sv NGHIEP VA TU' TlfdNG H 6 CHi MINH
HOC TAP PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN Cl/U, TUYEN ITIUYEN UCH Sif CUAHO CHI MINH QUATACPHAM UCHSllMldCTA
TS CHU DifC TINH"
Chii tich H6 Chf Minh lim viec tai chien l<hu Vi&t Bdc, thdi k^ l<hSng chi^n ch6ng thuc dSn Phip
Lich sir nudc ta do Viet Minh tuyin truyen Bg m hdnh, ra mdt lan dau tien giia ngdn triing Pdc Bd thdng 2 -1942, vdo diing dip TH Nguyin dan Nham Ngo. Sau dd, tic pham tren dugc tdi ban nhieu lan. Him nay. Bio tdng Lich sir qucc gia cdn luu dugc mdi sS bdn in cudn Lich sir nudc ta xudi bdn nam 1942,1947 vd 1949. Ndm 1977, tdc phdm ndy dd dugc in trong cudn Tho ca each mang d Vift Bic dm Va Chau Qudn - TriSi An - Hodng Quyli (Nxb Vdn hda ddn tdc). Dih ndm 1983, Lich sir n u d c ta mdi dugc ddnh thitc in trong Hd Chi Minh Toan t^p, tdp 3, cd ndi dung dung nhu vdn bdn do Viet Mirih tuyen truyen Bd xuai bdn thing 2 -1942. Bay muai ndm dd trdi qua ketit Ian dau tiin dugc cong bo,' Lich sir nudc ta van in sdu vdo tdm tri cua nhim the'hi ngudi dan Viet Nam. Lic/i sir nudc ta mdi mdi Id mdt tdc phdm gid tri ca d gdc do sit hoc vd vdn hgc, cd vi tri quan trgng trong kho tdng lich sir vd vdn hgc md Ngiedi dd delqi
' Bao tans Ho Chi Minh
TAP CHi LICH Sif OANG - S6 5/2012
s y NGHIEP VA TU" TU'6'NG H 6 CHI MINH
N
hiing trang vang lieh sii dSn tdc Viet Nam d the ky XX dupc tie'p noi mdt each sinh ddng hon, d^c bi^t hon boi dupc luu giii ve cupc ddi, sy nghiep oia ngudi Anh hung giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam, Nha van hoa kif t xua't Ho Chi Minh, Nhung diing d gdc dp sii hpc, Chii tich I ^ Chi Minh khdng chi lam rang danh nhung hang vang dd, ma Ngudi cdn la mpt sii gia Idn. Ngay tu nhiing nSm 20 the ky XX, Nguyen Ai Qud'c - Hd Chi Minh da lay cac de tai lich sii de sang tac cac tac pham Idn, nhu kieh Con rong tre, Lai than van cua bd Trung Trdc... de tuyen truy&v thtic tinh dong bao trong cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tpc.Sau 30 nam bdn ba tim dudng ciiu nudc, miia Xuan nam 1941, lanh ty Nguyen Ai Qucfc trd ve Td quoc trye tiep lanh dgo phong trao each mang Viet Nam. Ngudi ve song va lam viee tgi hang Pae Bd - Cao Bang. Trong nhiing nam thang d day, lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c da vie't nhieu tac pham nham keu gpi nhan dan doan ket phat huy truyen thdng tdt d?p ciia cha dng diing len lam cudc each mgng giai phdng dan tdc, giai phdng da't nudc khdi ach thdng tri cua thue dan de qud'c. Dd la nhiing bai tho, ca, ho ve nhu: Muai dieu nen, Ca Ddi tu ve, Ca Sai chi, Hdn dd. Con cdo vd to ong... vdi cau tu rat ngan gpn, de hieii, dgi chung; npi dung phong phii, gan giii, siic tieh, ham chiia y nghia tap hpp, doan ke't siic mgnh toan dan tdc. Y thiic sau sac muc dieh eiia viec hpc tap, nghien ciiu lich sii de tuyen
truyen, giac ngd quan chiing, tiing bude dua hp vao cupc dau tranh gianh ddc lap dan tpc, eudi nam 1941, Nguyin Ai Qud'c da viet cud'n Lich su nuac ta. Day la tap diin ca lich sii gdm 208 cau lue bat ttinh bay lich sii nude ta tCr thdi Hdng Bang deh canh mat nude dudi trieu nha Nguyin, phah ket ed 30 mdic lich sii quan trpng eiia dan tdc.
