DdttfvaHpCi •• mmi.smm'f. '&'^f"- LY LUAN DAY VA HOC
17
Tim hieu ve tif duy phan bien hay .^
\\i duy phe phan trong day va hpc
LE HAI YEN
Trung tam Nghien cdu vd Phdl Iriln Tu hoc
O nhieu ldi lifiu vd trong djch thu^t Tu duy phan bien hay Tu duy phfi phdn dupe xem nhu nhau (critical thinking / la pensfie critique)
I. CAC QUAN NIEM VE TU DUY PHE PHAN HAY T U DUY PHAN BIEN
1. TU duy CO phfi phan
La lu duy cd suy xdt, edn nhdc d l dua ra quyel djnh hdp ly khi hilu hodc thye hifin m$l v l n d l . Tuduy phe phdn (phan bifin) la mdt qud trinh tu duy bifin chQng gdm phdn lich vd danh gid mfil thdng tin da cd Iheo cdch nhin khde cho van de da ddt ra nham ldm sang l6 va khing djnh lgi tinh chinh xac eiia v l n dfi Ldp lu$n phdn Ifch phin bifin phai ro rang Idgic, day dil blng chQng ludn cd, ly m^ vd khdeh quan.
2. Hinh thac t u d u y
TQ duy ed phfi phdn bao gdm hai logi hinh, d dang 'j' IhQc va ddgng ndng lyc,
Trfi em bj Inh hudng cua Ihdi dp vd cdc quan diem cua ngudi ldn mfit each IQ nhien. Chung ed the khdng cdi md hogc dQpc khuyen khich danh gid kha nang eua ehinh minh, hilu ring mpi ngudi ed each nhln va quan dilm khac nhau Id IQ nhifin Chung la khdng the nghTvl mpi IhQ, md chung la ludn lufin nghTve mfil cdi gi do, Tu duy phfi phdn md la mdl eal gidd dUpc nghTden nhQ t h l ndo. Hpc IQduy mdl cdch ed phfi phdn nghTa la-
1) Hpe each hdi, khi ndo hdi vd hdi cdu hdi gi.
2) Cdch l$p lu§n, khi nao dung ldp luan va dung phuong phdp l$p lufin ndo.
Trfi em chi cd Ihe Id duy mpt cdch ed phfi phdn vd cd lap ludn khi chung cd kha ndng ddnh gid kien ihUc va cdc y ludng.
Tu duy ed phe phdn cdn bao gdm thai dp nhal dinh, nguyen vpng ldp lugn, mong mudn IhQ thaeh va mong mudn sy that
3. San sang l$p lugn
D I dfing vifin tre em nS lyc trong lap ludn ehung ta c i n p h l i chi ra eho chung Ihly ring Igp lugn dung se dan d i n thdnh edng, ldp lufin sai sfi d i n d i n thit bgi. Mpt nguyen vpng ldp lufin Id mdl Ihdi dd t i l doi vdi vific tranh ludn. Nhieu ngudi nhdm l l n giQa Iranh lugn vd cai nhau. Tranh ludn la dua ra l$p lu$n cho mfit nilm tin trong khi dd cai nhau cd t h l coi la trfin chiln d i u blng Idi.
4. Don nh$n thir Ihach
Mdl bieu hien ciia Id duy cd phe phan la s i n sang ddi Irong vdi y lUdng cua ngudi khde. Mdt khi chung ta mong mdi tre em biet lU duy cd phe phan, thi ehung ta phai cd glng khfch le chung Ihd sQc vdi nhQng y dd vd cdch tu duy cua chung ta, Mdl trong nhQng thach IhQe cua viec day tre IU duy la phai giup chung kham pha ra ring qua trinh danh gid, khang dinh va phu dmh doi vdi nhQng y IQdng cua ngUdi khde la viec lam IQ nhien va lanh manh Nhd dd, chung cd the trd nen edi md, gia tn eon ngudi ciia chiing dUde khang dinh,
5. iVIong mud'n chdn ly (sy that)
Mdt Irong nhQng bdi hpc khd md Ire phai dUpc hpc la:
khdng phai tat ca nhQng gi chung cho la dung deu dung ca.
