgng cac quy dinh tgi Bp luat Dan su nam 1995 de chap nhan yeu cau cua nguyen don. Tuy nhien, trong Ban an sd 80/2008/DSPT ngay 17/3/2008 vl vipc
"tranh chap hop ddng mua ban", Tda Phuc tham Tda dn nhdn dan toi cao lai nhan dinh quan hp giiia nguyen dan Cong ty TNHH nude giai khat Coca- Cola Viet Nam vd bi dan Trdn Van Diing la "hpp ddng dai If", ddng thai dp dung Dieu 241, Dieu 242 Luat Thuang m^i nam 1997 de xac dinh thdi hieu khdi kien da het. Tren co sd do, Toa Phuc thim Tda an nhan dan t^i cao da quyet dinh huy Ban an dan sv so thim s6 1000/2007/DSST vd dinh chi giai quyet vu an.
Xem xet cdc vu an neu tren cho thay, viec dp dgng chinh xac thdi hipu phv thupc vdo sv xet doan cua thim phan trong nhung trudng hop cu thi. Bdi vay, cung vdi mpt he thong tu phap cdn td ra non yeu, kem tin cay^, sv thieu gan ket va phuc tap khong cin thilt ciia quy dinh phap luat ve thdi hipu hipn hanh se khd lam cho rui ro trong qua trinh kiem tim cong ly bang con dudng tda an trd thanh mot ylu to cd the du doan trudc dupe.
Dp dai thdi hipu khdi kipn pho bien 02 nam
Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t |
f^5dg. dtfng. phdfi. Ia4^
S6 10 (271)-2014theo quy dinh eua phap luat hien hanh la tuong ddi ngdn. V l mat logic phap ly, vdi vipc hiu het cac quy dinh phap luat v l thdi dilm bdt diu cua thdi hipu khdng du(?c xac dinh dva tren viec ben eo quyln da bilt hoac ed khd nang hgp ly de biet ve quyln eua minh (tieu chuin nhan thuc chii quan), trong nhilu trudng hpp, quyln khdi kien ciia chu thi cd thi hi mit di trudc khi ben cd quyln cd ca hpi thuc hien nd. Ben canh dd, xem xet dudi gdc dp van hda, xa hpi, ngudi phuong Dong vdn coi ttpng thi dipn va cin trpng cham soc cac mdi quan he - "mot nguon tu ban xa hpi"'0. Cdch hanh xu truyin thdng cua ngudi Viet Nam la giCr gin the dipn cho minh va ngudi khac cung vdi thdi quen tdn hong le giao, tinh each nhan nhin chiu dvng va ung xu Imh hoat eiia ngudi Vipt Nam'^ da lam cho doi sach phdng ngua va giai quylt tranh chap trong kmh doanh cua thuong nhan phu thupc phan Idn vdo tinh chit cua mdi quan he vdi doi tac.
Quan nipm "vd phuc dao tgng dmh" van tdn tai trong xa hoi da khien cho viec su dung con dudng tda an de xu ly tranh chap khdng phai la giai phap dupe ngudi dan va doanh nghipp uu tien chpn Iva.
Thdi quen giai quyet tranh chip trong kinh doanh'^ cung vdi nhung han che ve kha nang tilp c^n phap lu^t vd cac ca quan tu phap'^, sv thiiu tm cay vdo hieu qua ciia thiet chi cdng trong viec giai quyet yeu eiu va tranh chip phap ly cua ngudi dan'** da lam cho muc tieu thuc diy cac ben cd lien quan sdm giai quylt tranh chap thuong mai ma cae nhd lap phap hudng tdi khi quy dinh dp dai thdi hipu ngan (02 nam) khd cd thi dugc coi la kha thi trong thuc tiln G
/. Xem diim e khodn I Dieu 237 vd Diiu 319 Ludt Thuang mai nam 2005. Can luu y Id diem e khodn I Dieu 237 quy djnh mang tinh gidn tiep ve thai hieu khai ki?n thong qua quy dinh thuang nhan kinh doanh dich
vu logistics khong phdi chiu trdch nhiem ve nJmg^
that doi vai hdng hoa phdt sinh neu sau khi bj kiiiiu npi thuong nhdn khong nhdn duac thong bdo ve viec bj ijk tai Trong tdi hoac Toa dn trong thai han 09 thdng 1^
ngdy giao hdng. 4.
2. Xem Bo ludt To ttpig ddn su nam 2004 dUocjit doi, bo sung nam 2011 (Dieu 159); Luat Doanh n|A^
ndm 2005 (Dieu 107); Ludt Chat luang sdn pham, i^
hoa nam 2007 (Dieu 56); Bo ludt Hdng hdi nam 2flfli (cdc Diiu 97, 118. 137. 142, 164, 168. 183, 195. 0, 218 vd 257); Ludt Hdng khong ddn dying ndm 2f^
(Dieu 174 vd Dieu 186); Ludt Duong sdt ndm 2fl0j (Dieu 111); Ludt Giao thong dudng thuy noi dia im 2004 (Diiu 92); Ludt Kinh doanh bdo hiim ndm 2086 (Dieu 30); Ludt Trong tdi thuang mai nam 2010 (Bieu 33).