Md dau tac phain di§n ca nay la quan diem ciia lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc ve viec nghien cuu lich sii epi nguon ciia dan tdc va ty hao ve truyen thdng td't dep eiia to tien:
"Dan ta phai bie't sii ta, Cho tudng gdc tich nudc nha Viet Nam".
Chi vdi 208 cau tho luc bat, Nguyen Ai Qud'c da chpn Ipc, xac dinh gidi thieu nhiing nhan vgt, nhimg sy kien dii de khdi phuc chinh xac hue tranh hang ngan nam lich sii ciia dan toe vdi nhung net co ban ve truyai thdng yeu nudc, dau tranh gianh ddc lap, xay dung va bao ve Td qud'c aia nhan dan ta. Vdi ngdn ngu rat ddi thudng, dung di, khdng huyen ao, ky bi nhu trong D^ Nam qudc sit diin ca, chan dung cac anh hung dan tdc tieu bieii dupe l^ae hog gan vdi nhiing sy tich arJi hung, dupe nhae deh nhu mdt sy ghi nhgn edng lao ddi vdi dat nude va nhan dan. Ngyyen Ai Qud'c da neu len nhung tam guong sang cho mpi t&ig ldp hpe tap, noi theo. Ngudi neu cao long ty tdn dan tdc mdi khi dat nudc cd hpa xam ISng:
".. .Dan ta ha de chiu lam tdi nguoi?
... Dan ta nao cd chiu hen, .. .Xet trong lieh sii Viet Nam,
TAP CHi LICH SLf D A N G - S6 5/2012
sif NGHIEP vA Tl/ TU-dNG Hd CHi MINH
Dan ta vdh cung v^ vang anh hiing.
Nhieu phen dinh bic d?p ddng, Oanh oanh li?t li|t con Rdng chiu Ti§n".
Nguyen Ai Qud'c ding da chi rd siic manh ciia quan chung nhan din ludn dim bio cho mpi t h ^ g Igi hong diu tranh chdng ngo?i xami
"Vi dan hing hii ke't doin, Nen khdi phye chdng giang san Lac Hdng".
Dpc Lich sit nudc ta, chung ta rJi|in tha'y lich sir dan tpc khdng cdn li ljch sir ciia cic trieu d^ vdi vai trd tuy?t ddi cua cac vua chiia, ma la Uch sir ciia quan chiing nhan dan d mpi liia tudi, mpi gidi, mpi thinh phan. Quan hrpng nha't li Lich sit nudc ta da van dung sang tao quan diem duy vat micxit khi brnh luan, giii thich su kiea nhan vat, phi tan cac quan diem duy tam, than bi, cic tu tudng "thien menh",
"nguy", "chinh thdng"... trong cic sich sir thuc dan, phong kie'n'.
Trong tic pham, Nguyen Ai Qud'c cd nhimg su phe phin rd net:
"Tir ddi mudi siu trd di, Vua Le chiia Trinh chia vi kha lau Nguyen Nam, Trinh Bac dinh nhau, Tha'y dan cue khd m i dau ddn long."
Hay: "Tir nim Tan Hpi trd di, Tay d i gay c h u y ^ thi phi vdi minh.
Vay m i vua chiia trieu dinh, Khu khu cii tudng la minh khdn ngoan".
Nguyen Ai Qud'c de cap tdi mpi gidi, mpi Ilia tudi... vdi nhung girong sang va cdng lao to Idn aia hp hxjng ljch sir da'u tranh ciia dan tpc, nhu mpt sv keu gpi, thiic
tinh, qui h^ toan dan. Tir nhirng cau tho k h ^ g djnh:
"Thieii ni6n ta rat ve vang, Phv nu ta c h ^ g tam thirdng, Dinh Ddng d?p B^c lim gucmg de ddi,"
dS'n phin tich:
"Ngudi chiing it, ngudi minh ddng Dan ta chi cdt dong long li nen".
rSi d&i ldi keu gpi:
"Bi't ky nam nil, giau ngheo.
Bat ky gia tre cimg nhau kei doan.
Ngudi giup sue, ke giiip ti&v Cimg nhau giinh lay chu quy&i nudc ta.
