Nghien CUTU •Khoa hoc Gido due
T I M H I E U T l / T l f f l N G G I A O D U C H O C H I M I N H C A U T R U C V A Q U Y L U A T
• GS.TSKH. THAI DUY TUYEN - TS. PHAN MINH TIEN
T
rong ddi hoat dpng cua minh Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da nhieu Ian de cap tdi cac van de giao due qua thutd, bai bao, cac bai phat bieu... Nhan - dan Viet Nam xem day la nhdng di san quy gia va hien chung dddc Idu gid trong nhieu tai lieu khac nhau, nhung trong "Ho Chi Minh toan tap" la day du, co he thong va dp tin cay cao nhat.Tuy nhien, trong cac tai lieu tren, nhdng tu tudng giao due cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh thddng dan xen vdi cac van de chinh tri - xa hpi khac va dddc sap xep theo trinh td thdi gian, dung nhd nd da dien ra trong thdc te. Be cd the gidi thieu td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh nhd mot chuyen nganh khoa hpc cd he thdng, can cd sd gia cong cua nhieu nha khoa hpc, va can tiep can chung theo quan diem he thdng cau true.
I. Cau true td tddng giao due Ho Chi Minh
Td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh la mot he thdng cac quan diem, chu trddng khac nhau cd tac dung chi dao viec nghien cdu If luan va cai tao thdc tien giao due dat nddc.
Nhdng td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh rat ddn gian, de hieu, gan vdi cupc song ddi thddng nhdng lai rat sue tich, phong phu, nhat quan, cd mot y nghTa sau xa va bao gdm nhieu van de rpng Idn. Nd khong chi bd hep trong giao due nha trddng, ma hddng tdi giao due toan dan, lam cho toan xa hpi deu tham gia cong tac giao due va mpi thanh vien xa hpi deu dddc giao due va td giao due, ren luyen minh de cd the "d ddi" va
"lam ngddi", trd thanh nhdng cong dan tot, can bp tot, chien sT tot.
Theo cac tai lieu hien cd, trong cupc ddi hoat dpng each mang cua minh, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da hdn 140 Ian ndi va viet ve cac van de giao duo
Vi giao due cd anh hddng trdc tiep den con ngddi, nhan to quyet dinh mpi thang Idi cua each mang va viec xay ddng dat nddc, cho nen Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da danh cho ITnh vdc nay sd quan tarn dac biet. Ngddi da gpi sd dot nat la
"giac" vi nd can trd viec xay ddng va bao ve td
qudc, pha hoai hanh phuc cua ngddi dan.
Cd the chia nhdng van de giao due ma Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da de cap lam 12 loai nhd sau:
1. Vi tri, vai trd ciia giao due
Van de dau tien can ndi den la quan diem cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve vi tri va vai tro cua giao due ddi vdi viec hinh thanh va phat then nhan each, ddi vdi sd nghiep xay ddng va bao ve vdi dat nddc. Dieu nay phai cd nhan thdc dung mdi hanh dpng dung, vi de lam each mang thanh cong va xay ddng dat nddc thang Idi phai quan tarn tdi nhieu mat, nhieu ITnh vdc: kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hpi... Can phai xac dinh ro giao due nam d vi tri nao trong he thdng cau true xa hpi va cd vai tro gi trong viec xay ddng va phat then xa hpi? Dac biet mdi quan he gida kinh te va giao due la van de da gay tranh cai trong mot thdi gian dai.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da 13 Ian phat bieu ve van de vi tri va vai tro cCia giao due trong nhdng nam 1942, 1945 (2 Ian), 1947, 1955, 1956 (3 Ian), 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1969,
2. Tinh chat cua nen giao due
Mot van de quan trong khac la nhdng quan diem cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve tinh chat cua nen giao due.
Giao due Viet Nam phuc vu ai? Phuc vu quan chung nhan dan hay chi mot nhdm ngddi nao dd?
Giao due chap nhan the gidi quan nao?
Giao due giai quyet mdi quan he gida dan tpc va qudc te, gida truyen thdng va hien dai nhd the nao?...
Nhdng quan diem nay rat quan trong vi nd chi dao viec td chdc he thdng giao due qudc dan va viec xac dinh muc dich, npi dung, phddng phap... giao due va day hpc.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 9 Ian ve nhCrng van de nay vao nhdng nam 1921, 1941 (2 Ian), 1945, 1946 (3 Ian), 1950, 1951,
3. Muc dich he thdng
Trong giao due ngddi ta thddng de cap tdi 2 loai muc dich: muc dich he thdng va muc dich
Khoa hoc Gido due nhan each.
