Van dung nguyen li "Tang bang troi" trong day hpc dpc hieu tac pham "IVIudi cua riTng"
cua Nguyen Huy Thiep cho hpc sinh Idp 11
Pham Thj Thu Hm\ Hoang Thj Thuy DUcfng^
' Email, hienphami 709B0@gmail com 2 Email. hoangthuyduong28.04@gmaiLcom Tiuang D?i hpc Qiio due - Oai hoc Quoc gia HS N6I 182 LUflng TJie Vinh, Thanh Xuan, m Noi, Viet Nam
TOM TAT: Tic pham nghe thuat nhu mdt "Ting bang troi" li nguyen If sing tic do nhi van E.Hemingway (Mi) de ra. Theo nguyen li nay nhieu tang y nghTa cua tic phim van hge se dddc ngddi dgc rut ra tuy theo the nghiem va cim hdng trddc hinh tddng. Ldi viet niy de cao sd sang tao eua ngudi dgc khi ti€p nhan tac phim. Bii viet de xuit each van dung nguyen li "Ting bang trdi" trong day hge^dge hieu tac pham "t\Au6i cua rdng" cua Nguyen Huy Thiep - mgt tie pham mdi dda vio day hgc eho hge sinh Idp 11 theo Chddng^ trinh Giio due pho thong mdn Ngd van (2018) nhim thay dddc nhieu tang y nghTa khic nhau cua tic pham, td do gop phan phat trien nang ldc ngon ngd, nang ldc van hgc. dac biet la khi nang doe sang tao cua hgc sinh.
Tif KHOA: T§ng bang troi; flgc hieu; ffpc sang lao; "Muoi cda rflng"; Nguyen Huy Thiep.
-» Nfian bai 12/3/2020 • * Nhan ket qua phan bien va chinh sila 16/3/2020 -^ Duyet dang 25/3/2020,
1. D | t van de
NgiJ van la mot mon hpc quan trgng a nha trucmg ph6 th6ng, gop phan ph^t triln cho hpc sinh (HS) nhiing nang lire chung va nang lire chuyen biet, trong do co nang luc ngon ngii va van hpc. Dong thai, mon Ngir van cung gop phan hinh thanh va boi duang cho HS nhiing phSm chit tot dep, Tuy nhien, viec day mon Ngii van noi chung va day doc hieu van ban noi rieng tai da s6 cac tnrang pho thong hien nay chua the dap iing dugc nhiing yeu cgu ve dau ra dung nhu chuang trinh quy dinh boi tinh trang "thay dgc tro chep", "thi gi hpc ndy" khiSn HS chi thij^ dpng tilp nhan kiSn thiic. Ci Chuang trinh Giao due pho thong mon Ngu van moi (nam 2018), ngoai nhiing van ban co trong chuang trinh cii (nam 2006), da co them nhieu van ban mai dugc lua chgn de day hgc dpc hieu, trong do co "Mu6i cua rimg" (Nguyen Huy Thiep).
Day la mot tac pham con kha moi me vai nhiSu nguoi, dong thai la mpt tac phSm (nhu nhigu tac phSm khae ctia Nguyen Huy Thiep) chiia dirng nhiSu mach ngim in sau duoi lop ngon tu bgn bg hai tho cua cupc sdng khach quan, Ngu giao vien (GV) va HS khong ndm viing ban chat Clia ho^t dgng day hpc dpc hieu, khong co each tigp can diing din thi se de cam thay ngpt ngat va danh mit di nhimg gia tri von eo ctia tac phim cung nhu kha nang kham pha cua ban than HS. Tu do, hoat dgng dpc higu van ban se khong dat dupc hieu qua. Dg gop phSn khic phuc han chg nay, GV nen van dung nguygn li "Tang bang troi" (do E.Heraingway - mgt nha van MT de ra) de giiip HS dpc higu dugc van ban, nhit ia tim ra duge nhihig y nghla ham an ding sau lop vo ngon tti cua tac
pham, ddng thai gop phin b6i duong cho HS nhiing phim chat va nang lire ein thigt.
2. Npi d u n g n g h i e n CL^U
2.1. Nguyen li "Tang bang troi" trong sang tac van hpc va trong "Muoi cua rirng" (Nguyen Huy Thiep)
"Tang bang troi" la khoi bang troi tu do tren dai duong.
iVIo hinh Clia mgt tang bang troi luon c6 mgt phin n6i va nhieu phan chim. Dac trung nay da tra thanh mgt nguyen li dugc ap dung trong each higu va tigp can rat nhieu van de thuoc nhigu ITnh vuc cua dai song nhu kinh te, chlnh tri, van hoa,... bai tinh phii hgp eiia no, trong do co van hgc ma nguai khai xuong la E.Hemingway.
O ITnh virc van hgc, nha van E.Hemingway da dua ra khai niem nguyen li "Tang bang troi" lan dau tien khi sang tae truyen "Ong gia va bien ca" (1951), eoi "phan chim"
Clia tac pham la noi chiia gia tri chu yeu ciia no. Trong tac pham nay, E.Hemingway "kg rat it nhung su kien xung quanh cau chuyen, e6t de lai nhigu khoang trong.
