NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
QUAN NIEM CUA MONTESQUIEU VE
CON NGVOI CHiNH TRI
ThS HOANG THI THAO*
T
m tdt: Con ngudi chinh tri h mdt trong nhimg phqm trd ca bdn cda khoa hgc chink tri hgc. Do do, cdc iM triithgc, nhdtutudng,chinhtrightiicddqidincdn,hiindqi,tuTdy sangBdng ddddycdngkhdocliudi nhdm ldm sdng td ndi hdm cih khdi niem ndy. Ld dqi diin tiiu biiu nhdt cua hgc thuyit chinh tri tusdn phuong Tdy, Montesquieu dd khdo cUu vd ldm rd nhung dqc tinh bdt biin cda con ngudi trong hoqt dgng chinh tri. Tii do xem xet sucdn trd hay thuc ddy cda chdng ddi vdi viec thuc hien cdc ly tutJmg chinh tri, hi gid tri nhu tif do, binh ddng, hqnh phiic. Bdy dugc coi la mdt trong nhting dong gop quan trgng nhdt cda dng nhdmgdp phdn ldm sdng td ngi hdm edaphqm trd ndy.I.Mddiu
Con ngudi la chu the trong boat dflng chi'nh tri.
Quyen lue cMnh tri ehi dupc xae lap tren thuc te thflng qua cac the chlcMnh tri, edn the chi chfnh tri cd van hknh dupc va ed sue sfi'ng lau dai hay khfing lai phu thupe ra't nhilu vao nhiing ehu t h i nam bat quy Mat va van hknh nln cMnh tri - nhiing con ngudi cMnh tri.
Mfli t h i ehl cMnh tri ton tai deu hudng dfi'n mpt muc dich nha't dinh, ddi hdi mpt dpi ngu nhiing con ngudi bifi't nam bat quy lufit, cd nhirng phfi'm chfi't vk nang luc dac bifit. Con ngudi cMnh tri dupe hilu la "con ngudi xa hpi, con ngudi giai ca'p, cd vi the khac nhau trong he thfing to chiic quyen luc xa hpi; hoat dflng cua hp gkn vdi muc tieu gianh, giiivk thirc tM quyen lire chinh tri cua mot giai cfi'p, mpt dan tpc, mpt luc lupng xa hfli nhat dinh"-^. Ke thira nhiing quan nifim ve con ngudi cWnh tri cua nhiing nhk tu tudng di tnrdc, 'Trudng Dai hpc Supham. DaihpcHue
Montesquieu da xfiy dung hfi thfi'ng quan nifim ve con ngudi chfnh tri vdi nhiing p h ^ i chat va due hanh tuong ling nham dap iing yeu can cua hoat dpng cMnh tri.
Bai viet nay tfip trung lam ro quan nifim eiia Montesquieu vl con ngudi chinh tri vdi cac dac tinh ba't bifi'n trong hoat dpng chmh tri, vl vai trd, vi tri cua con ngudi trong cac quan hfi quyen luc.
2. Nhung quan dilm ciia Montesquieu vl con ngudi chinh tri
Mdt la, con ngudi chmh tri la cae ca nhan vdi hfi gia tri dao ducvfl'ncd, tunMfin
Trudc khi xem xe't ban chfi't eua con ngudi vdi tir ca'ch la chii the' trong qua' trinh chfnh tri, Montesquieu da dl cfip den con ngudi trong trang thai tu nMfin cua minh. Khac vdi cac bac tiln bii nhu Hobbes coi tinh trang tu nhifin se lufin Ik tinh 1. Vien Khoa hoc chlnh tri: Tip bSigiang Chlnh trj hpol^
cao cSp ^ luan chinh tr|), Nxb Ly lu|n chlnh tri, H, 2004, tf.
321.
NGHBfeN CUU - TRAO DOI trang cMfin tranh thi ong coi ban tfnh tu nMfin cua
con ngmri ndi chung la than tiiifin, hda binh, chiikhfing phai tranh chap, tham lam, ham mud'n cMnh phuc.