Muc dich he thdng la du1 kien ve ket qua ma he thdng giao due qudc dan dat dddc sau mot thdi gian phan dau nhat dinh. Thi du, van de nang cao dan tri, dao tao nguon nhan Idc, bdi dddng nhan tai; van de cd cau he thdng giao due qudc dan; van de mang Iddi va quy md giao due...
Muc dich he thdng se giup cho viec chi dao he thdng giao due qudc dan hoat dpng cd hieu qua, gdp phan lam cho nd phat trien on dinh va can ddi.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 3 Ian ve muc dich he thdng giao due vao nhdng nam 1955 (2 Ian), 1956.
4. Nguyen li giao due
Be chi dao nen giao due qudc dan phat then cd chat Iddng va hieu qua cao, can tuan thu nghiem ngat mot so nguyen tac cd ban va chung nhat ma ta gpi la nguyen li giao due.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 22 Ian ve nguyen li giao due vao nhdng nam 1947 (2 Ian), 1950 (2 Ian), 1951, 1954, 1955 (4 Ian), 1956, 1957 (3 Ian), 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1969 (2 Ian).
5. Muc dich nhan each
Hoat dpng giao due la nham de dao tao, phat then nhan each con ngddi. Muc dich giao due la md hinh nhan each ma cac nha giao due hddng tdi, nd chi dao toan bp qua trinh giao due.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 5 Ian ve muc dich nhan each vao cac nam 1955, 1956,
1959,1964, 1969.
6. Ddng co hoc tap
Hpc de lam gi? Bd la cau hdi dat ra cho mpi ngddi di hpc.
- Hpc de biet dpc, biet viet, biet tinh toan...
- "Hpc dam ba chd de lam ngddi".
- "Hpc de no cdm am cat", "de vinh than phi
9 i a
" '
- "Hpc de phuc vu nhan dan, td qudc va nhan loai".
Day la vain de rat quan trong, la cai triet li cua sd hpc, nd chi dao dpng cd, y thdc hpc tap va hanh vi cua cac em.
Trong truyen thdng Viet Nam, van de nay ddpc dat ra td rat sdm. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh rat quan tarn tdi dieu nay va da 8 Ian phat bieu ve nd vao nhdng nam 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954,
1955 (2 Ian), 1959, 1961.
7. Noi dung giao due - day hoc
Day cai gi, giao due cai gi cho hpc sinh? Do la mot trong nhdng yeu to chinh quyet dinh chat Iddng giao due, day hpc.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 16 Ian ve npi dung giao due trong nhdng nam 1947 (2 Ian), 1948 (2 Ian), 1955 (3 Ian), 1956, 1959 (2 Ian), 1960, 1961 (2 Ian), 1963 (2 Ian), 1964.
8. Phuong phap giao due - day hoc Phddng phap giao due - day hpc tra Idi cau hdi day hpc, giao due nhd the nao? Khi muc dich va npi dung da dddc xac dinh thi phddng phap la hoat dpng sang tao thddng xuyen cua ngddi thay va cd anh hddng rat Idn tdi chat Iddng day hpc - giao duo
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 23 Ian ve phddng phap day hpc, giao due vao nhdng nam 1942, 1947 (3 Ian), 1948, 1949, 1950 (4 Ian), 1955, 1956 (3lan), 1957, 1959 (3 Ian), 1961, 1963, 1963 (2 Ian), 1968.
9. Hinh thue to chut day hoc
Day hpc theo hinh thdc nao? Len Idp hay td hpc, nghe giang hay thao luan, trong trddng hay ngoai trddng...? Dd la nhdng van de cd anh hddng tdi chat Iddng giao due - day hpc.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 4 Ian ve hinh thdc td chdc day hpc, giao due vao nhdng nam 1945, 1947, 1950, 1969.
10. Dpi ngu giao vien
Ngddi thay giao quyet dinh chat Iddng giao due, tham chi khong cd thay thi khong cd Idp, khong cd giao due.
Vi tarn quan trong cua ngddi thay giao trong cdng tac giao due, Chu tich da phat bieu 26 Ian ve van de nay vao nhdng nam 1946, 1947,
1950, 1951, 1952, 1955 (5 Ian), 1956 (6 Ian), 1958 (2 Ian), 1959 (3 Ian), 1963, 1964 (3 Ian), 1968.