Ngiroi dpc sau do se lap day cac cho trong do. Nguygn tic nay tao ra tinh ehat mo cho van ban tren nhieu cap dp. Tuang ling voi cac trinh do khae nhau, ngucri dgc se CO cac van ban khae nhau. Day la each cac nha hau hien dai thirong xuyen thiJC hien trong tac pham." [1; tr.51].
Nhu vay, E.Hemingway da dimg hinh anh tang bang troi de noi ve muc dich va nguyen tae sang tac van hpc ciia minh noi rigng va ban chat cua mot tac pham nghe thuat thirc sir noi chung. Theo do, mgt phan noi trong mo hinh tang bang troi ehinh la nhini" "! "b? "5" "y.^ii sat diroc, tai hien lai trong tac pham ei ._. _
dang nhin thay, dpe dugc ngay kht tigp xiic. Nhieu phin chim trong mo hinh do ehinh la nhung npi dung ham an duoi lap ngon tir ma ngiroi doe co the thoa siic kham pha ra nhieu y nghia idiac nhau theo the nghiem va cam hiirig eiia rigng minh. Chinh nguyen li sang tac nay da giiip van hpc loai bo di phan khuygt diem thuong thay, ma nhu Hemingway da tiing chia se rang: Neu nha van bo sot mpt cai gi do boi vi anh ta khong bigt thi se co mpt 16 h6ng trong truyen. "Lo hong" ay se dugc dpc gia bii lip khi tiep nhan tac phim theo nguygn H "Tang bang troi".
Nguyen li ma E.Hemingway khoi xuong da ngay cang the hien pho bign trong nhigu tac pham van chirong, dae biet thay ro trong cac tac pham van hgc hau hien dai.
Vi vay, hoat dgng tigp nhan nhihig tac phSm nay can lua chgn phuang phap moi phii hpp. Ci khia eanh khae, viee dpc hieu gio day Ichong con mang tinh khuon mlu niia ma da tro nen rpng mo. Vi vay, viec "thay dpc tro chep" la sai lech nghigm trpng voi viee tira hieu nhiing tac pham van bge h&u hien dai. Trong khi do, nguygn li
"Tang bang troi" mo ra cho nguoi dpe each tiep can van ban mpt each phit hgp, mo ra nhieu co hgi dg dpc gia kham pha ra nhieu ting y nghla thii vj tir van ban ban dau cua nha van. Vi vay, viec van dung nguygn 11 nay trong day dgc hieu mpt van ban van xuoi hau hien dai nhu "Muoi cua rimg" la phii hpp voi dac digm cua van ban ciing nhu ban chat eiia viec day hpe dpe hieu trong Chuong trinh Giao due pho thong mon Ngu van. Mac dii idii nhin vao mo hinh tang bang, ta thay dugc gioi han eua phin chim. Tuy nhign, trong thire te, khi giai quygt nliiing van de eu thg theo nguygn li nay, con nguoi se khong tim duge gioi ban ciia van de. Day ciing la mgt each nhin cupc song dung dan boi dai song la khong ngimg chuygn dgng va co rat nhigu nhirng van dg phiic tap nay sinh. Tuong tu nhu vay, khi dpe hieu mgt van ban van hgc, viec dua ra nhirng cau tra loi dang do dg tiep tuc gpi ra nhirng cau hoi khae la het sice binh thuong.
Ve su the hien cua nguygn li "Tang bang troi" trong tac pham "Muoi cua rimg" cua Nguygn Huy Thiep, qua nghien eiiu co the nhan thay trgn hai phuong dign: qua trinh sang tac ciia tac gia va su the hien trong tac pham.
Noi vg qua trinh sang tac tae pham nay, "nha van Nguygn Huy Thiep con tiet lg, khoi nguon cho "Muoi cua rimg"
ehinh la tac pham "Ong gia va bign ca ciia Hemingway"
[2]. Do do, CO thg thay trong "Muoi cua rimg", tuy cau chuyen ong Dieu di san nhin ehung van c6 cot truyen dan gian, so lirpng nhan vat xuat Men it nhung truyen co nhung buoe ngoat khign cho cugc di san ay lam nhieu nguoi dpc phai suy ngam. Va neu chl dpe ma khong ngim thi eiing gi6ng nhu N.I.Kudriasep da kharig dinh, dai y: Thigu nguai dgc thi boat dgng van hoe ching khae gi mpt tigng kgu vo vpng vang len giiia canh dong hoarig mpc diy CO dai. D6i vai "Muoi ciiarimg", nguoi tiep can cin chii y vao dac tnmg ciia the loai truyen ngan van xuoi tu sir liau hien dai. Cu thg la nhiing ygu tfi bao g6m: khong gian va thai gian truyen, ngon ngii, hinh 32 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
tupng, tinh huong tmyen, chi tiet noi b g dieu, d6i thoai... Nhirng ygu t6 nay kSt hop voi " ^ 3 ^ : 7 ^ ^ ^ Cling nhau, kien tao ngn nhau do y do ciia ngu ^ & • Phin ham in la phin y nghia in sau bSn diroi lop ngon ttr
• • J 1 . .• - 1'nifli ni6i quanhe va ma nguoi doe can phai suy ngam, ii gi^' " ' 7^, i ' d6i thoai giiia cac hinh tuang trong nhOng thih huon| cu thg, dac digm ngon ngu, giong dieu dg tim ra van de v^
nhirng "tigu tu su" rieng ctia minh. Cot truyen eua Muoi Clia rimg" rit dan gian, do la cugc di san cua ong Dieu, truygn kg rit it nhung lai co nhitng budc ngoat trai vai logic trong I6i tu duy va hanh xir von eo cua con ngucn.