.. .Hoi ai con chau Rdng Ti§n!
Mau mau doan ke't virng berx cimg nhau".
Ndi dung cd't ldi aia cac cau tho tren the hi?n rd hon tu tudng "dai doan ket" va quan diem chi dao oia Nguyin Ai Quoc ve dpng vien toan dan trong khdi nghia nim 1945, ciing nhu trong cac cudc khing chiSi sau nay.
Lanh ty Nguyen Ai Qudc dan dit quan chiing nhan dan dn I^i lich sii ve vang cua dan tpc chinh la de giiip hp nam dupc bai hpc cot hi ma Ngudi da khing dinh d hai ciu tho kei thuc ph&i dien ca oia tic pham
"Dan ia xin nhd chir dong Ddng tinh, ddng Slid ddng Idng ddng minh";
Phan ke't aia tic phi'm li bing ke 30 sv ki|n dang nhd. Md'c lich sir thii 30 that die bift: Tin tudng vao truyen thdng oia d i n tOc va sue m?nh doan ket aia toin dan se dua cudc da'u tranh deh bSi bd thing Igi, nen d ddng ke't thiic tic pham, Nguyin Ai Qudc da hen doin mot
TAP CHi LjCH sCr D A N G - s 6 5/20^
SU" NGHIEP VA TU* TlJ-dNG H 6 CHI MINH
dS'u mdc lich sii quan trpng: "1945 Vi?t Nam ddc lap"
Dieu ky di|u la du doan ciia Bac ve each mgng Vi|t Nam thanh cdng vao nam 1945 da dupe chiing minh bang Tdng khdi nghia Thang Tam (n^m 1945) va ban Tuyin ngon Dpc lap (2-9-1945) khai sinh nudc Vi^t Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa, tai Q u ^ trudng Ba Dinh lich sii - chi hon 3 nSm, sau khi tgp diin ca nay dupc xuat ban.
Nguyen Ai Quoc - Hd Chi Minh viet cuoh Lich sie nuac ta, trudc het lam tai li^u hpc tgp cho can bp trong eac ldp huah luyen d chioi khu, dong thdi, vdi muc dich phd bi&i rdng rai trong nhan dan, de giao di^c va dn lai truyen thd'ng yeu nude, chd'ng ngoai xam oanh liet aia dan tpc. Ngudi khang dinh tir nam phu lao au, ngudi binh dan hay tang ldp phii hao, quy tpc deu cd long yeu nudc ndng nan, anh diing chdng ngoai xam, d§' gianh lay ddc Igp cho nudc nha. Qua do, Ngudi dpng vien, khich le nhan dan ta phat huy truyen thdng yeu nudc, nang cao long ty hao dan tpc va tinh fliah doan ket diing len chdiig thyc dan Phap xam lupc, gianh ddc lap ty do.
Ciing nhu chum cac bai ea viet cimg tiioi gian nham tuyen truyen, giac ngd quan chung, khi viet eudh Ljch sit nudc ta theo di&i ea lich sii, lanh ty Nguyen Ai Qudc da dgc biet chii y deh dac diein eiia mpt so tac pham dien ca lich sii dan tpe viet bang chii Ndm tir the'ky XVU. Cae tac gia oia nhiing tac phwn dd dii mang quan
^em sii hpe phong kiai nhung cung chiu
anh hudng sau sac truyen thdng yeu nude ciia dan tpe. Quan trpng nhat la tac pham ciia hp dgt tiianh cdng Idn trong vifc ehuyen tai tinh than yeu nudc, long ty hao dan tOc, cd siic sdng rdng rai trong quan chiing bSng hinh thiic dan gian truyen mi^ng, luu truyen tii ddi nay qua ddi khac.
Nguyen Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh chpn tho ca lam phuong ti?n thg' hien va chuyen tai nhiing kieh thiie lieh sii co ban cho ngudi dan vi thuc te dat nudc ta khi do, hon 90% dan so mii chii va cdn trong ddi ngheo. Ddng thdi, Ngudi ciing hieii sau sac rang, tho ca rat gan giii, quen thupe vdi ngudi dan nude Viet, nhd dge tinh cd van, cd dieu nen de thudc, de nhd, de di sau vao long ngudi.