Mpi IU duy deu cd Ihe an chQa nhQng sai sol ciia thyc lien hay dQc Im Doi vdi Ire, dieu kich thich ehung tim ra chan ly la Ihdi dp- 'Tdi khdng chle chin ilm, nao chung la cung tim hieu"
Chung ta phai biel gpi len nhQng thac mac cho cac em tranh iuan de liep can vdi chan ly. Cung gidng nhU Emslein, ngQdi phai mdl 20 nam Irdi de giai quyel moi van de hop ly va phi ly Irudc khi dda ra thuyel tQdng ddi ve vu tru Tuy nhien, c i n phai nghien cQu v l n de mdt each ed he Ihdng, phai biel van dyng phUdng phdp ndp chp Ihich hdp
n. CAC KY N A N G TU DUY CO PHE PHAN 1. Dang y thQc
Theo Robert Ennis id cha de cua phong trdo tU duy phe phdn d Bac My da dUa ra 12 Idu y nhu sau:
1. Bdm sdt y nghTa eiia van de Nd cd nghTa gi khdng f 2. Xem xet Ifnh chinh xdc ciia lap luan Bieu dal eo ro rang, sang sita khdng ?
3. Xem xet cdc phal ngdn ed mau thuan nhau- V l n de cd nhlt qudn khdng ?
4. Xem xet kel luan da Ihyc sQ c i n thiet Van de eo logic khdng ?
5. Xem xel phal ngdn cd du dac Irung; V l n de cd chinh xdc khdng ?
6. Xem xel phal ngon ed vdn dyng nguyen ly Van de cd theo quy t i c khdng ?
7. Xem xet phdl ngdn cd xdc dang, V l n de ed dung d i n khdng ?
8. Xem xet k l l tudn quy ngp cd chle chan Van de cd dupe khang dmh khdng ?
18i i^ §^M L ^ W f i ^
9. Xem xet van d l cd ddpc chQng mmh: Van de ed phu hdp khdng ?
10 Xem xel dieu gi Id gia djnh: Van de ed phal ddpng nhien khdng ?
11 Xem xel dinh nghTa ed ehinh xac. Van de dddc dinh nghTa dung khdng ?
12 Xem xet van de cd dQpe chap nhan- Va'n de ed xdc thdc khdng ?
B. Bloom cho rang "tu duy cd phi phin" dong nghia vdi 'danh gia"- mdt cap dd cao nha't trong sau ky ning tO duy nhan thOc. Sau ky ndng IQ duy cdn gpi la cac "mue lieu nhan IhQe" eiia giao due, chung bao gdm. nhdn biet (tri IhQc), hieu, Qng dyng, phan tich, long hdp, vd danh gia.
2. Dgng nang IUc:
2.1. Tap Irung vdo van de:
a) Xae dinh vd hinh Ihdnh van de,
b) Xde dinh hoae hinh thdnh eae tieu chi de dUa ra giai phap;
c) Ludn ghi nhd bdi canh.
2.2. Phan tfch cde lap lugn.
a) Xae dmh kel luan, b) Xac dinh eac ly do da neu, e) Xdc dmh cae ly do chua neu;
d) Xem xet nhQng IUdng ddng va di biet;
e) Xae dmh vd giai quyet cac bat hdp ly, f) Xem xet ed eau ciia ldp ludn;
g) Tong ket
Cdc loai ky ndng cd bin la ky nang cd tam quan treng phat trien mem tm va hanh ddng, ket hdp tu duy cd phe phan vdi viec phal then th lue ciia eon ngQdi. Cac loai hinh ndy bao gdm ky nang lam sang td (y IQdng), lap ludn, giai Ihfch tinh xac IhUc eua thdng tin {quan sal, giao tiep), ky nang lap luan va suy ludn de md rdng mem tin va Iri IhQc (sQ dung chQng cQ va phep didn dieh),
Khi tim hieu bat cQ khdi niem nao, ngudi day can dal ra cac lieu ehi cu the eho viec van dung vao IQng bdi hoe, Cac lieu chi dd id:
- dieu kien quan sdl (khoang cdch, cQ ly, lam nhin ..) - kha nang ehuyen mdn (Irinh dd ddpc dao lao, kien IhQc ve van de dUde quan s a l . )
- thdi diem bao cao (true tiep hay gidn liep}
- yeu Id thai dp {quan lam, an IUpng, ly luan, lu Iddng. .) Tim hieu de hieu khdi mem mdl cdch sau sic la nhiem vu khd khan, ldn thdi gian Nd ddi hdi viee day eac ky nang tu duy phe phan phai hit sQe ti mi va cd he Ihdng,
