Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh?
KY THUAT ANH HANG KHONG VA NHUNG LTNG DUNG TRONG XAY D^NG GIAO THONG
GS. TS. PH^iM HUY KHANG ThS. NGUVfiN DJNH TH^O B^ mdn Du&ng did & Sdn bay Khoa Cdng Irinh
Trudng Dgi hgc Giao thong Vpn tdi
Tdm Idl: K\ thugt anh hdng khong vd cdng nghe xir ly anh dang co nhirng birdc lien dgt phd quan trpng. Cac phuang phdp chip dnh hdng khdng hope su dung anh vp tinh dang dirge nghien cuu rgng rdi vdi vi^c dp dpng kp thudt sd vd cdc ky ihiipt lien lien nhdt de dp dung cho cdc nnic dich nhat djnh Trong xdy dgng giao thdng dgc hi^t id vi^c lgp cdc dtr dn dirdng d td vd sdn bay. cdng hdng khdng; cdng ngh^ dnh hdng khdng dugc su dung rdng rdi de nghien ciru cdc phuang dn tuyen, lua chpn vj tri vd xdc djnh iTnh khdng an todn Tinh hieu qua ve ky thugt vd Igi ich kinh te Id nhirng uu diem ndi bgt khi .sir dung
Summary: There has been essential breakthrough in aerial photo techniques and photo processing technologies also. New methods of photographing aerial photos or uUdization of satellite pictures has been researching widely with the application of digitization and other advanced techniques for certain objective In transport construction sector especially in formulation of construction investment projects of highways and airports, it is potential to
widely use aerial photo technologies to study about alternatives of alignments, locations as well as to specify the violation of obstacle limmitation surfaces The goad results can be obtained by application such technologies in both terms of technical issue and economic one.
I. N H C N G VAN DE CHUNG VE KY THUAT ANH HANG KHONG
Cdng trinh giao thdng gdm nhieu loai nhung dien hinh Id cac tuyen dudng va cdc cdng trinh san bav, cdng hang khdng. D$c thii cdng trinh dudng giao thdng Id trdi ddi. ket hgp chat che vdi vimg ty nhien md tuyen dudng di qua, tgo thdnh mgt the thdng nhdt. Cdc tuyen dudng dugc xem Id cd chat lugng phyc vy cao neu vj tri eiia tuyen dudng dam bdo vipc ket hgp hdi hda vdi viing ty nhien xung quanh. ddm bdo khdng ed sy thay ddi dgt nggt, ddm bdo qua trinh chgy xe an todn, em thugn.
De dam bdo xay dyng nen nhii'ng cdng trinh dudng d td cd chdt lugng phyc vy cao vdi mgt suat dau tu hgp ly, vipc xdc djnh phuang an vj tri luyen dudng phdi dugc nghien ciru todn dipn, phugng dn lua chgn phai "tuang doi" toi uu v l m§t kinh tl - ky thuat. De xac dinh dugc phuang an vi tri tdi uu, ngudn so lieu co bdn dau vdo phai dugc thu thgp day dii vdi dg tin cgy dam bao.
Vdi cac cang hang khdng, cdc sd lipu thu thap cd d$c diem Id phan bd tren mgt dien tich Idn vd cd cac quy djnh chat che vdi nhau vl cao dg. Vdi dja hinh chinh de bd tri san bay cang hang
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92 Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 37-03/2012
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe khdng chi can mgt dien tich tir 400-500 ha nhung Igi cd yeu cau vimg trdi bay ciia sdn bay len din vdi trdm km^. Vdi dudng d td; khi thilt kl tuyen dudng qua mgt khu vyc khd khan (vl dia hinh, dia chat...), cd thi cd nhieu phuang dn tranh khac nhau; tuy nhien vdi cang hdng khdng, khdng don gidn de xac djnh dugc phuang an thay the, thgm chi phai chuyin hdn sang khu vyc nghien cuu khdc. Chinh vi vgy nhOng khdo sat chinh xdc ban ddu rat can thilt dl trdnh Idng phi cdng sire, tien ciia. D6i vdi cdng tdc thilt kl cac cdng trinh dudng d td, ngudn so lieu ddu vdo Id todn bg cac thdng sd vl vimg ty nhien. bao gdm cdc so lipu dia hinh - dia mgo, cac sd lieu dja chat, thiiy van, cac sd lipu ve dan sinh, kinh te xa hgi. Trong cdc logi sd lipu nay, sd lieu dja hinh cd tdm quan trgng dac biet vdi mgt sd dac dilm chinh nhu:
- Doi hoi dp chinh xdc cao: Cdc sd lieu dia hinh cd tinh chat quyet djnh den viec chgn vj tri bd tri cang hdng khdng hoac den cdc phuang dn vi tri cua luyen dudng, dgc biet khi tuyen dudng di tren khu vyc dja hinh ddi nui cd dg chenh cao va dg ddc bl mSt ty nhien Idn hogc di tren khu vuc dja hinh cd mgt do ddn cu Idn. nhilu nha cira, rugng vudn...