Nghien ciiu va hieu rd hoan canh lich sii Viet Nam liic dd, cang nhgn thiic het gia tri thyc tien Idn lao ciia tac pham Lich sie nudc ta. Tac phiim da kheo ket hpp dupe hai yeu eau khoa hpc va nghe thugt dudi hinh thiic tho lye bat rat quen thudc vdi nhan dan ta.
Ldi tho siic tieh, dung di, d i hieu, giiip ngudi dpc dn Igi lieh sii ve vang cua dan tdc va nhgn thiic diing dan lieh sii eiia dat nudc. Ve phuong phap viet sii, Nguyen Ai Qud'c da chpn Ipc su kien, tai lieu chii khdng sa da vao cac chi tiet lieh sii. Quan trpng nhat la Nguyin Ai Qudc da chii trpng nhan dinh, danh gia khai quat cac su ki^n va nhan vat ljch su tieu bieu.
De gidi tiiieu Lich sie nudc ta tdi ddng bao, ddng chi, trong bai viet "Nen hpc sii ta", tr&i bao Viit Nam dgc lap (sd 117, ngay
JAP CHi LICH sD- BANG - S6 5/2012
SU" NGHIEP V A I V TU-dNG H 6 CHi MINH
1-2-1942) lanh hi Nguyen Ai Qud'c d i nhin manh myc dich nen hpc lich sir dan tpc vi khing dinh ljch sir ta day cho ta bii hpc:
"luc nio dan ta doin ke't mudn ngirdi nhu mpt thi nirdc ta dpc l?p, h^ do. Trii lai, luc nao dan ta khdng doan ke't thi bj nudc ngoii xam lan". Cudi bii niy cd ghi them
"Vira mdi xua't bin quyen "Sir nudc ta"
bing tho. Hay lim, gii moi quyS'n 1 hio ai mudn mua hdi cin bp dja phuong".
Sau tie pham Lich sit nudc ta, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh tiep tyc khai thic cic de tii lich sir din tpc phye vy cho nhifm vy giio due, tuyen truyen cic tang ldp nhan dan them yeu moi cic bac hen nhan, tran trpng cic di sin vi truyen thd'ng din tpc. Dac bi|t hon ci la vio cic dip dau xuan, Ngudi gui tdi ddng bio ehieh sT ca nudc nhirng bii tho chiic tet ddc dio. 70 nam da trdi qua ke tir Ian dau tien tic ph&n Lich sit nitdc ta dupc xuat ban, deh nay cd nhiing ngudi thudc the'he nhiing nam thing dd vin cdn thudc Idng toan vin hoac timg doan ciia tap dien ca nay. Day chinh li kinh nghipn qui gia ddi vdi nhirng ngudi lam cdng tic.
bien soan, giing day, tuyen truyen ljch sir hien nay.
Trong bdl cinh h i ^ nay, toin Ding, toin quin va toan din ta dang tiep tyc diy manh Cupc v|n dpng "Hpc t?p va lim theo tahi guong dao dlic Hd Chi Minh", khdng gi thiet thyc hon ddi vdi nhiing ngudi lam cdng tie giio dye, giang day, nhit la d bp mdn Lich sir, chinh li hpc tap v i lam theo phirong phip viet v i day lich sir aia Hd
Chi Minh. Phuong phip ay cd the cd nhieu ngudi bin d nhieu gdc dp khic nhau, song bgn canh nhiing yeii to cd tinh nguyen tac nhu tdn hpng su tinat ljch sir, lya chpn su ki|n tieu bieii, khii quit nit ra kinh nghi|m, bii hpc... cdn cd yeii to quan hong li tinh myc dich rd rang.
Sau niy, khi tiep xuc vdi nhirng nguoi nghien ciHi ljch sir, nhirng nhi bio, nhi tuy§n truyen, huah luy?n, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh thirdng ke l?i ciu chuy?n hong nhiing ngiy dau cich mang d Tan Trao. Do li lan Bac gjp mpt so' cin bp v i quan chiing mdi dux^c nghe cin bp tuyen truyen noi chuyfn v i di dy ldp huih luyen ve, Bic hdi:
Nghe cd hay khdng, cd thich khdng &-d ai ciing khen hay, ciing thich, nhung khi hdi o6 hieu khdng? Cd nhd khdng thi ai cOng ndi ching hitti, ching nhd ^ . Ly do don gian la quan chiing vi can bp khi dd trinh dp hpc vin cdn han chC con ngirdi dien thuyet ngudi huah luyen 'ndi tr«n trdi dudi bien, nao la khich quan, chii quan, nao tich cm;
tieu eye khdng dau vio dau ci"^.