Nhic dgn nguai tho san tiie la nhae dgn nguoi ma lau nay trong quan niem ph6 bign la nguoi thuong lap chign cong va thg hien sure manh cua minh bang each h^ giic dugc nhiing con vat trong rimg. Do do, mgt nguai thg san vac siing vao rimg voi tam thg diy hung khai nhu ong Digu se that sung suong va man riguyen khi chigm dugc con moi. The nhung nhung gi dign ra trong "Muoi Clia ning" lai khign nguoi dgc khong khoi ban khoan. Dii ban dau sung suong vg thanh qua eiia minh, song eo lite ong Digu phai lo so, eo liic bang hoang, thang thot, ...
tnroc nhirng dpng thai ciia thien nhign, eiia con moi. Va roi cuoi cimg ong ra vg voi than hinh tran tnai. Kh6ng gian va thai gian trong truyen, noi ma cae nhan vat hanh dgng va doi thoai nhu vay tuang chiing nhu bi bo hep.
Tuy nhign, chinh su bo hep do lai chiia dung khong it nhiing ca hgi va thach thiic ddi voi ngudi thg san trong hanh trinh thue hien muc dich di san ciia minh.
Cau chuygn ay dupc kg bang ngdn ngii phong phii, cho thi udt at, dam chat trii tinh, eho lai tho sa, moc mac, mdt sd cho con tuc tin nhung tit ca dgu la ngdn ngii va cam nhan cua nhan vat chii khong ed sir thg hiSn tinh cam chil quan eiia tac gia. Do do, gigng dieu eiia nhan vat van dugc thg hien mdt each rd rang va la mpt yeu to xay dung ngn dae digm hmh tugng. 0 day, c6 thg thay ong Digu CO su thay doi trong gigng dieu mgt each lmh hoat, liic thi gay git, hic giSn, liic lai so hai, liie ma h6, liic day hr hao. Trong tac phim, hinh tugng cung la mgt yeu td rit quan trgng ma chimg ta khdng thg bo qua h-ong boat dgng dgc higu.
Cae hinh hrgng ma ehiing ta cin quan tam trong tae pham "Mudi cua rimg" chinh la ngudi tiio san (6ng Digu), khi due, khi cai, khi con, khiu siing,' hdm chgt, hoa tii huygn... Moi hinh tupng dgu mang ttong no nhung ham nghTa ngng de trd thanh bigu tuang nhung theo nguygn li "Tang bang troi" thi digu nay it hay nhigu con phu thupe va su kham pha cua ddc gia Dg ed thi phan tich sau sac ban ve mdi hinh tuang va su ddi thoai giira chimg, ta can phai xem xet mdi hinh tuong trong hiong quan voi cac hmh tugng khae. Mot thg g i ^ ngim eua tae pham nam ngay dudi nhiing ddi thoai eiua cac hinh hrgng. C6 thg not, tinh ddi thoai U mdt' digm miu chdt de ta kham pha the gidi ngam iv "U„X; • • »
, ,.x , j~-.i, • L^ i ,. •'• ^^01 cua rung eo nhieu cuoc doi thoai, chu yeu la e tta nnr, r.-^ , -
^',„u ^ux ,,u: „:.-.„ A_'„ T^:i./,..c. ...^ 7 .°"g ^ l e u v a gia dinh nha khi, giira dng Digu vdi chinh one
1 giiia d n g
v&i thien nhign xung quanh. Thuc chat, nhirng cugc giao tigp nay kha dac biet, nd khdng dan thuan la doi thoai bing ldi ma c6 liic bing anh mat, bang ldi doe thoai, bang nhiing ddng tlnh hcac rd rang hoae mo hd cua trang thai. Hon nfta, chiing dac biet bdi chiing ed su dan xen nhap nhing vdi nhau khien ngudi dgc ddi chd kho cd thg phan biet rach rdi. Nhiing ddi thoai ay lign tuc xuat hien trong mdi tinh hudng: dng Dieu nhin thay con mdi minh mong ude, eon khi con cuop siing cua dng va roi xu6ng "Hom chgt", con khi due cau xin dng Digu ciiu minh. Vay can higu the nao vg tac pham? Tac gia mudn noi voi dgc gia digu gi qua tac pham? Nguai dgc phai tu suy ngim va tim ra cau tra ldi cung nhu dua ra phan bien Clia chmh minh ve vin dg ma tac gia dang ggi md. Cd thg thiy, cac eupc ddi thoai cir lien tigp dign ra (dupc xd ra) tir diu truyen dgn cudi truyen.