Muorj nang cao 10 duy eo phe phin can chu y ky nang lam sang to (y tud'ng), lap luan. giai thich tinh dimg din va xac thdc cua thong tin (quan sal. giao tiep), dat cac cau hoi dedao sau, lat ngOac lai van de. ky nang bien luin, ky nang lap luan va suy luan de md rdng niem tin va tri thdc (sls dung ludn eQ, phep difin dich)
Khi tu duy mpt each cd phe phan, dieu quaij Irpng la tim ra cai gi an d ddng sau cac quan diem khde nhau (dupe Irinh bdy trong sdeh, tai lieu, hogc dupe nghe trinh bdy tren giang dudng). Vific tim hilu cdc quan diem vd khung tham chieu cd anh hudng den thai do, vi tri dupe xem nhU la yeu Id can Ihiel ciia IQ duy cd phfi phdn lot. Ndi each khac, chung ta sdn sang can nhac quan diem cQa ngUdi khde, cd thdi dp ling nghe, tie'p nhan cd phe phdn. Khi xem xet quan diem cilia ngUdi khac, ehung ta ed I h l dQa vao moi lien he giQa ngudn tham chieu cua ngQdi cd quan diem dd vdi van de ma minh dang nghien cQu. Mdi quan he ndy cd the dQdc Irinh bay nhd sau (Xem bang dOd'i)
Mdi quan he ndy the hien IQdng quan giQa mdn hoc (ndi dung dang hcc) ma tdc gia iQa chpn vdi cde ngudn thdng lin ma lae gia eho la phu hpp vdi niem tin va he thd'ng gia In ciia minh.
Mdl ngQdi deu cd edeh nhin nhdn sy vdl theo suy nghT ciia minh, vi vgy mdi ngudi cOng cd nhieu logi thdng tin ve ddi lupng nghien cQu ciia minh
Tuy nhien, each nhin nhan khdng phai la vd han, md no Idn tgi Irong mpt khung Iham chieu, khung tham ehilu nay quy dinh v l n de (dd'i IQpng) can xem xet, va'n de c i n khao sal, va van de can dUPc nang len Ihanh luan de.
Nhuvay, viee to chQc xem xet, nghien cdu quan diem cua ngddi khac cung dUdc xem nhQ mot hinh IhQc ren luyen tU duy cd phe phdn. NgQdi hpc ed the van dyng egc bai lap nhu yeu c l u xae dinh cdc yeu td ma hg dong linh vdi lac gla, khdng ngai khi dua ra nhQng nhdn dinh ehda xae IhQe.
PhQOng phap khung Iham chieu dung de ddnh gia mQc dd gid Iri vd ddng gdp eua Idc gia vao thdc lien, chQ khdng phai dung nd de phe phdn chi trich mdl xu hddng nao dd;
phQong phdp khung tham chieu de ren luyen IQ duy phe phan se rit Idl ne'u dddc lam viee Iheo nhdm. dde biel la d cac mon hgc ve Khoa hpc xa hdi
Vi du d cde mdn sQ hpe, ngdn ngQ hoc, van hpc, trill hoc .., eung mpl sQ kien Ihudng ed nhieu chfnh kien khae nhau 6 cung mdl van de, Hpc ljch sii phai Ihdng qua {day vd hpc) each phan tieh eac quan diem, ngOdi hgc phai tOkhao sat cac chOng cO, tO lap luan, khang dinh gia tri, phan lich cac luan diem, day li bdn Unh vdc quan Irong dephat huy kha nang tiS duy phi phan khi hge mdn lieh sd hay eae mdn Khoa hgc xa hdi.
De Ihdng nhal each hilu khai niem "chQng cQ", can phan biet Ihe nao Id chQng cQ, t h l nao Ihdng tm thu thap dUdc, giQa Chung cd gi gidng vd khac nhau Tiep dd. dp dung thugl ngQ nay vdo mdn hgc, vdo phan Ifch mgl su kien lich sQ hay van de eu the,
ChQng cQ d day cd the Id van ban viet. ndi (ldi ke), tranh anh, hien vat heh sii IQ eac ngudn IQ lieu khae nhau. NgUdi hgc phai xdy dung eac lieu ehf danh gia sQ kien vd khang dinti gid trj ciia sQ kien
IkafyaI^s6\Q-20Y. ^^W.-M^^^^^y\
Tgi sao hpc smh ngdy nay chdn hoc cdc mdn khoa hpe xa hpi - nhdn vdn?