Sau niy, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da khai quit yeu cau ddi vdi mdi can bd khi ndi gl viet gi cung phii ty tra ldi ba cau hdi:
- Viet cho ai?
- Viet de lim gj?
- Viet nhu the nao?
Cau hdi thii nhat nham phii hpp dot tupng, cau thii hai Ii viet phii cd tinh muc dich rd ring va cudi cimg l i chpn each viel, each ndl cho phu hpp.
(Xem tiep trang 67)
TAP CHi LjCH SCr D A N G - SO 5/2012
SLP NGHIEP VA TU" yuOUG Hb CHI MINH
loi, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nudc la nguyen tac co ban; lay vi$e hoan thanh nhi§m vu chinh tri trung tam ciia don vi Ik mue tieu eao nhat. Vi vgy, ngudi can bp diinh tri phai diing vung tr§n lap trudng gjai cS'p, the hien bAn Hnh va trinh dp ciia ngudi can l?d lanh dgo trong xem xet, giai quyet mpt each tiiau dao eae hi^n tupng mat doan ket hoac nhiing bieii hi|n doan ket xudi chieu, eye bp dia phuong nham khong ngiing ciing co siie mgnh doan ket trong don vi.
Nhiing ndi dung eo ban trong tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve xay dung dOi ngii can bd chinh tri trong quan dpi \k sy tiep ndi va phat trial nhiing quan di&n ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin ve xay dung quan dpi kieu moi vao dieu kien ey the Viet Nam. Day la nhimg co sd khoa hpe de Dang va quan dpi van dung trong xay dyng dpi ngu can bp chinh tri "vira hdng, vira ehuyen", thyc sy la luc lupng ndng cot trong xay dyng quan dpi viing mgnh ve ehinh tri trong mpi thdi Iq^ each mang.
1, 2, 10. Ho Chi Minh Todn tdp, CTQG, H, 2tX)0,T.5,ta-.269,48O,273
3. Tdng cue Chinh tri: Chu tfch Ho Chi Minh vdi cdng tdc ddng, cdng tdc chinh tri trong Quan dgi nhdn dan Viet Nam, QDND, H, 1986, tr. 56
4. H6 Chi Minh Toan tgp, CTQG, H, 2000, T.ll,tr.505
S.mT.9,tr.2S3
6,7,8,9. Sm T. 6, tr. 321, 524,318,319.
HQC TAP PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ (Ti^^theo trang 62) Khi Hd Chi Minh cdn sd'ng va nhat la sau nay, nhieu ngudi viet hoi ky ke ve nhiing tinh cdm vdi Bac Hd, ben canh tuyft dai da so bai chan thyc, ding cd mdt so tac giei da bpc Ip cai "tdi" qua nhieu. Cae toa sogn thudng phai yeu cau Bao tang Hd Chi Minh tham dinh. Khi eae ddng chf d cgnh Bac cdn sdng, chung tdi hay "nhd" cae dong ehi chi eho cai diing, cai sai eiia mdi bai hoi ky. Cd mpt lan, tdi hdi dong ehi Vii Ky - Thu ky ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh (khi do da nghi huu): "Sau nay nho Bac Hd gpi chu di rdi, thi chiing chau biet lam the nao de Ihain dinh diing sai". Dong chi Vii Ky cudi va ndi: "Minh cho cac ddng ehi mpt cai cam nang, cSax nang nay ciing do Bac Hd dgy minh. Dd la khi dpc hdi ky ciia ai dd, tieu ehi tham dinh la:
- Cd hpp U khdng?
- Cd Idgic khdng?
- Va cai thii ba quan trpng hon la ed tae dyng giao due khdng?"
Thang 5 nay, nhae lai ldi Bac Hd day va dieu ddng chi Vii Ky ke Igi, de nhiing nha bien soan, nghien eiiu, giang dgy lich sii cimg suy nghi.
1. Theo Ho Sy Himg: "Tim him tdc pham Uch sir nudc ta ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc"
zmvw.ngheandost.goD.vn/vnn_16-5-20ll 2. Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2011.
T.14, ti-.161.
^? CHi LICH Sif DANG - S6 5/2012