2.2. Ban chat cua hoat ffong dpc hieu van ban vdn hqc Trong boat ddng dgc hieu van ban van hgc, GV va HS cin phai chii y den li thuygt tigp nhan hien dai bdi nd giii mpt vai trd quan trgng, mang tinh dinh hudng ve each thiic va ndi dung can dgc. Neu nhu trude day, nhigu nha nghign euu van hge cho rang, y nghTa va gia tri eiia mdi tac pham nam ngay trong ehinh nd. Nha van la ngudi phat ngdn ra nhiing trigt li, chii dpng phoi bay trudc mat doc gia cua minh nhiing thdng diep cugc song dg ngudi doc tigp nhan va lam theo mgt each thu ddng,.. .thi gid day quan niem do da gan nhu khdng con diing niia, nhat la doi vdi ngn van hgc hau hien dai. Theo nha nghien ciru van hpc Tran Dinh Sir, "Nhigu nha li luan tiep nhan hien dai cho rang, y nghTa khdng nam trong van ban tac pham ma nam trong tam ddn nhan cua ngudi dpc, trong cai khung y nghia ma ngudi dgc dem ldng vao tac pham"
[3]. Day chinh la digm mdi trong quan niem hien dai vg tiep nhan van hgc - mgt dang thtic dac biet ciia dgc hieu van ban. Tir do, li thuygt tigp nhan hien dai dg cao ea tinh sang tao cita ngudi dpc, eoi ngudi dgc chinh la "ddng tac gia" cita mdi tae pham nghe thuat.Tuy nhign, dii li thuygt tiep nhan cd md rpng canh ciia cho su tu duy va giai phong sir sang tao cho ngudi dpe thi nd van giir vai trd quan trgng trong hoat ddng tiep nhan van hgc. Khi dgc hieu mpt van ban, ngudi dgc van can phai dua vao dac tnmg thg loai ciia van ban ay dg tranh di lech pha va bd sot nhihig ygu td quan trpng ma nha van da dua vao tac pham. Bgn canh dd, viec khuygn khich ngudi dpc cimg trd thanh ddng tac gia eho mdi tac pham ciing ddi hdi d chinh hg su can trgng va trach nhiem cao de khdng pham phai nhiing sai sdt vg mat thuang thirc nghe thuat, khdng VI pham phap luat ciia Nha nudc hay nhung quy chuan dao dtic chung cua xa hgi.
2.3. Day hoc doc hieu "Muoi cua rifng" (Nguyin Huy Thiep) theo nguyen li "Tang bdng troi"
Nguygn Huy Thiep xuat hien kha mudn trgn van dan vdi mpt vai huyen ngin dang trgn Bao Van nghe nam 1986.
Ngoai "Mudi cua rimg", dng ed nhigu tac phim ndi tigng nhu: "Tudng ve huu" (1987), "Nhung ngpn gi6 Hua Tat"
(1989), "Con gai thuy thin" (1993),^... Sd ttudng ciia nha van la viet truyen ngan vdi mang de tai da dang gdm iich su va van hoc. Cae sang tac ciia dng thudng mang hoi hudng huygn thoai va cd tich nhung lai phan anh nhiing vin dg mang tinh thdi su. Qua do, nha van thg hien cai nhin mdi mg va tao bao, khdng chi ve ndi dung ma ea hinh thiic cua tac pham van hpc. Tac pham "Mudi eiia rimg"
kg vg hanh trinh vao rimg di san ciia dng Digu trong mpt ngay dau xuan. Trong cupc di san do, dng Dieu chuin bi day du thirc an, siing va mdt tam the hiing khdi. Tuy nhien, du ha guc duge eon mdi, nhung ngudi tho san nay da gap phai nhieu bat trac khien tam tri dng ban loan. Con khi eai dudng nhu co gang eiiu khi due khdi tay dng khign dng cam thay nhue nha va tiic gian. Con khi con cudp khiu Sling va roi xudng Hdm Chgt lam dng hoang hot, rdi mii Id khien dng lo sp. Khi due nhin dng vdt anh mit ciu xm su giiip da va tha mang khien dng day dut va quyet dinh ciiu no. Cudi cimg, dng Dieu ttd vg ttan trui, khdng manh vai che than, titire an bi moi dim, khau siing ciing mat. Truyen tudng chimg chi bao gdm nhirng su viec don gian nhu vay nhung thuc chat nd lai thupe vg mpt qua trinh dign bign tam li hgt sire phiic tap. Su thg hien cua nguygn li "Tang bang ttdi" nam d dd. Day eiing chinh la thach thiic ldn cho nhiing ngudi tigp nhan khi kham pha nhiing y nghla cua tae pham.