Theo Montesquieu, con ngimi diu cd chung mflt diem Ik su tu do vk bmh dang trong moi trudng tu nMen, trude kM hpp thanh xa hpi. Do vay, fing cho rfing, con ngmh cd nhiing ban tinh tu nMen, va tir do tao nen quy ludt tif nhiin nhu hba binh, ngMa la khfing ai tranh gianh eua ai, eon ngudi tim each de tu nufli sfi'ng, yfiu thuong giiia nam vk nu, udc mufln dupc sfi'ng thknh xa hfli.
Ngoki ra, fing con cH ra hai dac dilm quan trpng cua con ngmri la su hiiu han cua ly tinh va su anh hudng cua cac loai tinh cam, due vpng dfl'i vdi cac hanh dpng cua con ngum. Dieu nay kMe'n ly tinh ed kM hi sai lam hoae hi cMm khuat do su cM phfi'i bdi tinh cam, due vpng eua con ngudi. Hai dae dilm nky tfit nMfin lifin quan dfi'n cac khia canh khac nhung ed t h i dupc xem la cac quan nifim chung nhat ve con ngudi cM'nh tri cua flng va tro thanh cac tien dl trong hfi thflng l§p lufin sau nay. Dfiy la cac quan niem eua fing vl cac gia tri ly tuong chung cho con ngudi. Vi la ly tudng nfin lufin cao hon so vdi thue tl. Su each bifit dd tao nfin eac dfing lire hoat dfing troi^ tung ca nhfin ciing nhu qui dinh cac hanh vi chmh tri cua hp. Thflng qua su tuong tac eua vfl so ngum, xa hfii thay do'i, se bflc 16 cac khuynh hudng phat trifi'n. Vific xem xet cac gia tri dao due nhuvfiy eiing Ik tifi'n dl dInMn nh^n mpt each khach quan cae khuynh hudng phat trifi'n, tir dd tao ra phap Mat de thiie da'y khuynh hudng cd lpi va hay ngan can khuynh hudng bat lpi. Cd the ndi, cung nhu nhie'u nhk tu tudng khac, flng khflng tach bach rd rang cac quan nifim cd tinh tifin dl nhu vay vl ban chfi't con ngudi, ma thudng an nd dudi cac ke't lufin. Do dd, vific nghifin cuu quan mem cua flng ve con ngudi cMnh tri phai dat trong mfl'i quan hfi tuong tac vdi cac van dl khac.
^at Id, eon ngudi cMnh tri Ik eac ea nhan sflng trong xfi h$i, quan hfi anh hudng lan nhau o trong nhirng dieu kifin lich su cu the.
Montesquieu da xem xet cae dae tfnh eua con ngmii trong cac dilu kifin xa hfii khac nhau, d eac thdi ky khac nhau. Vdi viec ngMen cuu cac thdi ky va cac cbl dfi cM'nh tri dk cd, fing da dl cfip din ba dae tinh quan trpng cua nhiing con ngudi eu thfi', mk dfic dilm noi bfit cua chiing trong timg thdi ky hay timg hokn eanh
se lam nfin cai ma flng gpi la nguyen tfic hay "tinh thin" cua phap Mat - tiic eai "linh hfl'n" lam cho cac the che bifi'n doi, hudng tdi su phii hpp. Ba tfnh chat gomcd:
Tftif nAdi, dd la su cao thirong hay trpng due hanh.
Theo Montesqmeu, su cao thupng hay trpng diic hanh dupe do ludng boi cac pMun chit nhu tinh khflng vi ky, tmh yfiu dfl'i vdi to quIc, su vi tha, yfiu cfing bfing,... Doi vdi Montesqmeu, due hanh la dfir^ co ehu ylu cua cMnh the cpng hba va difi'u nky khang dinh rfing trong mfit nudc do dan lam chii, mfli nguoi cd mflt phin quyin luc tap the, tM mfii ngudi can cd mpt s l due hanh ciia ngudi elm quyen.
Thii hai, do la su trpng danh du (hay danh difin) - day la dieu gan vdi cac dilu kifin vk vi tri xa hpi nha't dinh cua cac con ngudi eu the. Dii rang xet cho cung, long yfiu danh du, su trpng danh du eiing xufi't phat tu tinh vi ky. Dieu ma flng phat Mfin Ik su vi ky dd cM cd the dugc thda man kM mfii ngudi phai bao vfi ca danh du cua cae ngiroi khae ciing vi tri, ciing dia vi xa hpi giong mmh. Tiic su vi ky nhung tren co so bao vfi ca he thdng.