- Co bien dp thay ddi lan: Nhieu dgng dia hinh nhu dia hinh viing trung du, niii cao, khu vyc ddng dan cu, cdc dgc trung dja hinh cd bien dg thay ddi Idn nhu do cao, vj tri nhd cira...
Chinh cac dac trung dia hinh nay quyet dinh phuang an vj tri, chat lugng cung nhu gia thdnh cua cdng trinh dudng giao thdng
D I cd thi gidi quyet van &^ dja hinh, phdi tien hdnh cdng tdc trac dja hay hay cdn ggi Id trdc dac, la mdt nganh khoa hgc vl do dgc vd xu ly sd lieu do dgc dja hinh vd dja vat nam tren bl mat Trdi Dat. Trdc dja Id do dac vj tri tga do (kinh dd, vT do, cao dg), hinh dang, kich thudc.
phuang hudng ciia dja hinh mat dat va dia vat nam tren mgt ddt.
Ndi dung ciia cdng tdc trac dja bao gdm :
- Trdc dja bdn dd (Surveying and Maping): do ve bdn dd dia hinh phyc vu cho dan dyng (cdng tdc dja chinh, quy hogch xay dyng,...) va quan sy;
- Trdc dja cdng trinh: khag sdt thilt kl cdng trinh, thi cdng va giam sat thi cdng xdy dyng, quan trdc chuyin vi va biln dgng cua cac cdng trinh vd nIn mdng cdng trinh trong toan bd tudi ddi ciia cdng trinh. Cdng cu do chu ylu bdng cac loai may trac dgc thdng thudng: may kinh vT, may thiiy binh, mdy dgi laser, may todn dgc dien tir,...;
- Viln thdm (Remote Sensing): day Id phan nganh trdc dja do ve tir anh hang khdng (may bay,...) sau qud trinh bay chup, bdng tdu biln (do ve thim lyc.dja, ddy dgi duang,...). Cdng cu do cd thi bang: mdy dnh, thilt bi sieu am, ra da vd tuyIn dien,...;
- Djnh vj ve tinh (GPS): djnh vj dja vat vd do ve dja hinh bdng ve tinh dja tinh (Id loai vien tham ddc biet);
- Trac dja cao cap (Geodesy);
- Trdc dia anh (Photogrammetry): day Id ITnh vuc xu ly kit qua trac dja qua anh;
- He thdng thdng tin dja ly (GIS): Id chuyen nganh vl phdn mim vd ca sd dir lieu dja Iy (cdng nghe thdng tin).
Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 93
Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh4
Vdi nude ta hipn nay. cdc cdng trinh giao thdng thudng dugc su dyng cac phuang phap nhu: phucmg phdp khao sdt dja hinh truyen thong; phuang phdp kit hgp (giii'a phucmg phdp truyin thong vd cdc phuong phdp khdc); phugng phdp trdc dja dnh vd xd ly dnh.
a) Phuang phdp khdo sdt dja hinh truyin th6ng: dugc sir dyng rgng rai hipn nay Id khao sdt theo mgt ddi hpp dgc theo mgt phuong dn vj tri tuyen dudng dugc tinh toan xdc djnh sa bg tir trudc. Dipn khdo sdt thudng rat hpp (be rgng trung binh ciia ddi do thudng tir 60m den 100m tiiy thugc qUy md cdng trinh) do nhieu nguyen nhan khdch quan nhu:
Cdng tdc khao sdt dja hinh mang tinh chat thii cdng, su dgng chu yeu Id nhan cdng, do dac bang cac dyng cy do nhu mdy do cao (may thiiy binh), may do vj tri (may kinh vT, may todn dgc dipn tu) .. Phuang phdp nay cho nSng suat rat thap, gia thdnh khd cao.
Cdng tac khdo sat dja hinh phy thugc nhilu vao cac ylu to thdi tilt. Khdo sat dja hinh chi thyc hipn dugc trong cdc dilu kipn dii dnh sdng, khdng mua, tam nhin dam bdo.