Van dimg nguygn li "Tang bang ttoi" ttong day hpe dpc higu truyen "Mudi ciia rimg" (Nguygn Huy Thiep) la cd ca sd. Day la van ban dugc goi y lira chpn de day dpc higu eho HS cap THPT theo Chuong trinli Giao due phd thdng mon Ngii van (2018). Chuang trinh khong ghi cu thg van ban nay se dugc day eho HS ldp nao d cap THPT ma dg md eho GV lira chgn, nhung ra soat muc
"Kign thiic van hpc" trong ehuang trinh (hi trang 67-70), chung tdi nhan thay van ban nay cd thg day eho HS ldp 11 vi nd dap irng dupe cac yeu cau vg the loai, dae digm hmh thiie va npi dung cua van ban truyen ma HS ldp 11 can dgc hieu dugc.
Viec van dung nguygn H "Tang bang trdi" trong day hpe dgc higu tniyen "Mudi ciia rimg" (Nguyin Huy Thiep) dugc thuc hien trgn nhigu bude td vi?c tim hieu ndi dung day hpe ciia GV den viec dgc hieu ctia HS.
Ngudi day ein hudng dan HS tien hanh dgc higu van ban hi nhiing ndi dung hign hien tudng mmh trong tac phim dg dat ra va ii giai nhimg cau hoi ggi md. Tir do, nhiing y nghTa ham in cua tac pham dan dugc khai thae.
GV ed thg thg hien nguygn li thong qua viec md hinh boa tang bang ttdi, thg hien ndi dung kign thiic eiia bai hpe trgn md hinli dd, Ddng thdi, GV hudng din HS van dung nguyen li nay dg tien hanh dpc higu nhu'ng van ban khae phii hgp, hay lien he va giai quygt nhimg nhiem vu hgc tap khae mang tinh tich hpp Dudi day la nhimg hudtig dan day hpc dpc hieu truyen
Huy Thiep) theo nguygn li "'
a MIIC tieu dgy hgc
* Phdt tnen ndng luc GiiipHS:
Vi ndi dung: Phan tich dupe cac ehi tigt tieu bieu, dg tai, cau ehuyen, su kien, nhan vat va mdi quan he cita chiing ttong tinh chinh thg ciia tac phim; Nhan xet dupc nhirng chi tigt quan trgng ttong viee the hien npi dung van ban; Phan tieh va danh gia duge chit dg, tu tudng, thong diep ma van ban mudn giri dgn ngudi dgc thdng qua hinh thiic nghe thuat eua van ban; Phan tieh va danh gia dupe tinh cam, cam xitc, cam himg chit dao cua ngudi viet thg hien qua van ban; Phat bien dupe cac gia tri van hoa, trigt li nhan sinh tir van ban.
Ve hinh thuc: Phan tich dugc tinh da nghia cua ngdn tli ttong tac pham van hpc; Nhan biet va phan tich dugc mdt sd yeu td ciia truyen nhu: khdng gian, thdi gian, cau chuygn, nhan vat, ngudi ke chuyen, sir thay ddi digm nhin, su ndi kgt giua ldi ngudi kg chuyen, ldi nhan vat,...
- Lien h?, so sanh, kgt ndi: Van dung dugc kinh nghiem dpe, ttai nghiem vg cude sdng dg nhan xet, danh gia van ban van hpe; Phan tieh duge y nghTa hay tac ddng ciia van ban van hgc trong viec lam thay ddi suy nghT, tinh cam, each nhin va each thudng thiic, danh gia cua ca nhan ddi vdi van hpc va cude sdng.
* Bdi dudng phdm chdt: Gdp phSn bdi dudng cho HS nhiing pham chit sau: Yeu thuang, tdn ttgng va sdng ttach nhiem vdi thien nhien, y thiic cao vg viee can phai song y nghTa va tir te, tdn ttgng va lan toa nhiing gia tri tot dep ciia tae pham ciing nhu sir cdng hien cua tac gia.
b. Quy trinh dgy hoc
Dg dam bao su logic va hieu qua ciia bai hgc, GV can thiet ke giao an va tign hanh bai day theo mdt quy trinh nhat dinh. Theo chimg toi, GV ngn to chire cho HS dgc hieu theo cae giai doan: trude, ttong va sau kht dgc. Theo do, mdi giai doan, GV can dua ra nhiing nhiem vu hpc tap khae nhau phii hgp vdi muc tigu day hgc ciing nhu dac digm eiia ddi tupng HS. D6ng thdi, quy trinh day hoc nay ciing can bam sat nguygn li "Tang bang trdi" sao eho nguygn li nay dupc the hien mpt each ro rang va dl higu nhat,
* Trudc khi dgc:
- Tao tam thg dpe: Trudc khi day dgc bat ki mpt van ban van hgc nao, viec tao tam the dpc cho HS la budc vd cimg quan ttpng, gdp phan ldn vao thanh cdng cua gid hge. Cd rat nhigu each khae nhau de tao tam the tich cue cho ngudi hge khi bat dau vao bat nhu: dat cau hdi goi md, choi tto choi, hat bai hat, xem video, quan sat hinh anh,... nliung tat ca dgu phai lign quan den ngi dung ehinh ciia bai hpe va dupe diln ra ttong khoang thdi gian hgp U. Ci bai day hpe dpc higu "Mudi ciia rimg" (Nguyen Huy Thiep), GV co thg tao tam the dpc eho HS bang each dua ra nhirng hinh anh vg nhiing vin dg tigu cue dang diln ra trong cude sdng nhu d nhigm mdi trudng, thign tai, bign ddi khi hau, ... de cae em quan sat, suy ngim.