11. Tap the hot sinh
De cong tac giao due cd ket qua, hoat dpng cua tap the hpc sinh cd y nghTa rat quan trong.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da phat bieu 8 Ian ve van de nay vao nhdng nam 1946 (2 Ian), 1947,
1954, 1955, 1956, 1963, 1964.
12. Quan li giao due
Giao due la mot he thdng xa hpi rpng Idn, cd lien quan den nhieu ITnh vdc, den mpi gia dinh, cd anh hddng quyet dinh den tddng lai cua mot nddc, sdc manh cua mot dan tpc. Viec giao due con ngddi lai thddng dien ra trong mot thdi gian dai. VI vay, cong tac quan li giao due co y nghTa rat quan trong.
2 KHGD sd 56, thdng 5 - 2010
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da phat bieu 6 Ian ve van de nay vao nhung nam 1947 (2 Ian), 1950, 1956 (2 Ian), 1962.
Tom lai, td tddng giao due Ho Chi Minh dddc xem nhd mot he thdng gdm 12 yeu td tddng dng vdi 12 pham tru trong giao due cd lien he mat thiet vdi nhau, nham chi dao viec nghien cdu li luan va cai tao thdc tiin giao due Viet Nam.
12 yeu to tren cd the chia thanh 3 nhdm:
- Nhdng van de vl md: Dd la nhdng quan diem, nhdng van de If luan chung, lien quan den viec dieu khien toan bp he thdng giao due qudc dan va xac dinh mdi quan he gida he thdng giao due qudc dan va cac td chdc xa hpi khac, nhd:
+ Vi tri, vai tro cua giao due;
+ Tinh chat giao due;
+ Muc dich he thdng giao due;
+ Nguyen li, nguyen tac giao due;
+ Quan Ii giao due...
- Nhdng van de vi mo: Do la nhdng quan diem, nhdng van de li luan lien quan den viec hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each, chi dao tddng tac thay - tro trong qua trinh giao due, nhd:
+ Muc dich nhan each;
hpc Gido due + Dpng cd hpc tap;
+ Npi dung giao due - day hpc;
+ Phddng phap giao due - day hpc;
+ Hinh thdc td chdc giao due - day hpc...
- Nhdng van de lien quan den dieu kien va moi trddng giao due: dd la nhdng van de nhd:
+ Dpi ngu giao vien;
+ Tap the hpc sinh, gia dinh va xa hpi...
II. Ban do nghien cdu su* phat trien td tddng giao due Ho Chi Minh.
Viec trinh bay mot each gian Idpc tren day da cho thay td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh da de cap tdi nhdng van de rat rpng Idn. Oe cd the hinh dung dddc mot bde tranh toan canh ve sd phat then td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh, nham d i dang nhan thdc va van dung chung, cd the cu the hoa chung dddi mot dang trdc quan nhd mot ban dd.
Tren true tung cua ban do la cac pham tru, cac yeu to thupc he thdng td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh. Tren true hoanh bieu dien thdi gian ma ChCi tich Hd Chi Minh phat bieu ve cac van de giao due va hien con Idu gid dddc td nam 1920 den nam 1969, khi Ngddi qua ddi.
Ban do nghien cuu su phat then twtwdng giao due Ho Chi Minh
I. VI Irf, vai tro II. Tfnh chat
III Muc dich he thong iv. Nguyen li
V Quan li
VI. Muc dich nhan each VII. Dong cd
VIII. Noi dung IX. Phuong phap X Hinh thuc XI Giao vien XII. Hoc sinh
I9<? IMS 19if 1955 I9M I960 19S9
1W1 1945
1941 1945 1S40 •vvi iif/ 19S0 USD 1951
1WI 1*HJ It5fi «5fl 194, igso 1955
1951 I9S4 1956 19S5 1950 1957 19SS 1990 19U IMS 1999 1947
1MT 1950 1955 1955 1957' 1950 1957 IJ50 1955
1997 19(3 1WI IBM isn
195S 1959 1959 <9IM isfis 1141 950 1954 1955 1959 196!
mi '.in 1957 1956
1955 1956 1959 SB) 19(11 1983 195*
1947 19*4
1M1 t!HT tfl47 Wt 1955 1955 1959 950 1950 1955 1956 I957 II5S 1991 1SO
'961 190 19« 19SB 1947 1948
1945 1W7 19M 1950 1956 19M 1959 1959
950 ISM
1999 19(« 19'7 1950 "W 155!
