Q U O C
NhCtng suy nghi tuf ti§n trinh
cai to cd cau kinh te Dong A
de virdt qua khung hoang
» PGS. TS. HAI NINH
Vien Kinh te va Chfnh trj The gi6i
T heo cac chuyen gia,
ngoai viec nang cao chat lupng ngudn nhan luc va cai each che dp quan tri, cai td ca cau kinh t l ciing la mdt trong ba chia khda cho tang trudng bin viing ciia cac nude Ddng A. Hien nay, cac nude Ddng A, dang vach ra, thii nghiem, hay thue hien nhiing cai to CO cau kinh te manh me khac nhau d l khdng chi giam nhe tac hai va vupt qua cupc khiing hoang hien hanh, ma cdn de ngan ngua nhiing khiing hoang tuong tu trong tuong lai. Viet Nam cung khong the ngoai le, mac dCi nhung giai phap kich cau ciia Chinh phii cho den nay da mang lai nhihig ket qua kha quan thay rd, nhung chiing ta ciing khdng thi khong tien hanh cai td co cau kinh te cua minh neu mudn tdn tai phat trien nhanh va ben vung sau khiing hoang. Nhung kinh nghiem cai td sau day ciia cac nude Dong A hy vpng se giiip ich phan nao cho viec cai td co cau kinh te d Viet Nam hien nay.
Thu nhat, a mdt sd nude Ddng
A, tu cupc khiing hoang nay, ngudi ta da phat hien ra rang, khdng the chi dua mai vao ndng nghiep, vao
nhung nganh cong nghiep co ham lupng cdng nghe va gia tri gia tang thap, ma can phai tien hanh cai td ca cau nganh theo hudng chuyin tii co cau cac nganh tieu hao nhieu nguyen nhien lieu, lao ddng sdng, cd ham lupng cdng nghe trung binh va thap, gay d nhiem mdi trudng sang cac nganh cd nhiing dac dilm ngupc lai. Chang han, d Trung Qudc, tir thang 3 nam 2009, Trung Qudc da lan lupt ban hanh Quy hoach chin hung 10 nganh nghi Idn nhu dtd, gang thep, det may, che tao trang thiet bi, ddng tau, thdng tin dien hi, hoa dau, cdng nghiep nhe, kim loai mau va luu thong phan phoi. Viec ban hanh nhiing quy hoach nay da tap trung thay ddi cue dien phat trien kinh te qua dua vao lao dpng, tai nguyen va mdi trudng trudc day ciia nude nay. Nhd dd, theo ong Trin Ddng Ky, phd Vien trudng Vien nghien ciiu kinh tl vi md ciia Uy ban phat trien va cai each Nha nude Trung Qudc, muc tieu tang trudng kinh t l 8% ciia Trung Qudc nam 2009 hoan toan cd thi thuc hien dupe.
Thu hai, cimg vai viec day
manh hon niia qua trinh tu do hda va thi trudng hda nen kinh tl, chinh
phii cac nude Ddng A can co tieng ndi manh hon trong qua trinh dieu hanh nIn kinh tl, tranh dl mac thi trudng "qua tu do dieu tiet", de dan din dd vd va khiing hoang nhu hien nay. Su dilu hanh cua chinh phii se dupe thuc hien thdng qua viec tao ra cac hanh lang phap ly rd rang va minh bach, mpt moi trudng than thien cho kinh doanh bang cac giai phap dilu tilt gian tilp chii khong phai bang each can thiep true tilp, thd bao bang cac menh lenh hanh chinh, cung cap thdng tin mpt each rd rang va minh bach cho doanh nghiep va ngudi dan.
77i if ba, cac nen kinh te D6ng A trong vai thap ky qua ludn lay thi trudng ben ngoai lam ddng lire tang trucjng chu yeu, thong qua viec day manh chiln lupc cdng nghigp hoa vdi hai tru cot chinh la thu hiit diu tu true tiep nude ngoM va dua vao xuat khlu. Cd the ndi chinh md hinh cong nghiep hda nay da gdp phan tao ra su tang trudng thin ky d nhilu nuoc, lam xuat hien hit con rdng lai den con hd Idn nhd d khu vuc nay. Tuy vay, cupc khung hoang kinh te lln nay da lam bdc 16 nhiing diem yeu vl mat CO clu ciia md hinh cdng nghiep hda nay, d chd la cac thi
3 2 CONG NCHIEF»Ky 1, thang 8 / 2 0 0 9 Website: •www.tapchicongnghiep.vn •irv.moitgov.vn
trudng tieu thu hang hda va ngudn cung ling vdn tudng n h u vd tan tir ben ngoai (chii yeu la hi cac n I n kinh te Ion nhu My, EU va Nhat Ban) da bi CO hep hoac sa siit manh. Vi thi, d l CO the thoat ra khdi khung hoang, va quan trpng hon la de cd the tiep tuc phat triln ben v u n g sau khiing hoang, cac nuoc nay can phai chuyin d i n sang mdt co cau kinh te hay mdt chiln lupc cdng nghiep hda khdng chi dua vao thi trudng tieu thu va ngudn cung cap vdn tir ben ngoai, ma cdn phai chuyin sang lay nhu clu tieu dung va ngudn vdn trong nuoc lam ddng luc tang trucmg.