Diivafcdcm6nktK>atigcxahgi,d^vahgc[^ldecaotu duy phi phdn, vific chinh tri hoa khoa hpc xa hdi, khd cQng hod triet hpc, dao ddc hpc, gido dye cdng dan_ dgy vd hoc kilu hpc thupc ldng vd dp dat kiln IhQe 6 ede mdn KHXH khiln hpc smh chan hpc cdc mdn nay.
Cung cd le vi vgy md dilm thi vdo dgi hpe nam nay d mdn SCf bj hang nghin dilm 0 va tt le tuyen sinh vdo cdc nghdnh KHXH ngdy cdng suy giam! Cd trUdng SQ phgm dinh tuyen sinh ngdnh SQ md diem SQ eiia thi sinh ehi dat 0,5 d hay 0.25 dilm!
Hfi thdng khai nifim tU duy ed phfi phan bao gdm hai phQdng difin. khuynh hUdng, thdi dd, vd ky ndng.
Tuduy cd phe phin dUgc thh hdp trong qua trinh dio tao d nhi trddng Ihdng qua eae hoat ddng day-hge, hgc nhdm, duge hoi dUde tranh luan de tiep can ehan ly. Trong qud trinh nay ngQdi thay cd trach nhifim phat trien nhan Ihdc sau sle eila ngudl hpe ve eae quan diem va ky ndng. Mat khde, phai lam cho ngudi hpc hieu ddpc mdi quan hfi giUa cdc quan diem vd ky nang ndy vdi npi dung tri IhQc md chQdng trinh dat ra. Sy tich hpp chl cd the xay ra khi cac bdi hpc dQdc bien segn dQa trfin nhQng hoat dpng ndy.
3. J\i duy phe phan va sU phan tich
Tu duy phfi phdn g i n chgt che vdi sy phan Ifch, vi muon
"phfi phdn" muln "phdn bifin" Ihl rd rdng phai cdn nhdc, md sfi, phdn Ifch cdc kiln thQc, cdc sy ki^n, cdc mdi quan hfi, cdc van dd minh dang nghien cQu va hpc hdi
3.1. Phin tich. Id kha ndng nhln nhdn mgl long the thanh eac bfi phgn e l u thdnh lam eho tdng the dupc hien minh, hay k h i ndng xdc djnh cdc bd phfin ciia mdt ting I h l bdng cdch so sdnh, phdn logi, ddi chifi'u. Phdn lich mdl thdng tin ed t h l hilu dOn gian la tdch ede y l u id cOa mpl Ihdng hn sao cho ldm x u l l hifin Irgt ty vd quan he giQa cac yeu td dd:
- Tim het cdc yeu id (khdi nifim , sQ kien , gia Ihiel. . ) - Tim ede mdl quan he giQa cdc yeu td ,
- Tim cde nguyfin t i e t l chQe va c l u true eua thdng tin . D l ldm rd khai nifim phan tieh va Qng dyng eiia mQc Ihang ndng IQc phdn tfeh, chung ta ein hilu rd hdn mdl sd khdi nifim v l phdn tfch cd lifin quan
' Phin tich ti thao tic nham phan chia mdt tinh hudng thinh nhdng yeu ti thinh phan dehlin rd cic mdi quan he.