TAK da, dd Ik su sp hai. Con ngudi cung cd su sp hai bdi nMfi'u su vfit. CMnh vi ed dac tinh sp hai nky mk quyen lue cd the to chuc mpt each Men qua dua tren no. Dilu nay the Men rd nha't trong cac ehl dp chuyen che', noi mk "dao diie Ik khfing ein tMe't vk danh dien se la nguy hifi'm", la ehinh t h i efi'n ph^i "Ifi'y su so hai de danh bat long ean dam va dap tat ea nh'ijng tham vpng danh difin nhd nhfi'f ^.
Ba h, con ngudi cMnh tri bao gfl'm nhirng ngudi elm quyfi'n, dpi ngii quan chuc, quin ehung nhfin dfin vdi nhiing dia vi, vai tro khac nhau trong eac mo hinh cMnh the tuong ling.
Ngudi elm quyin hay ngudi cai tri tu lau da tro thanh mpt ehu dl ldn cua cac trko luu tu tuong chfnh tri tir co dai dfi'n Men dai. Ngay tir thM co dai, Platon da dat ra cau hoi: "Ai la ngudi cai tri?" hay "y ehi nao cd thi va cin phai giu vi tri tho'ng tii trong xfi hpi?".
NMlu IM giai dap da dime dua ra: y cM cua lich su, y cM eua nhk nudc, cua thii linh ehfnh tri, cua gidi tinh hoa, y cM cua s l dfing nhfin dan, y cM eiia giai cap, y cM cua eac dang phai.
2. Montesquieu Bin vS tmh thin phip luSt, HoSng Thanh Dam (dtch). Nxb Ly ludn chfnh trj, H. 2006. tr 58
NGHE&N CUU - TRAO DOI Dfi'n lupt minh, Montesqmeu dua ra can tra Im:
ngudi cai tri (hay ngum cam quyin) la ngudi dai difin ciia nhfin dan. Nhiing ngirai dai difin nay khfing phai xua't Men theo kieu su thda thuan ngam thflng qua mpt khe udc, ciing khfing phai la ngudi noi len tii cupc bao loan ciia quan chiing ma Ik nhung ngudi nam giii vai trd cua minh mpt each hpp Iy va hpp phap thflng qua y thuc va hanh dfing ehinh tri hop Men.
Dudi gdc dfi nay, Montesqmeu xem xet eon ngudi cMnh tri gan lien vdi cae loai hinh ehfnh t h i tuong ling. Cd ba loai Mnh chmh the dupe Montesquieu de cfip dfi'n dd la chfnh the dfin chu (bao gfi'm cfing hba va quy tpc), cMnh the quan chu va ehfnh thi ehuyfin chfi'.
Trong dd, chfnh thidfin chu la cMnhthlmkd^ ehiing hay mflt bp phan dan chiing cd quyen luc tfi'i cao, Ik noi ma cd the coi dan chui^ nhu "vua", ma ciing ed the coi la than dfin.
Dfin chiing ed quyen luc toi eao phai tu minh lam lay nhiing dilu cd thi 1km tfi't diroc, eon nhiing dieu ma dfin khfing the lam tfl't dupe thi phai giao cho cac vi bp trudng thira hanh. Do dd, cac vi bfl trudng neu khflng do dfin cu thi khflng phai la ngudi dai dien cua dfin.
Trong chinh thi dan chu, dfin biu ra bp trudng tue Ik biu ra ngudi cha'p cMnh dl cai tri minh. Ong yfiu eiu:
"Dan ehiing ca'n dugc hudng dfin bdi mflt hpi dong, hoac mpt nghi vifin. Hpi dong hoac nghi vien nky do dfin biu ra (...) hoac do cae vi phap quan diroc dfin cM dinh va giao cho thanh lap nghi vifin"^.Theo Montesquieu, dfin chiing cd du kha nang vk kinh nghifim de bau chpn ngmri dai difin eua minh. Ngudi dai dien eua nhfin dan phai dap ung cac phfi'm cha't tuong ling vdi chiic vu ma minh dam nhan. Theo dd, ngudi chi huy quan dpi phai la ngum cd kinh ngMem tran mac, phai la ngudi tung gianh dugc nMlu thfing lpi trong chie'n tranh. Dfi'i vdi vi tri tha'm phan thi khfing dupe nhan hdi 16, xu an cuong quyfi't kMfi'n nMeu ngudi tham du phifin tda hai long.
