NGON N G l J
SO 11 2008
C A U T R U C N G U 5 N G H I A C U A N H O M T l / B I E U T H I C A M G I A C T R O N G T I E N G V I E T
1. Khai niem tir chi cam giac Aristotle noi: "Moi hieu bie't deu bdt ddu tif cdm gidc". Do la su khang dinh vai tro cua cam giac trong ddi sdng con ngudi cung nhu vi tri quan trong cua nhom tir chi cam giac trong he thdng tir vung cua moi ngon ngir.
Tir chi cam giac trong tie'ng Viet la nhiing tu nhu: Dau, nhifc, moi, tire, te, budt, rdt, xoi, choi, Ida, ndng, lanh, say, chodng, ddi, khdt, chdn, ngdy...
Tir c hi cam giac cd the dupe goi bang nhung cai ten khac nhau. Diep Quang Ban [1] gpi "dan, xdt, nhifc, nhdi..."
la nhirng dong tit chi sinh li. Theo Tir dien tie'ng Viet, sinh li la hoat dong va tinh cha't ciia cdc co quan. bo phan co the (ndi mdt cdch tong qudt) [8]. Nhu vay. cac tir nhu: tieu hda, ho hdp, bai tiet...cung la nhung dpng tir chi sinh Li, tham chf, tinh chat sinh If dupe chiing bieu thi con rat tieu bie'u, nhung chung khdng phai la tir chi cam giac. Mpt so tac gia khac lai gpi day tir tren la nhirng vi tif the trang (theo Cao Xuan HLO [5]).
Tuy nhien, the trang la trqng thdi chung ciia co the ngifdi hoqc siic vqt, nhirng tir chi \hi trang tieu bie'u phai la: khoe', yen. dm... Trong khi do, chung toi lai quan tam den nhdm tir chi nhirng cam giac het sue cu the cua con ngudi. Vi the, khai niem tif chi sinh li la qua rpng, con i •/ tif the trqng la qua chung chung
PGS.TS NGUYEN DLfC TON NGUYEN T H I PHlTONG de chi cac hien tupng nay. Hon nua, ca hai khai niem tren d6u khong co su phan biet chu the' giua con ngudi va dpng vat. Bdi vay, chung toi gpi chung la nhirng tir bieu thi cam giac vi cam giac vtia mang ti'nh chat cu the, lai vita thi hien rd tfnh chat con ngifdi.
2. Ca'u true nghia cua tir chi cam giac
2.1. Khai niem ca'u true nghia tir NghTa ciia tti la mpt he thdng cac ne cd quan he qua lai vdi nhau. Hoang Ph; da phan tich ngti nghia ciia tti me di cd dupe mpt cai nhin cu thi ve ca'u triic ciia nghia tir. Me cd the phan tich thanh ba net nghia: [pint nit], [dd cd con], [ndi trong mdi quan he vdi con].
Giua ba net nghia tren cd mdi quan he trat tir nha't dinh. Net nghia dirng trudc la tien de cho net nghia dting sau, net nghia dting sau thuyet minh, cu the hoa net nghia dting trudc. Quan he quy dinh lan nhau nay cua cac net la "wo/ quan he tinh, trong noi bo nghia ciia tit, xet mot cdch co lap'1 [7]. Khi tir hoat dpng de tao thanh cac to hpp tu ldn hon, giua cac net nghia cua tir can cd mpt loai quan he khac vo ciing quan trpng: "quan he cap bqc".
Hoang Phe da nhan manh: "Giifa hai loqi quan he, trat tit vd cap bqc khong nhdt thiet cd sit titling itng, md
2 Ngon ngur so 11 nam 2008 trdi lgi thudng cd mdu thudn". Khi tir
dupe dat trong mpt ngu canh cu the, khong phai luc nao mpi net nghia xet trong quan he tlnh cung diu tham gia vao viec thuc hien chiic nang thong bao. Chang han, khi tir me thuc hien chiic nang thong bao, co the la ca ba net nghia nhung cung co the chi co hai, tham chf mpt net nghia trong cau tnic bieu niem cua no dupe hien thuc hoa.