3. Xem Dieu 427 vd Diiu 607 Bo ludt Ddn su t\m 2005.
4. Xem khodn 3 Dieu 56 Lu4t Chat luangsdnphm, hdng hoa ndm 2007; cdc Dieu 97. 137. 142.164.168, 183, 195, 211, 218, 257 Bo ludt Hdng hdi ndm 2005;
khodn 3 Dieu 92 Ludt Giao thong dudng thuy noi dja nam 2004; Diiu 174 Ludt Hdng khong ddn dmg nm 2006; Diiu 30 LuQt Kinh doanh bdo hiim ndm 2000.
5. Thai diem bdt dau cua thai hieu duac quy djnh mang tinh khdch quan - tuc id quy dinh lay thai diem nhung cdn cu cho yeu cdu duac hinh thdnh (thai ^m quyen, Igi ich bi xdm pham hay thai diem phdt sitA quyen yeu cdu) hoac thdi diem nghia vu tdi han (tuc la thdi diem md ngu&i co nghta vy phdi thuc hien ngkk vu) hoac thdi diem xdy ra mot su kien thtfc te (vi df ngdy giao hdng, ngdy cham dut hap dong...) Idm thdi diem bdt ddu cua thai hieu. Xem them Dieu 159, Bieu 607 Bo ludt Ddn su ndm 2005; khodn 3 Dieu 56 Luqt Chdt luang sdn phdm. hdng hda ndm 2007; cdc Bieu 97,137,142,164.168,183.195. 2U. 218. 257BQlu9t Hdng hdi ndm 2005; khodn 3 Diiu 92 Ludt Giao thong dudng thuy ngi dia ndm 2004; Diiu 174 Ludt Hdng khong ddn diing ndm 2006; Diiu 30 Ludt Kinh doanh bdo hiim ndm 2000; Diiu 33 Ludt Trong tdi thuangm ndm 2010. Tuy nhien. co mot trudng /tpp ngoai li ap dung tieu chudn chu quan (tieu chudn phdt hien) trong viec xdc dinh thai diem bat ddu cua thai hieu tai Bieu 118 Bg ludt Hdng hdi nam 2005: Thdi hi?u khai kiin w viec thuc hiin hap dong vdn chuyen theo chuyen Id hid ndm, ke tir ngdy ngudi kliieu ngi biet hodc phdi blef
I Ddn chd & Phdp ludt
&jdv^d^Ki^plulp.lu4l 8610(271)-2014
quyen Iffi cm minh bf xdm pham.
6. Khodn 3 Diiu 159 Bo ludt To tung ddn su ndm 2004 du<?c sua ddi, bo sung ndm 2011 quy dink "Thai hi?u khdi kien vu dn ddn s^ duac thirc hi^ theo quy djnh dia phdp lugt. Truong hgp phdp lugt khong co guy djnh ve thdi hieu khdi kipi vy dn ddn su thi thifC hien nhu sau:
a) TYanh chap ve quyen sd hieu tdi sdn; tranh chap ve ddi Igi tdi sdn do ngirdi khdc qudn ly, chiem huu;
tranh chdp ve quyen sudung dat theo quy djnh eda phdp ludt ve dat dai thi khong dp dung thdi hieu khai Men;
b) D'onh chdp khong thudc trudng hgp quy dinh tai diem a khodn ndy thi thdi hieu khdi kien vu dn ddn su Id hai ndm, ke fti- ngdy cd nhdn, ca quan, td chuc biit dugc quyen vd Igi ich hgp phdp cua minh bi xdm pham ".
7. Xem Quyet dinh gidm ddc thdm so 26/2009/KDTM-GDT ngdy 26/11/2009 vi viec ddi ng tien van chuyen cua Tda Kinh te Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao.
5. Xem Bdn dn so 80/2008/DSPT ngdy 17/3/2008 vi vi4c "tranh chap hgp dong mua bdn" cua Toa Phuc Adm Tda dn nhdn ddn toi cao.