Do "sfi dfing cong dfin du tueach lam cutri nhung chua du trinh dp de ra iing cu (...). Dan du trinh dp de can nhac nen biu chpn ngudi no hay ngudi kia, chii khflng phai ai ciing dii trinh dp de tu minh quan ly cfing viee"^, cho nen vific can tMe't la phai quy dinh s l lugng cflng dan hpp thanh hpi dflng, nfi'u khfing thi se khfing biet dd la tie'ng ndi eua tokn dan ehung hay ehi Ik mpt bfl phfin ma thfii.
Do'i vdi Montesqmeu, pha'm chfi't quan trpng trong 24
chinh t h i dan chu la long yeu dan chu, long yfiu sir binh dang, yen cupc sflng thanh dam. CM'nh nhd tinh yfiu nay ma "ngmri ta cH cd mflt tham vpng duy nhit la dupc giiip ich to quIc nMeu hon ngum khac". Do dd, fing yfiu cau vific diing ngudi dfi'i vdi chinh the dia chu ta't yfi'u "khflng t h i ti"ao eho mpi ngmri nhung cfing vific nhu nhau, nhung phai coi mpi ngudi la ngang nhau kMb-ao cfing vific"^
Trong chinh t h i quan chu,"chi mfit ngiroi eai tri, nhung cai tri bang phap Mat dugc tMet lap han hoi' do dd, "phai bifit ro ong vua la the nko vk vua eai tri nhu the nko". Day thuc chfi't Ik chfnh t h i quan chu Ifip Men, la loai hinh chfnh the ma Montesquieu cho la tfl't nhfi't, nd dfl'i Ifip vdi chi'nh the chuyen che mk theo fing Ik loai cMnh the "cM mflt ngmri cai tri mk khfing Mat lfi ^ hfi't, cM theo y cM va so tMch cua hfin ta mil thfli".
Dii la ngudi cam quyfi'n trong chmh ihl nko di chang nua tM die'm xufi't phat cua Montesqmeu la eon ngubi ca nhfin cd tfnh vi ky. Do tinh vi ky nky, ngudi cfi'm quyen se luon cd xu hudng 'lam dung quyin luc" de muu lpi ea nhfin, tfi'n hai de'n lpi ich cua cac thknh vifin khac ti'ong cpng dong, ma trudc hfi't la tfi'n hai dfi'n gia tri "tu do" va "binh dkng" ma con nguM vfi'n cd trong ttt nhifin nhu tren da dl cap. Con ngudi ehinh tri vdi tu each Ik ngum elm quyen do vfiy cin phai bi kilm soat.
Tirdd, ehu dive Mem soat quyen luc d l dam bao tudo cfing dfin da tro thknh chu dl trung tam trong cac nghifin cuu ciaa fing.
Viec phfin tich pham tru con ngiroi cMnh tri vdi ba nfii dung chfnh ke tren la mpt trong nhung ddng gop quan trpng eua Montesquieu do'i vdi khoa hpc chfnh tri ndi chung, tu tuong cMnh tri phuong Tay ndi rifing.
Thii nhdt, quan mem eua Montesquieu vl con nguiri chinh tri da gdp phan lam sang td nhiing dae tinh thufic vfi ban chat eua con ngiroi trong hoat dfing ehinh tri. Ddng gdp nay cua fing he't sue quan trpng boi no ehinh la mpt co sd dl ttr dd chi ra nhiing dfing luc ciing nhu nhung can trd cua ban tfnh con ngum do'i vdi vific thuc Mfin cac ly tudng cMnh tri ciing nhu cac hfi gia tri dan chu.