Trong nhilu trudng hgp, chinh dipn khao sdt rat hpp nay la nguyen nhan khdng the xdc djnh dugc phuang dn tuyen "tdi uu nhat". Ddc bipt, trong cdc trudng hgp cac yeu td dja hinh cd bien dg dao dgng Idn nhu vimg dja hinh nui non hiem trd cd dg ddc, dg chenh cao va muc dg gdp nep dja hinh deu Idn hogc vimg dja hinh ddng ddn cu cd nhieu cdng trinh nha cira ddt tien.
dai hep ciia ket qua khao sat khdng cho phep nghien ciru nhirng phucmg dn tuyen khac cd vi tri each biet tucmg doi so vdi phuang an vj tri da lien hdnh khdo sdt. Trong cdc trudng hgp ndy.
thdng thudng cdng tdc khdo sdt thiet kl dugc tiln hdnh vdi nhieu phuang an du kien vdi chi phi khdo sat thiet ke cao ban. Han thi nita, vipc so sdnh, lua chgn phuang an hoan toan phy thugc vao cac phuong an da dugc dy kien trudc vd dugc tien hdnh khdo sat.
b) Phuang phap ket hgp: Thdng thudng cdc phucmg phdp hipn nay ngudi ta diing ket hgp cac phucmg phdp trdc dja dnh, djnh vj vp tinh ket hgp vdi cdc phuong phdp truyen thdng de khao sat dja hinh dja vgt. Diing trdc dja dnh vdi san pham Id ban dd sd hda ket hgp vdi tga dg djnh vj vp tinh GPS de xdc djnh tga dg cdc diem djnh vj dja hinh, dja vgt tren trdi ddt. Day Id phucmg phap dang dugc su dyng kha rgng rai trong khdo sdt xdy dyng cdng trinh giao thdng d nude ta, dgc bipt la nhiJng cdng trinh quy md Idn, g$p nhieu van de phirc tgp ve dja hinh. dja vat.
c) Phuang phap trac dja anh va xu ly anh: Day la phuang phdp mdi dugc nghien ciru su vd dyng d nude ta. Tdng Cdng ty Tu van Giao thdng vgn tdi (FEDI) trong thdi gian vua qua cung da nghien ciru de tai ve van dl ndy, tuy nhien vice dp dyng cdn khd phuc tgp vd tdn kem do vay chua dugc irng dyng nhieu trong thyc te.
II. CO SO KY THUAT ANH HANG KHONG - iTNG DUNG TNTmlps TRONG XU LY ANH HANG KHONG
a) Co* sd ky thuat anh hang khong
Anh hdng khdng dugc hilu la anh dja hinh do cac thiet bj hang khdng (may bay, vp tinh chup Igi). Ban chat ciia phuang phdp do anh la mgt phuong phap do gian tiep thdng qua hinh Tap chi K H O A H O C G I A O T H O N G VAN T A I So 37 - 03/2012
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghi dnh hogc cdc nguon thdng tin thu dugc ciia doi tugng do. Nhipm vy eiia phuang phdp do anh la xdc dinh trgng thdi hinh hgc ciia ddi tugng do, bao gdm: vj tri, hinh ddng, kich thudc vd mdi quan he tuang hd eiia cac ddi tugng do.
Phuong phap do anh dugc coi Id mgt phuang phdp viln thdm hipn dgi trong ITnh vyc khoa hgc ve trai dat. Ky thuat xir ly dnh de cho cae dir lipu can thilt phy thugc vao nhilu ylu td khac nhau nhu phuang phdp xu ly vd ky thugt xir Iy. Vdi cdng nghp ngay cdng tien tiln, cac phucmg phdp xu Iy dnh cung dugc cai tiln theo hudng hipu qud han, kinh tl hon. Uu, nhugc dilm chinh cua phuang phap dnh hdng khdng:
- Cd kha ndng do dgc tat cd cac doi tugng do md khdng nhdt thiet phdi tilp xiic hoac 3it\
gdn chiing, mien cdc doi tugng ndy cd thi chyp anh dugc (bang phim toan sdc, phim mau hogc phim quang phd). Vi vgy, doi tugng cua phuang phap do dnh rat da dgng, tir cdc miln thyc dja rpng Idn cua mgt ddt den vi vat the vdi kich thudc rdt nhd (10"^ mm, nanometer).