Sau dd, GV dua ra cac cau hdi nhim muc dich dieu tta
34 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
van dg.
GV cd the dua ra cac eau hdi"nhu: Theo e^c em, tinh ttang thien tai, o nhilm mdi tnrdng, bign doi khi hau, dich benh cd dig do nhirng nguygn nhan ^^°'^^^^^J^^^, ed die lam gi dg giam thigu nhimg van nan nay. Sau m HS dua ra cau tt-a ldi, giao vign cd the nh§n xet va dan dat vao bai hoc.
- Ygu ciu neu du doan va cam nhan ban dau ve van ban: GV ed thg dat ra nhfeig cau hdi hoae ygu eau de HS chia se mgt each thoai mai vl cam nhan va du doan ciia minh vdi van ban ma mmh se hge. Day la budc de HS co thg "tha Idng eo thg", din tigp can van ban, vira la co hdi dg GV cd thg nim bit dupc nhan thiic va mong muon ciia HS ddi vdi bai hpe nay.
* Trong khi dgc: Dgc la mdt boat dgng khdng thg bo qua trong mdt gid day dpc hilu van ban. Hoat ddng dpc CO thg dupe td ehiie dudi nhigu each thiic khae nhau nhung phai dam bao phit hgp vdi npi dung, dung lugng va hinh thtic eiia van ban. Vdi mdt van ban van xudi kha dai nhu "Mudi ciia rimg" thi GV ngn phan cho moi HS lan lupt dpc tiing phan mdt. Tir viee dgc van ban ciing nhu tmi higu trudc d nha, HS cd thg tign hanh den nhirng budc sau:
- Xae dinh ngdi kg, digm nhin, gigng kg, su viee chinh, cdt truyen, nhan vdt: Dg tign hanh boat ddng nay, GV c6 thg trign khai thanh cac cau hdi eu thg hoae thigt ke thanh nhiing nhiem vg hgc tap theo nhdm/ca nhan dl HS giai quyet. Viec xae dinh ngdi kg, diem nhin, gigng dieu giiip HS cd CO sd dg tim hilu duge y do cua tac gia khi sang tac; viec tim hiSu su viec, cdt truyen, nhan vat cung cap cho HS ndi dung ehinh eiia van ban ciing nhu de tai, ehu dg chinh ma van ban hudng tdi. Nhirng ygu td nay ciing chinh la phin ndi cua tang bang trdi, thao tac nay cung cap cho ngudi hgc edng cu de tigp tue dao sau tim higu nhiing phan chim ciia no ttong thdi gian tilp theo cua tiet hgc.
- Xae dinh iihirng hinh tugng ehinh va cae tinh hudng truyen tieu bilu: D I hudng din HS xae dinh hinh tugng va tinh hudng truyen, GV cd thg dua ra cac eau hdi nhu sau: Co nhung sir vat, con vat, con ngudi nao xuit hjen nhigu lan va mang y nghTa quan trpng trong van ban?
Theo em dau la nhan vat trung tam? Vi sao? Nhiing su vat, eon vat, con ngudi nao xuit hign nhilu lin va mang y nghTa quan trpng gpi ehung la hinh tuong trong van ban Theo em nhimg hinh tupng iy mang y nghia gi (dai dien eho digu gi ttong van canh eua van ban)'' Cd nhung hoan canh nao cd van dg ma bit budc nhan vat phai dua ra su lua chpn? Hay danh gia vg muc dd kich tinh hay tmh thach thuc cua nhirng tinh hudng iy. Trgn day dlu la nhimg eau hdi dan dat ngudi dgc tim dgn nhirng hinh tugng trung tam nhimg rinh hudng truyen quan ttong, do la mau chot de HS co the kham pha nhung ting sau V nghta cua tac pham. ^ s •> J - Giai quygt he thdng cau hdi ggi md xung quanh cae hinh tuong va tmh hudng tt^ygu: Dg cd thg S t S e dugc tinh hudng ttuyen, GV cin hudng din HS dsf ra
nhiing cSu hdi xoay quanh viec li giai su lira chgn eua nhan vat, nhung d6i thoai giiia cac hinh hrong danh cho nhau trong nhung tinh hudng dd. Day chinh la nhiing cau hoi gpi md de HS phat hien va khai thae sau hon phan ham in ciia tac phim. Nhiing cau hdi ay cd thg xoay quanh cac dang nhu sau: Trong tinh hudng ay, nhan vat da CO phan iing nhu the nao? Phan img ay c6 gi dac biet?
Tai sao nhan vat lai cd phan iing nhu thg? Em danh gia nhu thg nao ve phan ting cita nhan vat? Nhiing y nghTa ham an nao ma em ed the nhan thay thdng qua ddi thoai giiia cac hinh tuong?...