1951 195? 1B5S1SM195Sl!)5»S5£/> 951
.1959 190 19W lira 19-6 1W7 1356 1SS4 USfiV^V
195S 1359
\>A 1956
"use 19W , s u
1983 OS4
istc |
13 Ian 9 Ian 3 Ian 22 Ian 6 Ian 5 Ian 8 Ian 16 ISn 23 Ian 4 Ian 26 Ian
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Khoa hoc Gido due- Nghien cull Qua ban do nghien cdu sir phat trien tu
tddng giao due Ho Chi Minh co the rut ra mot so nhan xet sau day:
- Nhdng phat bieu cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ve giao due con dddc Idu gid den ngay nay chu yeu tap trung vao khoang thdi gian td 1942 - 1969.
- NhCrng van de dddc ngddi quan tarn nhat la:
+ Xay dung dpi ngu thay giao (da phat bieu 26 Ian):
+ Doi mdi phddng phap day hpc (da phat bieu 23 Ian);
+ Nguyen li giao due (da phat bieu 22 Ian);
+ Npi dung giao due (da phat bieu 16 Ian);
+ Vi tri, vai tro giao due (da phat bieu 13 Ian)...
III. Quy luat van dong va phat trien cua td tddng giao due Ho Chi Minh.
Oe quan sat sd van dpng va phat then cua td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh theo thdi gian xem chung cd tuan theo nhdng quy luat nao khong hay quan sat do thi sau day:
Qua do thi cd the thay hai thdi diem ma Chu tich Hd Chi Minh phat bieu nhieu ve giao due la vao nhdng nam 1947 (13 Ian) va nam 1955 (20 Ian), 1956 (19 Ian). Tai sao ngddi lai ndi nhieu ve
giao due vao nhdng thdi diem dd?
Nam 1947 la nam ma cupc Cach mang dan tpc dan chu nhan dan mdi bat dau, cupc khang chien chdng Phap dang d giai doan ede ki ac liet.
Nha trddng can dddc cai each cho phu hpp vdi yeu cau va hoan canh chien tranh.
Nhdng bai phat bieu cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve giao due da la nhdng chi th| cd tinh chat dinh hddng cho cupc cai each giao due Ian thd nhat, tien hanh vao nam 1950.
Cupc cai each Ian nay da cd nhdng quyet sach rat quan trong lam cho he thdng giao due qudc dan cd kha nang chuan bi tot nguon nhan Idc cho cdng cupc khang chien va kien qudc dai lau.
Thang 7/1950 Oe an "Cai each giao due"
Ian thd I da dddc Hpi ddng Chinh phu thong qua.
Nam 1955. 1956 la luc cupc khang chien chdng Phap sau nhieu nam chien dau gian khd, da gianh ddpc thang Idi. Thang Idi tuy vinh quang va to Idn. nhdng chda trpn ven: Mien Bac da dddc hoan toan giai phdng, nhdng mien Nam con bi dich kiem soat, dat nddc con tarn thdi bi chia cat lam hai mien. Can nhanh chdng xay ddng mien Bac vdng manh, dda mien B§c tien (Xem tiep trang 9)
ian So Ian 1945 4 1946 6 1947 13 1948 3 1949 2 1950 11 1951 3 1952 2 1953 0 1954 3 1955 20 1956 19 1957 1958 4 1959 12 1960 3 1961 5 1962 2 1963 6 1964 8 1965 0 1966 0 1967 0 1968 3 1969 5
Do thi bieu dien sir bien thien so Idn phdt bieu ciia Clui rich Ho Chi Minh ve gido due theo thdi gian
1945 1950 195.5 1960
Thai gian (Nam)
1965 1970
4 KHGD sd 56, thdng 5 - 2010
•Khoa hoc Gido due ngoai hay du hpc tai cho ma ngddi dupe thu hpc
phi la cac trddng dai hpc nddc ngoai, chfnh phu can cd cd che khuyen khfch phat huy npi Idc, du tien phat then mot so ft cac trddng dai hpc (hoac khoa trong mot trddng) dap dng ddpc nhu cau hoc khac biet, dac biet la nhu cau hpc tap d mdc chat Idpng cao vdi kha nang sin sang chi tra cua sinh vien va phu huynh. Ben canh dd, song song ap dung tin dung sinh vien d mdc cao va cap hpc bong de cac sinh vien xuat sac cua Viet Nam theo hpc cac trddng dai hpc thddng hieu Viet Nam, thay vi hau nhd tat ca cac hpc sinh, sinh vien xuat sac nhat cua Viet Nam hien dang theo cac chddng trinh hpc bong hap dan cua cac qudc gia va hpc bong cua cac trddng dai hpc danh tieng tren the gidi. Chinh sach dieu tiet nay cua chinh phu se gdp phan lam giam thieu van nan "chay mau chat xam" thong qua cac chddng trinh hpc bong nddc ngoai hoac chddng trinh hpc bong theo kieu "nhd cac mam tot" cua Viet Nam ve ddm tai trddng dai hpc nddc ngoai. Cd nhd vay, nang Idc canh tranh cua giao due dai hpc Viet Nam mdi dddc nang cao, tao tien de de Viet Nam cd the thay the mot phan dich vu giao due dai hpc qudc te d trong nddc, tien tdi xuat khau dich vu giao due dai hpc Viet Nam sang cac nddc khu vdc va tren the gidi.