Vdi quan niem cho rang, dfic tinh eon ngudi Ik vi A)*, sir vi ky dd cM cd the dugc thda man kM moi nguM 3. Sdd. tr 48,
4. Sdd, tr 49 5. Sdd, tr.69.
N G H I ^ c u u - TRAODOI phai bao ve ca danh du cua cac ngudi khac cung vi tri,
cung dia vi xa hfli gifl'ng nunh, Montesquieu da 1km sang td co sd cho vific de xuat tu tudng phan qi^ln nhu Ik mflt tfi't ye'u nham bao ve cac quyin tu nMfin va quyen dan su cua con ngmri.
Cd t h i khang dinh rang, tfi't ca nhiing nha tu tuong chfnh tri trudc ong mdi chi tfip trung vfio va'n de thuc Mfin quyen lue chinh tri mk chua hi de cap dfi'n vfi'n dl phai kilm soat quyen luc chmh tri dd nhu t h i nao. Hpc thuye't tam quyfi'n phan lap cua Montesquieu nham muc dich khfic phuc sir can trd xua't phat tudae tinh vi ky eua con ngudi, dac biet la cua ngmri cam quyen dfi'i vdi viec thuc Men eac ly tudng chinh tri va cac he gia tri ehfnh tri la ddng gdp rat ldn eua Montesquieu dfl'i vdi khoa hpc cM'nh tri.
Co ehl kilm soat quyen luc ma Montesquieu xay dung hfi't sue dfic dao vk khac bifit. Nd khfing dfi'n tir CO ehl bfin ngoki mk nam ngay trong cM'nh efi'u tnic cua quyen luc nha nude, dugc thue Men mpt each thmmg xuyfin.
Montesquieu chu truong phan quyen de chflng lai ehl dp ehuyen chfi', thanh toan lam quyen, dl cM'nh quyin khfing thi gfiy tro ngai cho n g i ^ bi tri vk dam bao quyin tu do cho nhfin dfin.
Co ehl nay da tao ra su kilm soat tu thfin cua quyin luc nhk nude, tao nfin sucan bfing vk dfi'i trpng vl quyin l^c de kiem soat quyen luc giiia cac the ehl nhk nudc, tranh nguy co lam quyen tu nhirng ngudi dung diu cMnh thfi'.
Thit hai, vdi vifie dl cao cac quyin co ban cua con ngudi nhu quyen tu do, binh dang, Montesquieu da gdp phin sang to cac bfi phfin cua eon ngudi cMnh tri d ca ba cfi'p dp: ngudi cam quyen, dfii ngii quan chiic, quin ehiing nhfin dan.
Ne'u cae nhk tu tudng cMnh tri thdi co dai nhu Aristot cM bkn dfi'n con ngudi chinh tri mpt each chung ehung, Xenophon cH tfip trung ban ve vai trd cua thu linh cM'nh tri, Platon chi dl eao vm trd cua tang ldp tinh hoa tM Montesquieu da xem xet cac cfi'p dp cua con ngubi chinh tri trong quan he quyin luc d l tir dd dl xufi't mpt nln ehfnh tri vi con ngudi, eho con ngudi.
Theo dd, quan nifim ve eon ngudi chinh tri cua Montesquieu khflng cM tfip trung vko gidi tinh hoa (nhiing ngudi cai tri) ma cdn 1km ro cac chii thi khac thufic vl nfli hkm cua khai mfim nay dd Ik dpi ngu cac quan chiic vk quin chung nhfin dfin.
Doc ky cac tac pMtm cua Montesquieu, de dang nhan thay muc dfch eua flng kM dl ra chu tnrong phan quyfi'n suy cho cimg la d l thuc Men mue tieu nhfin van cua chfnh tri la lam cho con ngudi sfing dugc va sfi'ng tfl't hon.
Theo dd, flng cho rang miic dfi bao dam quyin binh dang, tu do ndi len ban chat cua chinh the. Binh dang gfin Ufi'n vdi chfnh the dan chu, yfiu dfin ehu Ik yen binh dang. Binh dang vl ehfnh tri la binh dang ve quyen lpi vk ngMa vu. Ong eho rang: "Binh dang chan chinh khflng phai la lam eho mpi ngum diu ehi huy hoac khflng ai bi cM huy ca, ma la cM huy nhiing ngubi binh dang vdi minh vk phue tiing eon ngum binh dang vdi minh. Nln dfin chu khflng phai la vfi ehu mk Ik do nhiing ngudi binh dang lam chu"^. Binh dang chan chfnh tlie la mpi i^mri binh dang vdi tueach cong dan, nd khac han vdi kieu binh dang cue doan, tite Ik ai ai eung elm quyen, ai ai ciing 1km chu.