- Xay dung md hinh "Tang bang ttdi" tdng hgp nhiing van de can giai quygt ttong tae pham: Md hinh tang bang troi la su thg hien nguygn li "Tang bang trdi" bang each cu the hda thanh hinh hga. Dd thudng la md hinh don gian phac hga lai hinh anh cua mpt tang bang ttdi ttgn biln, ed it phan ndi ttgn bg mat va nhilu phin chim sau dudi long bien. Tuy nhign, cd nhigu canh md phdng khae nhau, mign la thg hien dugc phan ndi va phan chim ciia doi tugng. Sau day la md hinh ma chiing tdi xay dung dg hoc sinh cd thg cd dugc cai nhin tdng quat vg npi dung bai hpe: eung nhu xau chuoi cac ygu td quan ttpng can quan tam:
* Sau khi dgc: 0 thdi digm nay, HS da higu dugc nhiing van de trong van ban, cd dugc bai hgc va quan
diem rigng cho minh ve vin dl do. Vi vay, GV cin giao cho HS hai yeu cau ehinh sau:
- Tdng ket bdi hgc: Day la thao tae ma HS cin thau tdm toan bd npi dung bai hpc dudi mdt hinh thirc ngin gpn va cd dpng nhat cho rigng minh, bao gdm: gia tri npi dung, gia tti nghe thuat, kT nang va kinh nghiem dgc higu. Thao tac nay cd the dupe thuc hien bing each GV ygu cau HS so hd hda kiln thiic dupe hgc mot each ngin ggn va day du.
- Van dung nhirng tri thirc dd dgc dugc vdo gidi quyit nhirng nhiim vu trong hgc tap vd ddi sdng thuc tiin khde: Thao tac nay thudng khdng dupe chii trgng trong cae bai hpe ve dgc higu van ban d trudng phd thdng hien nay. Tuy nhign, day la mot thao tac hit sire quan trgng dl ngudi hpe eo the chuyin hda nhung kiln thire tir bai hoc thanh kien thire eiia ngng minh, van dung nd dg giai quygt cac van dg mang tinh ndi mdn hoae lign mdn. GV cd the ygu eau HS thue hien thao tac nay hien thdng qua mpt so nhiem vu nhu: Vigt bai/doan van nghi luan vg van dg con ngudi va ty nhien, moi trudng, dua ra eae giai phap ii thit, dg thue hign de gdp phan eai tao mdi trudng tu nhign, ddng vai trong mpt vd kieh de giai quygt mpt van de thyc Hen nao do Hgn quan din ngi dune bai hoc ..
- Cot truyen: Hanh trinh di san cita ong Dieu - Khong gian, thdi gian tmyen: Mua xuan d trong rirng, ke theo trinh ty thdi gian tuyen tinh
- Ngon ng& ke: Da dang, chii ygu mang tinh mgc mac, bpn be hoi thd cuoc song va the hien tinh doi thoai cao - Gipng dieu kS: Thay d6i linh hoat, liic chua chat, dau dan, hic vui ve, Iuc lai sg hai,..
- Hinh tirong: ong Dieu (thg san), gia dinh khi, khau siing, thien nhien, hoa tii huyen
-Tinh huong truyen:
(1) Ong Dieu nhin thay con moi (2) Con khi cai ciru khi due tnrdc mat ong Dieu (3) Con khi con cudp siing ciia ong va rm xuong "Hom chet"
(4) Con khi dye cau xin dng Dieu cuu minh.
Tmh huong 1 - Ong Dieu da CO nhung suy nghT gi? Tai sao ong Dieu lai co nhimg suy nghi do?
- Ong Dilu da quylt dinh nhu the nao vol con moi?
Tinh huong 2 - Khi chimg kien khi cai ciiu idii due, ong Dieu CO tam trang va suy nghT ra sao?
- Bieu do chimg to ong Dieu la ngudi nhu the nao?
- Trong tinh thi dd, ong Dieu co con giii vai tro chu dpng hay
Tinh huong 3 - Ong Dieu da co hanh dpng nhu the nao khi con khi con cudp mat sung?
- Diing tnrdc hom chet va sy ra di cita con khi con ciing khau siing, ong Dieu da nghi den nhiing dieu gi? Tam trang cita ong ra sao?
Tinh huong 4
- Dieu gi lam ong Dieu gian doan viec quyet dinh mang con khi dye da san dugc trd ve?
- Ong Dieu da c6 suy nghT va hanh dpng nhu the nao doi vdi khi dye? Hay nhan xet ve nhiing hanh dpng do.
- Em danh gia nhir the nao ve quyet dmh cuoi ciing ciia ngudi tho san?
Hinh anh hoa Tii Huyen no d cuoi tmyen mang y tighia gi?
- Bay khi phan ling ra sao voi iianh dgng cita ong?
khong? Co nhiing dieu gi da chi phoi suy nghi va hanh dgng ciia ong?
- Hay danh gia ve vi th6 ciia ong Dieu luc nay so vdi thign nhien xung quanh.
- Theo em, ong Dieu mat gi va duac gi trong cupc dl san nay? Tir nhimg phan dch do, hay nit ra nhimg thong diep ma em kham pha dugc.