- Nhanh chdng thu dugc cdc tu lipu do dac trong thdi gian chyp dnh, nen cho phep giam nhe cdng tdc ngodi trdi, trdnh cae dnh hudng eiia thdi tiet ddi vdi cdng tdc do dgc.
- Cd the do trong eiing mgt thdi diem nhieu diem do khdc nhau ciia cac ddi tugng do. Do do khdng nhii'ng cho phep do cac vgt the tmh (nhu dja hinh, dia vat) md cdn cd the do cdc vat the dang van dgng cue nhanh (nhu quy dgo cua ten lua, mdy bay,...) hogc van dgng eye cham (sy bien dgng ciia cdc cdng trinh xdy dyng,...).
- Quy trinh cdng nghe ciia phuang phdp rat thuan Igi cho viec ty dgng hda cdng tac tinh toan. nang cao hieu sudt cdng tac vd tinh kinh tl ciia phuang phap nay.
- Nhugc dilm chii ylu ciia phuang phap do anh la trang bj ky thudt cdng kenh, chi phi ddu tu khai thdc thilt bj (phan cimg, phan mem) cao, ddi hdi nhii'ng dilu kien nhat djnh trong su dyng vd bao qudn, dgc biet Id doi vdi khi hau nhipt ddi d nude ta. He thdng do, xu ly dnh dugc tdm tdt nhu so do hinh dudi
Hinh L Tom tdt qud trinh do, xir ly dnh
Tap chi K H O A H O C G I A O T H O N G VAN TAI So 37 - 03/2012 95
Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh?
Cac phuang phap xu ly dnh: NhiTng nam gan day d Vipt Nam da tiep can va su dyng cac cdng nghp do vc dnh so de thanh lgp ban do dja hinh cung nhu bdn dd dia chinh. Hipu qua va uu dilm ciia cdng nghp Id rat rd rdng. Cdc cdng nghp chii yeu do hang cung cap nhu, INTERGRAPH (My), LEICA- HELAVA (Thyy SJ), PHOTOMOD (RACURS -NGA).
Cdc cdng nghp tren dd vd dang dugc sd dyng rgng rai Iren the gidi vd d Vipt Nam tgi cdc don vj chuyen vc ITnh vyc do dgc. bdn do. dnh sd. Cac bdn do so dd dugc thilt lap vd su dyng cho cac muc dich khdc nhau. Trong xdy dyng giao thdng nhu lgp cdc dy dn dudng bg vd xdy dyng san ba>. cdc cdng nghp ndy cung dang su dgng mgt cdch hipu qua.
Tuy nhien vipc thyc hipn cdc quy trinh dl cd dugc san pham theo phuang phdp nay khd phuc tgp vd ton k^m. Mgt vi dy cho thiiy dl cd dugc anh cho mgt khu vuc can nghien cuu, chiing ta phdi tien hdnh thyc hipn cac chuyin bay thuang mgi vd phdi dimg cdc thiet bj chyp dnh dat ticn. phdi qua qua trinh xir ly anh phdc tgp mdi cd the cd dugc cac ket qua nhat djnh. Mgt hgn chi rat Idit ciia cac phuong phdp tren khi chyp anh s5 bj hgn che ve dja hinh dja vat bao phu Idm gidm tinh chinh xdc ciia dja hinh nguyen thiiy.
b) Xir ly anh hikng khong bSng TNTmips (Phan mem hp thong xa Iy anh va ban do) va irng dung trong khao sat, quy hoach, thiet ke san bay dac bipt trong viec kiem scat vi pham tinh khong sir dung anh hang khdng
Mgt so dac diem ve TNTmips:
- TNTmips la sdn pham phan mem chii lyc ciia Microimages. Inc; chuyen phan tich xir ly anh khdng gian dja ly. He thdng phan mem dugc ap dyng tgi tren 150 qudc gia tren the gidi de phan tich thdng tin dja ly, xu Iy dnh tien tien dgc bipt trong ITnh vyc quy hogch \a quan Iy dat dai.
- TNTmips la mgt phdn mem chuyen nghipp cho hp thdng GIS tich hgp day du, xu ly hinh dnh, CAD, TIN, ban dd may tinh, va quan ly, bien tgp, tham chieu co sd dCr lipu khdng gian dja ly.
- De thuan tipn cho vipc su dgng theo cdc nhu cdu khac nhau, TNTmips cung cap 3 dgng cau hinh khac nhau: TNTmips Pro - bdn day dii, TNTmips Basic - bdn co ban, vd TNTmips Free - ban miln phi.