Trong giio d^c, cd nhiiu cich phan loal v4 phan tich:
3.2. Phin thh vimd hay phdn tich ed hfi thdng la nghien cQu nhOng l l hpp ty In tudn theo nhOng quy lual ehung, ddi lfip vdi sQ phdn tfeh giai thQa. ' T i m nhin vT md" la each thQc mdi d l xel dodn hifin IQpng (xa hpi, kinh t l , tiln tfi, qudn ly, mdi trQdng „.) vdi td't ca nhQng md'i quan hfi IQdng hd Phan lich vT md Id sy nghien eQu h l l sQc phQe tgp theo bge thang nhdn vdn, di IQ md hinh eye nhd ldi md htnh eye ldn, dp dyng Irong nghifin eQu vdn ban, d l cd I l m nhin tdng quat, nham tim nhanh dupc cdi d t ldi cua chii d l , y dd, "eai than" eiia Ide phim; d l i lfip vdl "phdn Uch theo nguyfin ban",
3.3. Ph&n tk;h ngi dung, phdn tich thdng difip / Ihdng tin da dgng theo bdn kilm kfi cd phuong phdp va cdch tfnh lodn sdc xull, nhim phdt hifin ra nhDng cau tme an nglm vd difin giai thdnh md hinh
3.4. Phin tich theo phdang phip todn bg nhQng edeh diing d l giai Ihlch vdn ban ho$c nghifin ciru chii de
3.5. Phan tich duy ly loan bg nhQng pha Ihao Idc trong nghifin cQu sdu mdl van ban ndo dd (mdl ehudng mue trong giao trinh, mdt bai bdo, mpl ldi lieu tham khao), ddi lap vdi nghien cQu theo ehudi
3.6. Phin tich ngi tai la dung ndi quan d l phdn tfch, vf dy:
Tam ly hpe cd diln IhQdng dung phuong phap phdn tich npi quan.
3.7. Phin tich ciu true nhdm giai bdi loan chuyen hoa eae dQ kien / nang lUe Ihanh Ihudl lodn
3.8. Phan tich theo mgc tieu: cdn gpi la phan tich Iheo IhQ bae la hoai dgng nhim phan lieh y dd ddo tgo, chuyen Ihanh mye lieu ehung, mue lieu trung gian. myc lieu dac Ihu .
3.9. Phan tich toan hoc: thudng dung kht can chQng minh mpl menh d l can phdn lich de quy ve dung cac menh de khac da biel rdi Vi du- Tim ldng cdc gdc Irong mdt da giae ldi bang each quy ve dieu dPn gian hPn da bie't va da dupc cdng nhan Id. 'Tong so do eae goc Irong mdl lam gidc bdng 180°".
3.10. Phan tich dinh Iddng, phan tich dinh tinh, vi dy trong Hod hpc cd phdn lieh dmh tinh vd phan tieh dinh lupng .
Tdm lai, de hinh thdnh va nlm vOng cac dinh nghTa, khai niem sQ kien mdi, de giai quyel mdl v l n de, gili Ihieh mdt hien IUdng, mot hinh ve, mgl sO dd hay de hieu ro npi dung mdl bdi dpc, mdl ludn de, de chQng mmh mdt bai loan deu c i n den sd phdn li'ch dUdi cdc gdc dd.
- 'Phan tich' ddi vdicac mdn hgc ve khoa hgc xa hdi:
Phdn lieh la Ihao lae nhim phan chia mpl linh hudng, mpl sy kien, mdl giai doan Ijeh sQ, mgl tac pham, mgl luan de ,.. Ihanh nhQng yeu id thdnh phan co ban de lam hien rd gia Iri ehan ly, eac chu kien, cdc ndi dung, cac gia In nghe thual, cae mdi quan he, cac y nghTa nhdn van xdc dang,.. Vi dy phdn tieh mdl lae pham, mdt bai van blng each ehia ra tQng doan, lim y, lim linh edeh eua eac nhan vat, mgl sd vi dy dPn giln ve phdn tich cde mdn khoa hgc xa hdi
3.11. Phan tich mot sU kifin , phdn tich mpt luan de Vi dy phan lich mgl sy kien heh sQ can chu y - Bdi canh cija sQ kien ,
- Difin bien chinh ciia sU kien ,
- Cdc mde quan Irong (thdi gian , dja diem , sU viec , nhdn vdl ..),
- Cae mdi lien he giQa cde quan diem , luan chQng vdi cac lieu myc.
- y nghTa / kel qua eua sQ kien
Phan lich mgt sy kien d day iQe la nhim den mue lieu ndm dddc mdi lien he giQa cae quan diem, dien bie'n cdc nut quan trgng Irong sU kien dd va hieu dQdc y nghTa eua sQ kien.