^ ^
- Quan he giiia con ngudi va thien nhien
- Hanh trinh di tim y nghTa thyc sy trong cugc s6ng ciia con ngudi
j y doi lap giiia mong udc phat triln trong thdi dai cong nghiep vdi sy an toan ciia thien nhien vac
3. Ket luan
Van dung nguyen H "Tang bang ttdi" trong day dpc higu tac pham "Mudi ciia rimg" eua Nguygn Huy Thiep cho HS ldp 11 theo hudng tren da dua den mgt each nhin nhan, tu duy mdi vg boat ddng day hpc dpe higu van ban, nhat la nhiing tac pham van hpc hau hien dai ttong nha trudng phd thdng, giiip cho boat ddng nay vira dap irag ban chat eua day hpe dpc higu, ddng thdi linh hoat va cdi md hon. Tuy nhign, khi van dung each lam nay, GV can chit y tinh phii hgp cua nguyen H ddi vdi van ban dang tien hanh dpc hieu, cbii y dgn nang luc va hiing thii
eua HS trong qua trinh van dung d l ed nhiing yeu cau va dilu chinh hpp U, van dung nhung khdng l^m diing, khong biln nd thanh quy ttmh dpc hieu cdng "hac tam han chl kha nang sang tao cua HS. Quan t^P^f ™ f GV ein tao ra duoc nhimg hoat ddng giup HS y hen he, kit ndi cac ndi dung d l hilu bai mgt each logic, tao cho minh mdt tam till hoe tich cue, thoai mai khi dpc hieu van ban. GV ed thi van dung each lam nay vai nhung tac phim hau hien dai khae ed ttong chuang ttmh^Ngii vSn mdi, giup viec day hpc doe hilu cac van ban nay ttd ngn cd hieu qua ban. ^ Tiii lifu tham khao
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[2] Huy Thong, (19/7/2018), Nhd vdn Nguyin Huy Thiep: Toi chi la ngudi "dpc hdnh ki dgo", Trang Thethaovanhoa.
vn, Ngudn: https://thethaovaiihoa.vn/van-hoa/nha- van-nguyen-huy-thiep-toi-chi-la-nguoi-doc-hanh-ky- dao-n20180719064255317.htm
[3] Trin Dinh Su, (2012), Li thuyit tiip nhdn vdphe binh vdn hpc, trang Phe binh van hoc,
Nguin: https://phebinhvanhoc.com.vn/ly-thuyet-Uep-nh an-va-phe-binh-van-hoc/.
[4] Bo Giao due va Dao tao, (2018), Chucmg trinh Gido dvc pho thong - Chucmg Irinh tong the.
[5] Bo Giao due va Dao tao, (2018), Chuong trinh Gao due pho thong mon Ngi} vdn.
[6] Bt Ngoc Th6ng (T6ng chu bien) - Bui Minh Diic (chii biSn) - D§ Thu Ha - Pham Thi Thu Hiln - Le Thi Minh
Nguyft, (2018), Dgy hpc phdt trien ndng luc mon Ngir vdn Trung hpc ph6 thong, NXB Dai hoc Su pham. Ha Noi.
[7] Ha Minh Diic (Chu bien) - D6 Van Khang - Pham Quang Long - Pham Thanh Hung - Nguyen Van Nam - Doan Due Phuang - Trin Khanh Thanh - Li Hoai Thu, (2003), Li ludn vdn hpc, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi.
[8] Nguyin Thi Binh, (2015), Vdn xuoi Viet Nam sau 1975, NXB Dai hoc Su pham. Ha Noi.
[9] Nguyin Vilt Chii, (2013), Phucmg phdp dgy hpc ldc phdm vdn chuong (Theo the logi), NXB Dai hoc Su pham, HaNoi.
[10] Trin Thi Ha, (2017), Van dyng chien thudt "cuoc giao tiep vdn hpc " vdo dgy hoc dpc hieu truyen ngdn VietNam giai dogn 1945 -1975 a Trung hpc phi thong, Luan \5a Thae sT khoa hoc Giao due, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hit Noi 2.
APPLYING THE ICEBERG PRINCIPLE IN TEACHING READING
COMPREHENSION OF "SALT OF THE FOREST" BY NGUYEN HUY THIEP FOR 11™ GRADE STUDENTS
Pham Thi Thu H i e n \ Hoang Thi Thuy Duong^
1 Email: hienpham170980@gmail,com
= Email' iioangthuyduoiig28 04@gmail com VNU University ot Education, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 182 tuong Ttie Vmh. Ttianti Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
hUTRPiCl: A work of art as an "iceberg" IS a writing principle proposed by the writer Ernest Hemingway (USA). According to this principle, different meaning layers of literary works will be drawn by readers depending on their experience and inspiration from images. This style of writing, therefore, emphasizes the creativity of the readers when reading the works. The paper proposes how to apply the iceberg principle in teaching reading comprehension of "Salt of the Forest" by Nguyen Huy Thiep for IV grade students under the new Philology Curriculum (2018) to see the different meaning layers of the work thereby contributing to the development of linguistic and literary competencies
especially creative reading skills for students. '
KEYWORDS: Iceberg; reading comprehension; creative reading; "SaH of Ihe Forest"-
Nguyen Huy Thiep. ' '
^fi TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