9. Tham nhung trong hogt dgng tuphdp Id khd pho bien theo kit.qud cdc nghien cm da cdng bd. Theo kit qud khdo sdt cua Thanh tra Chinh phu vd Ngdn hdng The gidi, gan 40% ngudi ddn. doanh nghiep vd cdn bg, cong chiic ddnh gid mice do tham nhung trong Ngdnh Tda dn vd Vi?n kiem sdt Id pho bien. Xem Thanh tra Chinh phd, Ngdn hdng The gidi. Tham nhiing tit gdc nhin aia ngudi ddn, doanh nghipp vd cdn bg. cong chuc. viin chuc, Nxb. Chinh tri q»oc gia. Hd Ngi, 2013.
tr. 36. Dieu tra vi Chi so canh tranh cdp tinh (PCI) nam 2012 md Phong Thuong mgi vd Cdng nghiep Vi$t Nam (VCCI) da cong bd cho biet, han 17% doanh nghiip cho biit hg da khong sir dung Toa dn md sii dung cdc phucmg cdch khdc vi tinh trgng "chgy an ". tham nhiing tgi Toa dn qud cao. Dieu tra vi chi sd canh tranh cdp tinh (PCI) ndm 2013 cho thdy, trong sd cdc doanh nghi$p chua bao gid su dying Tda dn. chi co 59,74%
(chiso trung vj - thdp nhdt 29,31% vd cao nhdt 77,87%) doanh nghiep son sdng sii diing Tda dn de gidi quyet cdc tranh chdp.
10. Xem Phgm Duy NghTa. Chuyin khdo Lugt Kinh li, Nxb. Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 2004. tr. 318
11. Xem thim Dao Duy Anh, Vi^t Nam vdn hoa su cuong. Nxb. Hong Birc. 2013. tr. 22. 23.
12. Theo Phgm Duy Nghia, khi tranh chdp jaJy ra, ca che gidi quyet tranh chdp cd hieu qud nhdt thudng Id diing sue ep tu cgng ddng, tgo du luan len dnvd toy chay mang tinh tgp the nhdm khai thdc noi khiip sg du ludn eda nguoi Viet Nam. Ddi sdch gidi quyet tranh chdp cua thuang nhdn phu thudc vdo moi quan hi vdi ddi tde - vdi ddi tde cd sue manh kinh te Ian han, ngudi ta cd thdi quen mong chd su ^up do, nhd vd khi cdn thiit. Vdi hy vgng se gdn chat them su thdn tin vd Igi ich mang Igi ve Idu ddi eda viec duy tri mdi quan hi kinh doanh, ben yeu the hon se nhdn nhin vd tim kiem cdc gidi phdp thay thi bin ngodi Toa dn. Ben canh do, tinh thifc dung bam sinh dgy cho thuong nhdn nude ta linh cdm biet phdn tang cdc giao dich co do rui ro khdc nhau. Bdi vay, ca che gidi quyet tranh chdp vdi khdch hdng vd bgn hdng quen biet cd khi rdt khdc xa nhau.
Xem Phgm Duy Nghia, Chuyin khdo Lugt Kinh te, Nxb.
Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 2004, tr. 643 - 646.
13. Tgi Flit Nam, trinh do hgc vdn vd hieu biit hgn che Id cdc yeu to chinh tgo ra bat binh ddng trong tiep cgn phdp lugt vd cdc ca quan tuphdp. Theo khdo sdt ddi vdi 5.045 ngudi ddn trong do tuoi tu 18 den 61 d 21 tinh. thdnh pho md nhdm nghien cuu Chi so Cong ly nam 2012 thuc hien thi vdn cd khoang 31% so ngudi dugc phdng vdn chua tung di hgc hoac mdi hgc tir Idp 5 trd xuong, so ngudi cd hgc van cao ddng vd dgi hgc la 16%, so ngudi co hgc vdn trin dgi hgc la chua tdi 1%. Trinh dg hgc vdn eda ngudi dugc phdng vdn ro rdng CO dnh hudng tdi hieu biet cua hg ve cdc van de xd hdi vdphdp ludt. trong dd cd cdc quy djnh phdp ludt vi thai hi^u. Sd li^u ve tranh chdp kinh ti thuong mgi a mire 1.9% vdi cd nhdn, hd gia dinh co kinh doanh, budn bdn trong tdng so 2.762 ddi tugng dugc phdng vdn. Da phdn vudng mac giira thuong nhdn vdi nhau hogc giua thuong nhdn vdi cdc td chirc kinh te la ve huy dgng von, vay vdn ngdn hdng (51%) hogc vay muon tin dung cd nhdn (37%). Tranh chdp lien qua din ky kit. thtfc hiin hgp dong chiem 7% vd liin quan den quan hi gdp von, CO dong Id 1 %. Xem Chuong trinh phdt trien Lien Hgp Qudc (UNDP). Chi sd Cdng ly - Thuc trang vi Cong bang vd Binh ddng dua tren y kien cua ngudi ddn ndm 2012, Hd Ndi. 2013. tr. 16 vd tr. 28. 29.
14. Xem Chuong trinh Phdt trien Lien Hgp Qudc (UNDP), Chi sd Cdng ly - Thuc trgng vi Cdng bdng vd Binh ddng dua tren y kien cua ngudi ddn ndm 2012, Hd Ngi, 2013, tr. 39.