Tim ra cac dau hieu gi la quan Irong trong eae thong tin eiia sd kien, nen dac biet chu y den ban chat cua thdng linhan la ban than thdng tin . Trong eac bp mdn khoa hpc xd hdi, dde biel ve van hpc eac ban rat thudng gap cac dang cau hdi ve phdn lich ludn de, vidu
- Phan lich linh each cua nhdn vdl Irong mpl lac pham , - Phdn lich nghfi Ihudl mifiu ta nhan vgt Irong mpl lae pham ,
- Phan lieh hinh tupng ngudi anh hung , Nfi'u xem mdi vific phdn tich trfin la mdt lugn de, khi dpc, bgn phai ed lim ra each phdn tich eua gido trinh d nhQng trang lifin quan Irong sdeh, xem lae gia phdn lieh nhQng gi va phdn tich nhu Ihe nao ThUdng sdeh dua ra nhdng ludn chitng d l ly gill viee ein phai phan lieh, roi 6 m6i lugn ehdng ldc gia
20^ j^^^^g^ so 10-2012 Dgi/twjFipc
lgi ehl ra cdc luan cuT (trfch d i n eac quan diem, dda ra cac thi du minh hoa, cdc cau thO, dogn van , nhflng mau chuyen ...
rdi" chdt" Igi ede nhan dinh ; dd la nhQng " tQ lieu ddi gia" ma ehung la phai de y
NhQvay "phdn tich" cd t h l xem id mpt thao tac tU duy rat quan trpng khi liep can mdt kien thQc hay mpt van de. nhUng dang liec trong viec day va hoe hien nay tQ duy phan bien, kT nang phan lieh rat il dupc quan lam lap luyfin cho nen dQng IrQdc mgl van de nhilu hoc sinh (ke ca eac idp THCS, THPT va Dai hgc) thao tae phan lich r l l lung lung khdng b i l l phdn lfch nhQng gi b i t d i u IQ ddu, khdng b i l l cdch mo se van de, phQdng phap luan phan lich ra sao... ma neu nhu vdy thi Idm sao ed the phe phan/phan bien d l liep can chdn ly, lam sao ed the khai thdng dupe bai toan, giai quyel dupe v l n de trong khoa hoc, trong IhUc l i l n ?
Ngddihpeelncoilrpngeahailogiky nang tuduy-tuduy phe phan vd Id duy sdng lao. Trong mgi hoan einh chdng phai ddpc kfi't hop, khdng the tach bifit ehung vdi nhau Khi giai Ihi'eh, lap luan eho mpl luan de hay mpt Ihao tde ehung ta deu van dyng moi bien luan ed the cd dUde mpt each thuln thuc va tim ra each giai thi'eh nao Id phu hpp nhal. Dong Ihdi khi xem xel cdc ngudn thdng lin hay dQ lieu, chung la phdi nhin nhan mdl each cd phfi phan, xae dinh dQPc Ihdng lin nao la chil chd't Id chQng cQ idl nhdl eho lap ludn dQa ra .Kit hdp tuduy phfi phanvatuduysanglgoselgo nen mdl he phuong phdp tQ duy hQu hieu, nd Idm cho qua trinh tU duy hay ndng lye nhan IhQc ciia ngUdi hgc hifiu qua hpn mdt each ly nhien
4. Su can Ihiel ciia lUduy phdn bien Irong viec day ya hgc ngay nay
Ky ndng IU duy phan bien ral can Ihie'l ddi vdi viec hoc.
Ngdy nay, hpc cdc ky ndng dgc viel, lam todn Id ehua dii.