Ciing nhu quyfi'n binh dang, Montesquieu eho rfing, ttt do khfing thupc vl qufin ehu, va ekng khflng the cd trong ehl dp chuyen che. Tu do dong nha't vdi chfnh thi dan chu va "quyen cua nhan dan" ciing cMnh la "tudo cua nhfin dfin". Tu do chinh tri theo Montesquieu khfing phai Ik mufln 1km gi thi Ikra mk tu do cM ed thi Ik dugc 1km cai nen lam va khflng bi ep bupc lam nhiing dilu khflng nfin lam. "Tu do la quyen dugc lam ta't ca nhiing dieu mk lufit cho phep"''.
Trong bfl'i eanh cua nude Phap liic bfi'y gid, viec de cao cac quyen tu do cua cflng dan dae bifit la quyin tu do cMnh tri da giang mpt ddn cM tu vao trfit tu dang cap chat chpi va dinh kifi'n cua nudc Phap, mo dudng cho cufic each mang chfnh tri nham cud'n phang tfi't ea nhirng gi cii ky, lac hau vk xfiy dimgmflt che dp cMnh tri tifi'n bp hon. Trong cuflc each mang cMnh tri fi'y, quan chiing nhan dfin se la lire lupng chu ye'u lam nfin thfing lpi cufl'i cimg dl md dudng cho mpt che dp cMnh tri mdi ra ddi. Thang lpi cua cupc each mang ay eung cM cho nhan loai thfiy duge vai trd eua quan chung nhan dan trong hch su, vdi tu each Ik mpt luc lupng eau thknh eua eon ngudi cMnh tri, dung nhu Lenin tung khfing dinh: "Tu do chi'nh tri khong loai trii dfi'u tranh giai cap, ma ngugc lai lam cho da'u tranh giai cap trd nen tu giac hon, rpng rai hon, nd cufi'n hiit cae tang ldp nhfin dan lae hau nhfi't vko da'u tranh giai 6. Sdd, tr.87.
7 Srfd, tr99
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI cfip, giao due hp ve phuong dien chfnh tri, va giao due
hp bao vfi quan difi'm va lgi fch cua minh"^.
Ben eanh nhung gia tri dat duoc, do nhiing gidi han lieh su Montesquieu da thi Men nhung ban chlkhfing (hi vugt qua. Mdt mat, fing eho rang, dao due con ngubi phu thufi e vko cac dilu kien tu nMen vk xa hfli. Trong dd, lln lai hch su phat trie'n cua cac biln do'i xa hfii, tM suy dfi'n ciing Ik phu thufic vko cae yfiu to tu nMen (vi la cd trude, bfi't bifi'n) nhukM hau, dia hinh,... vk phfin nao do la eae phuong tien sinh sfi'ng (nhung xet cho cung ciing ed thi qm ve cac ye'u tfi' dia ly, dia cha't).
Ndi each khac, dao due cd tinh tuong dfl'i vdi ngMa neu eac dilu kifin thay dfl'i, cac gia tri dao due ciing se ed cac thay dfl'i. Mdt khdc, flng eiing cho rang cd nhung mim tin, tieu chua'n dao due khach quan, khfing phu thupc vao bat ky dilu kien cu the nao. Tuc dao due cd tinh tuyet dfl'i - pham da la ngmri tM diu ed cac nMn nhan gia tri dao diic nhu nhau. Ong cho ring long bifi't on, dao Me'u, sutra dua... la cac gia tri nhuvay. Theo dd, dao diic se phai ed cac qui Mat rifing, tach rM khoi the gidi Men thuc bfin ngoki. Trong dd, gia tri ehung duge cflng nhan la "tu do".