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
1. Bd Giao due va dao tao, De an doi mdi giao due dai hoc Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2020, Ha Ndi thang 11 nam 2005.
2. Nghi Quyet ve "Doi mdi co ban va toan dien giao due dai hoc Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2020", sd 14/2005/NQ-CP cua Chinh phu ban hanh ngay 2/11/05.
3. Vu Ngpc Hai, Dich vu giao due dai hoc xuyen bien gidi va nhCrng tac ddng den giao due dai hoc Viet Nam, Tap chi Cong san so 13 (181) nam 2009-07-02
4. Pham 06 Nhat Tien, Phat then giao due dai hoc Viet Nam trong boi canh mdi, Nghien cuu trao doi, sd 5 (125) nam 2007
5. Nguyen Kim Dung, He qua cua chat Iwgng va thwong mai: sir twong tac giCra hdi nhap ve chuan chat Iwgng va tiep thi GD DH Viet Nam, Ki yeu Dien dan "Gia nhap WTO va Ddi mdi GDOH Viet Nam", Ha Ndi, 11- 12/12/2006.
6. Sharing Quality Higher Education Across Borders: A Checklist for Good Practice, www.aucc.ca/qa/
. pdf/crossborder checklist e.pdf SUMMARY
These recent years, we all know, via various kinds of public media, there are many debates on the roles of import and export of higher education. The question is why universities/colleges are very active to recruit more interna- tional students? Do their governments have policies on it7 This paper tries to describe the international and local con- text and the trend of import and export of higher education and concludes by some suggestions to bring more achievement for Vietnamese higher education.
T I M H I E U . . . (Tiep theo trang 4) len chu nghia xa hpi, ddng thdi lam hau thuan cho viec dau tranh thdng nhat nddc nha.
Nhiem vu each mang mdi doi hdi phai chuan bi nguon nhan Idc mdi va can tien hanh mot cupc cai each giao due mdi hien dai hdn va quy md to Idn hdn. Day la thdi ki Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh phat bieu nhieu nhat ve cac van de giao due trong sudt cupc ddi hoat dong cua Ngddi va chi dao cupc cai each giao due Ian thd 2 nam 1956 thing Idi.
Thang 3/1956 Oe an "Cai each giao due"
Ian thd II dddc Hpi ddng Chinh phu thdng qua.
Nhd vay, giao due da dien ra theo quy luat:
Giao due gin lien vdi sd phat then kinh te - xa hpi.
Hon nda the ki qua, td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh da la kirn chi nam cho viec xay ddng
he thdng giao due qudc dan Idn manh, trddng thanh vddt bac, phuc vu tich cut va cd hieu qua sd nghiep khang chien, kien qudc va xay ddng CNXH cua nhan dan ta.
Ngay nay, dan tpc ta dang cung loai ngddi bddc vao mot nen van minh mdi, dang ddng trddc nhdng van hpi va thach thdc mdi. Td tddng giao due Hd Chi Minh can ddpc phat trien trong dieu kien mdi de diu dlt dan tpc ta sanh vai cung nam chau, bdn bien, tien len phia trddc nhd Bac Hd mong dpi.
SUMMARY
President Ho Chi Minh did pay special attention to education. Throughout his life he made more than 140 speeches and writings about education in various periods.
Based on these Ho Chi Minh's speeches and writings the author characterizes the thoughts on education and places them in chronological order.