Dieu quan Irpng id ngddi hpe phai biet each IQ dal v l n de , phan lieh phal hien ra van de, IQ dd lim ede con dQdng eae giai phdp d l giai quyfi't van de - cht khi dd ngudi hgc mdi cd the dal ddpc nhQng thdnh qua cao Irong hgc lap ,
Cd ngUdi ndi vui ring; "Neu nha trUdng khdng trang bi cho hoe sinh to duy phan blin thi xa hdi sau nay si khdng ed eae luat sU, trudng DH Luat se ddng eda!."; " Se khdng cd phan bienxa hdivi tren bao the nao thi cO the ma lam, can ngudi se nhu nhdng c6 miy vi nhO vay se ehang ed xa hdi dan chu thdc SO-"
De giup ngQdi hgc cd dQdc cdc IQ duy phin bien, gidd vien nen kit hpp cdc phQdng phap sau-
' Giup hpc sinh suy nghTddc lap- Khdng phai liic nao cung dQa ra ddp dn, Nen d l ngddi hpc ty suy nghT lim t o i , khdm phd IrQdc khi dQa ra sQ trp giup
- Giup ngudl hpc biet each td chQc each hpc (Gido vifin cd t h l lam mdu cac ky nang, phdc Ihao viec xis ly eac edng viee „)
- Luyfin lap ky ndng suy difin. vi dy eho dpc cdc doan van ngan lien quan rdi yfiu cau phdn tieh y nghTa eiia eac doan
- Dy doan kit q u i : Vi dy yeu c l u hpe vifin tim cde lugn cQ thuyet phyc va khdng thuye't phye, luan cQ hpp If vd bit hpp If phdn biel chung
- Khuyen khfch hgc vien ky nang lap luan, vi du khi t l ehQc
hpc nhdm - khuyin khfch hpc sinh trinh biy, tranh luan, phan bac-(nhUcdc bai tap fim hilu Ijch sir, cdc bai vdn chpn lgc„
khuyin khich kha ndng ty phan tich , dUa ra quan dilm cdch nhin rifing ddi vdi cac chii de)
- Md rpng van de: Khuyin khieh tim c l e nguln tU lieu mdi
; (vi dy each dgy hpc theo du an, nfin gdi y" hUdng dan hpc sinh tim tdi- ira cQu bd sung cdc ngudn tU lifiu trfin mang hoac trong Ihye tiln_.)
5. Mdt sd liftj y can thiet
De ndng cao ky nang phan bi^n nen IUu y nhij'ng diem sau:
- Nfin tranh nhQng djnh kien (djnh kien la n i p suy nghT da cd s i n trong t i l m thQc mdi ngUdi); IQe la khi tilp cdn mpl van d l hay khi Iranh ludn _ nfin binh tTnh , khach quan khdng nen vdi "phan xel" mang tfnh cam nhdn chu quan
- Nen nhdn IhQe ro v l khd ndng m i e phai sai Ilm ciia ban thdn bdng each:
- Chip nhdn rang tal ca mpi ngQdi deu eo thanh kien ndm trong lien thdc , va vi the rat de mang linh bao thii lan cong nhDng phdn xel chong lai minh.
TQ ton ling nghe '^ kiln ngddi khac trudc khi dUa ra quan dilm cua minh,
Nhan IhQc rang trong lap luan cua minh cd the cdn c6 nhieu sd hd hogc cdn chua dii eic ludn cQ xdc ddng
Nen sQ dyng cac edu hdi sau ddy d l giup cho su tranh luan Ihem Ihien chf vd khdeh quan:
Tgi sao bgn dda ra ket lugn dd?
Ban lly Ihdng lin ndy d ddu?
- Theo bgn thi lugn eQ nay eo xde dang khong?.
- Ludn bilt dat cau hdi nghi van:" Cd dung nhU t h l khdng?
"," Tgi sao lgi nhu the"....
- C i n ndng cao cae ky nang quan sal, khaeh quan, Iranh djnh kiln
- Tang cQdng trao ddi nhdm de thu thap dUpc nhieu ngu6n Ihdng tin
- Bie't thu Ihap thdng tin , bang chQng
- Ludn b i l l ddt cdu hdi nghi v l n " Cd dung vgy khdng ?"
. 'Tai sao lai nhQ I h l ? "....
- Ndng cao cac ky nang quan sal, khdeh quan, Irdnh each nhin djnh kiln
- Thudng xuyen thu Ihap thdng lin ve van de hen quan - Nhdn IhQc ro van de - Ly giai dQpc van de - Xde djnh dQpe nguyfin nhdn, hdu qua eiia v l n d l , nhflng he qua va cdc he luy
- Kien djnh quan diem eua minh, n l u xdc dinh y vd c6 nhQng luan cd xdc ddng ..
Neu mpl nen gidd dye thy dpng- chl ean "Dpc-Chep"
"Thay noi -Tro nghe", "Hoc thu$c cac bai vdn mlu, Mi loan mlu" ...dl di thi dat diem cao thi chang c i n ban den W duy phan bifin.
Mdl bdl bao ngan chdc Id khdng t h l Irinh b i y dly dii dUflc tam quan trgng ciia logi hinh tU duy phan bien trong dgy vfi hge ngay nay, Mong ring se nhan dUpc nhilu sy "phdn bifin*
eiia ddc g i l xung quanh v l n de ndy.