- Cdc sdn pham ciia TNT bao gdm: TNTmips, TNTedit, TNTview, TNTatlas vd TNTsdk.
Trong do bdn TNTmips cd ddy du chuc ndng cua TNTview (hd trg hien thi, dien tien qud trinh nhap/xuat, qudn ly file) TNTedit (gom chuc ndng ciia TNTview vd bien tap thdng tin dia ly, tham chilu dja ly). Do vgy trong trudng hgp cdn khai thac hit cdc tinh ndng, ngudi ta thudng ket hgp diing TNTmips, TNTatlas va TNTsdk.
Ban TNTmips Free hodn toan thich hgp vdi vipc ung dgng phdn tich anh cho khu vyc nhd.
Ddy la ban miln phi nen ngoai vipc u-ng dyng cho cae dy dn san xuat trong phgm vi nhd, nd ciing rat hviu ich cho hogt dgng ddo tgo trong ITnh v^rc xu Iy dnh va dac biet trong khao sdt, quy hogch, thilt kl san bay, cang hang khdng.
96 Tap chi K H O A H Q C G I A O T H O N G VAN T A I S6 37 - 03/2012
Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe Su dgng TNTmips phan tich anh hang khdng khdng chi hd trg tot qua trinh quy-hogch, thiet ke san bay, cdng hang khdng md cdn dgc bipt phii hgp vdi qua trinh thudng xuyen kilm tra, kiem sodt vi phgm tmh khdng san bay trong suot qud trinh khai thdc.
Vdi cdng nghp anh LIDAR, chiing ta khdng chi xac djnh dugc viing, dilm vi phgm tTnh khdng Clia san bay ma cdn \ac djnh dugc doi tugng vi phgm do Id gi: ddi dat, nui dd, cay cdi, ket cdu kim logi. ket cau be tdng,...
III. KET LUAN
Cdng nghp thdng tin dang thay ddi tirng ngay. Nhiing thdnh tyu ndy khdng ngoai myc dich phyc vg cugc song lao dgng va lam vipc ciia con ngudi tren mgi ITnh vyc. Chimg ta vd ngdnh
\ay dyng giao thdng da vd dang cd gang vugt bac de khdng bj lac hau vdi sy phat trien dd, Viec nghien ciru dp dyng cac thdnh tyu ciia cdng nghp thdng tin dd ddi hdi tri tup ciia cd mgt dgi ngu cdc nhd nghien cuu trong va ngodi ngdnh. Vdi tu cdch la nhdng nha chuyen mdn trong ITnh vyc xay dyng giao thdng, chiing ta hoan toan cd the tiep cgn, khai thac nhCing thdnh tyu mdi nhat cua the gidi ve ITnh vuc xir ly dnh hdng khdng, ket qua cdng hipn hu'u neu chiing ta dugc dau tu va dugc ket hgp .di cdc nha chuyen mdn ve ky thudt anh vd tin hgc. Cdc vdn de neu trong bdi bdo nay chi Id nhung nghien cuu ban ddu. Chiing ta mong dgt dugc nhiing ket qua sdm nhat tir su hd trg ciia dgi ngu cac nhd khoa hgc ciing tdm huyet.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1], Thilt kl quy hogch san bay. cang hang khong - PGS TS Pham Huy Khang; Nha Xuat ban xay dung 2006.
[2]. Ouy hoach, thilt kl va khao sat san bay - PGS.TS Vu Dinh Phyng - Dai hpc Xdy dung; Nhd xuat ban xay dyng nam 2003.
[3]. Khao sat va thilt kl san bay : "H3faicKaHH5i H npocKTupoBaHHe a3pojipoMOBio'"; tac gia: GS.TSKH. r.
11 .r.FiyiiiK0Ba Nhd xudt ban. "TpaHcnopT" 1992.
[4]. Planning and Design of Airports 1993 - Chinh sira bd sung 2003 - Robert Horonjeff and Francis X, McKelvey.
[5], Runway length requyiments for airport design (Adivisory circular - FAA).
[6]. Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu irng dung chyp dnh hdng khdng vao cong tac khao sdt va thilt ke cdng trinh dirimg 6 td" - Tdng Cdng ty Tu vdn Giao thong Van tdi thyc hien nam 2006.
[7], Khao sat dp chinh xac va khd nSng cua phuang phap do dnh sd trong cong tac lgp ban dd dja hinh - Nguyin Tan Lyc; Bo mon Bja Tin hpc, Khoa KS> thuat Xay dyng. Dai hoc Bach khoa, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam*
Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 3 7 - 03/2012