77>ir h^ d l cd t h i tao ra dupe su chuyin huong can ban dd, ban than cac nude nay ciing phai thay ddi md hinh hay hanh vi tieu dCmg va tilt kiem aia minh. Tiic la, lau nay ngudi dan cac nude Dong A ludn cd thdi quen "that lung budc bung", "bdp mom, bop mieng", "tilt kiem d i n liic chet" de danh tien cho dau tu va san xuat hay " d l lo cho tucmg lai". Dieu do dan den hau qua la nhu clu tieu dimg npi dia rat ylu, budc hp phai dua vao nhu cau ben ngoai d l tang truong. Mpt trong nliiing ly do lam trim trpng them thdi quen "an de d l danh" cua ngudi dan cac nude Ddng A la, he thong thue thudng khuyen khich ngudi ta tiet kiem phuc vuc cho san xuat hem la tieu diing va che dp an sinh xa hdi rat kem phat triln bu0c ngudi dan khu vuc nay ludn phai tiet kiem chi tieu d l danh tiln lo cho minh luc dm dau, liic v l gia va cho tucmg lai ciia con em minh. Vi th^, de CO the thay ddi dupe md hinh tieu dimg "meo mo" na\-, cac nude D6ng A cln cai each he thdng thue
\a he thong an sinh xa hdi tiieo huong khuyen khich ngudi dan cua minh chi tieu nhieu hon, tha\' vi tiet kipm timg ddng.
Thu nam, can coi cai each he thcing doanh nghiep la mdt uu tien
nham tang sue canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghiep tien thi trudng. Truoc bet, chiing ta can cai each tir he thdng ngan hang, cai each cac doanh nghiep, cai each hanh chinh, cai each su giam sat cua co quan Nha nuoc...
Cai each doanh nghiep, nhat la cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc, cu t h i la nhiing tap doan Idn, chang ban nhu Vinashin, lam an hieu qua the nao, phai cd bao cao, co ngudi giam sat, chii khdng t h i nghe mai bao cao mpt chieu la cd lai. Ddi vdi he thdng ngan hang, phai kilm tra xem da cung cap thdng tin d l y dii, minh bach chua...
Chiing ta cd the thay Han Qudc da rat thanh cdng tiong viec cai td triet d l cac tap doan doe quyIn kinh doanh Ion (Chaebol), vdn mpt thdi dupe coi la "nhung qua dam thep"
dan dat nen kinh te Han Quoc di vao thi trudng the gidi, va nhd dd, da giiip nen kinh te "xii kim ehi" nay tieV nen nang dpng, linh hoat \ a co siic canh tianh hon sau khiing hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997-1998.
Thu sau, kinh nghiem ciia khong chi cac nucic Dong A cho tliny, \iec cai td cocau kinh te, ciing nhu cac cai each kinli te-xa hcii khac, se khdng t h i thanh cdng dupe neu khdng cai each \'a cai td triet de che dp dao tao va su dung ngudn nhan luc. Dieu do cd nghia la chiing ta can cai cacli manh he thdng dao tao nhan lire theo hudng dap ling tot va phu hpp hem nhu cau cua thi trudng lao dpng \ a d i l u quan trpng hon la phai dua dupe nhiing ngudi cd dau 6c cai each va cai td vao dam nhiem cac cong viec cai each va cai td. Kinh nghiem cac nucic D6ng A cho thay, c6ng cupc cai td se chang di den dau, tham chi con gav hai, neu cdng viec nay ducic giao cho nhung ngudi cd dau de bao tiiii va an phan.
TTiu bay, cudi ciing nhung theo tdi CO le la quan trpng nhat, kinh nghiem ciia cac nude D6ng A ngay
tir cupc khiing hoang tai chinh-hen te nam 1997-1998 da cho thly, cac nude Ddng A, de cd the thoat ra khdi khung hoang \'a tiep tuc phat trien ben viing, cac chien lupc va chinh sach ciia chinh phu phai tao ra dupe su ddng thuan cao tiong xa hpi, Neu khong se khdng t h i gianh dupe su ung hd thuc su ciia dan chiing, khdng t h i huy ddng dupe su gdp cdng gop cua ciia mpi ngudi, khdng t h i huy ddng dupe mpi ngu6n luc \'e mpt mdi, va neu nhu \ a y thi se khd cd t h i phat triln diing dupe vdi tilm nang ciia minh. Thuc tl, Han Qudc va Thai Lan mac du bi killing hoang nghiem tipng nhat, song cac chinh sach hpp long dan ciia cac chinh phii cac nuoc nay da khien toan t h i dan chiing tinh nguyen that lung bupc bung, ban che chi tieu, gdp vang, gdp tien de giiip Chinh phu khac phuc thieu hut ngan sach, nhanh chdng \arpt qua khung hoang. Trong khi do, Nhat Ban, tir d i u nhiing nam 1990, do Chinh phii khdng lam sao tao ra dupe su ddng thuan xa hpi, su nhat tii qucic gia (national eonsen- cus) ddi vdi cac chii truong va chinh sach minh, nen ho da khong lam the nao d l CO the cai to dupe nen kinh te, khien nen kinh te cii bi tii tie mai suot 17 nam qua, khong lam sao thoat len dupe. Thiet nghi, doi viri Viet Nam, giai doan phuc hdi sau khiing hoang ciia chung ta tdi day trimg khdp \cVi qua trinh chuan bi Dai hpi Dang lan thii XI. Co the ndi, day chinh la thdi eo thuan Ipi ma chiing ta cci the va can tan dung de phat dpng dpt sinh hpat chinh tri sau rcing nham huy dpng ducK sir dong gdp cua dan ehiing \ a o \iee hinh tlianh mdt dudng loi, mpt cucmg linli phat trien \cri su dong thuan cao ciia toan dan. .\'eu dueic nhu vi\\, chae chin nen kinh te nuoc ta va sau dd la sire manli cua dan tiic t.i .so Icm manh kho gi CO the ngan ndi. 'I'
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