3.K(ftluan
Nhu vfiy, quan nifim cua Montesquieu ve con ngudi chinh tri da gdp phfi'n lam sang to nhung dae tinh bfit bien cua eon nguM, hay ban chfi't con nguM la gi trong boat dpng chinh tri. Day chfnh la logic nghifin cuu ve chinh tri cua Montesquieu. Tu: viec nghien cuu ban chfit cua con ngudi trong boat dpng ehfnh tri, Montesquieu da dua ra lap Man ve vific
xay dung cac t h i ehl de khfic phuc eac can trd hay di khoi day cac kMa eanh tich cue va lam ro cac han ehi npi tai, mang tmh ly thuyfi't cua vifie su dung thicht - cudng chi cua quyin luc - trong viec thuc hifin muc tifiu tu do cMnh tri cua eon ngudi. Quan difi'm cua Montesqmeu vl con ngudi cM'nh tri da khfing dinh va de eao cac quyen tu nhifin ba't kha xam pham ciia con ngudi, cM ro vai trd cua nhan dan thfing qua menh de: nhfin dan vua la quoc vuong (thi Men qua quyen bd pMe'u), vira la be toi (tuan thu nhiing pha'p quan ma nhan dan b l dung); chi ra yfiu ca'u ve pham chat vk nfing luc eua eac quan chuc dupc bo dung thong qua tuyln cu; yfiu ciu do'i vdi nhiing ngubi cam quyen, vific cai tri phai bfing lufit lfi da dugc thiet Ifip vk chiu su kilm soat cua nhiing t h i ehl cM'nh tri khac thfing qua Mat phap. Nhu vay, xe't vl nfli ham khai mem eon ngudi cMnh tri, nhung quan difi'm cua Montesquieu da Mnh thanh rd net vl con ngudi ehfnh tri vdi ba ea'p dp: ngudi elm quyen, cac quan chuc, cflng dfin. Day la nhiing tie'n de Iy lufin quan trpng de chiing ta bo sung va hoan thien npi ham khai nifim con ngudi chfnh tri dudi gdc dp mac xit.
Tai lieu tham l(hao:
1. V.l Lenin: Toan tap, t.23 (1976-1980). Nxb Tien W, Matxcova.
2. Montesquieu, Ban vS tinh than phip luSt, Hoang Thanh Dam (dich), Nxb Ly luan chinh trj, H, 2006. tr.58.
3. Jean Jacques Rousseau Ban ve Khe udc xa hdi. Tlianli Dam (djch), NxbThanhpho Ho ChiMinh, 1992.
4 Vien Khoa hpc chinh tri; Tip bai giing Chfnh trj hoc{\\i cao cap lyluan chinh tri), Nxb Ly luEin chinh trj, H,2004, 5 Jannie Chan: Montesquieu-s Political Theory: Tmth Oi F/cf/on?http://www.mcnair.berkeley.edu/95journal/
JannieChan htm, 1995
GIA TRI NHANVAN TRONG PHONG CACH UNG XUCUAHO CHI MINH phong cua vo san hay khfing, ta khfing nfin cM xem xet
nhung tuyen ngfin, ngM quyfi't vk nghe ldi ndi eua hp.
Ta can xem xet hanh vi cMnh tri cua hp, lap trudng vk thai do cua hp trong nhiing cupc da'u tranh cMnh tri the nao"'. Trong nhung hanh vi chinh tri thi hanh vi the Men quan diem quin chiing vdi mpt thai dp nhan van dieh thuc cd gia tri ldn, ben viing. Nhfin dan dang rfit can nhihig can bp ndi thi phai lam, ndi it lam nMe'u, tham cM bang hknh dpng vi dfin, khfing can ndi. Co Thu tudng Pham Van Dfl'ng nhfi'n manh: "Su lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san khong phai la mpt dfic
quyen... Tinh tien phong cua Dang, su diing dkn ciii dudng loi, su guong mfiu eua dang vien, siic thuye't phue va Meu qua boat dflng eua Dang, dfin de'n long tin cua quin chiing". Chi cd thirc hanh vdi mpt phong each ling xu vi dan, gfin bd mau thit vdi nhan dan theo ldi day va ta'm guong Ho Chi Minh "dc ngM, mkt h^ngp tai nghe, chfin di, mieng ndi, tay 1km" tM mdi lay la va cung CO duoc nilm tin eua nhfin dfin vdi Dang, dem lai Meu qua trong cong eupe dfl'i mdi.
7 Ho Ch( Minh' Toin tip {xuSft ban lan thtJ ba) 16 f CTQG, H,2011, tr.292