Noi torn lai, nghia ciia tu dupe Hoang Phe ke't luan nhu sau:
"NghTa ciia tir, ndi chung:
a. Ld mot tap hop nhimg net nghTa cd quan he qui dinh ldn nhau;
h. Gid tri cua cdc net nghTa khong nhu nhau (giua cdc net nghTa cd quan he cdp bqc), bieu hien a khd nang tham gia khdc nhau vao viec thuc hien chiic nang thong bdo;
c. Cdc net nghTa cd tinh tuong ddi, bieu hien d khd nang doc lap to hop va tdc dong qua lai vdi nhung net nghTa cua nhftng tif khdc khi ttf to hop vai nhau." [7].
Quan niem cua Hoang Phe cho
tha'y ca'u triic cua nghia tir la mpt ca'u true dpng, nghia la khi tti hoat dpng, thudng chi cd mpt so net nghia trong nghia cua tir cd kha nang hien thuc hda. Va net nao cua tii dupe hien thuc hda la tuy thudc vao ngu canh, cu the la "tuy vdo chirc ndng cua tit trong ngi?\
tuy vao quan he cii phap cua tti vdi cac tti khac, tuy ndi dung ngu nghia cua nhiing tti ke't hpp vdi nd. Nhu vay, ca'u tnic ngii nghia ciia mpt tir cd lien quan chat che den hoat dpng ngu phap cua nd. Dieu nay khong chi Hoang Phe ma cac nha ngti nghia hpc hien dai deu cdng nhan.
D6 Hiru Chau khi ndi ve mdi quan he giua y nghia bieu niem va y nghia ngu phap da khang dinh: "Nhung net nghTa trong y nghTa bieu niem chung cho nhieu tit khong chi cd tinh tifvifng md cung cd tinh ngit phdp" [4, 119]
bdi nhung net nghia khai quat trong ca'u triic bieu niem (su vat, hoat ddng, tfnh chat) chi'nh la y nghia tti loai hay y nghia ngu phap cua tir. Tac gia cung nhan manh rang "bdn thdn nhftng net nghTa trong y nghTa bieu niem vd quan he giiia chiing cd tdc dung quy dinh cdch dung tif, qui dinh cdch ket hop ciia nd vdi cdc tit khdc trong cdu" [4, 119]. Cac tti chi cd the tao thanh nhiing td hpp chap nhan dupe trong thuc te khi giua chung cd su tuong hpp vd ngir nghia. Ndi nhu JU.D Aprexjan: "Hqn cheve ket hop ciia nhQng tif khdc nhau trong ldi ndi la su vdng mat trong y nghTa ciia chiing nhiing thdnh to nghTa chung hoqc Id stf cd mat ciia cdc thdnh td nghTa khong dung hod ditoc nhau"
(dan theo D6 Viet Hung [6]). Chang han, khdng the ndi: Ngat mdt, ngat tai, ngat mieng...vi ngat cd net nghia lien quan de'n hoat ddng thd, trong khi mdt, tai, mieng khdng lien quan de'n didu nay. Nhung mfd, hoi, thd lai la nhiing tir cd mdi lien he true tiep de'n hoat ddng thd. V I vay, cac td hpp: Ngat miii, ngat hoi, ngat thd... chap nhan dupe la do cd sir tuong hpp ngu nghia giira cac tir.
Cudi cung, chiing tdi xin nhan manh quan diem cua Hoang Phe, "nghTa ciia tit xem ra nen quan niem Id mot tiem ndng. Cd nhtfng net nghTa hdu nhit luon luon ditoc hien thtfc hod, ben canh nhtfng net nghTa chi ditoc hien thtfc hod trong nhtfng trtfdng hop nhdt dinh, cd khi la nhtfng trtfdng hop rdt han htfu. Dinh nghTa tif dien ciia tif nhieu
Cau t r u e . 3 Idm cung chi cd the neu duac nhftng
net nghTa cd khd nang Men thuc hod trong nhftng trifdng hop dien hinh" [7].
Vi vay, luon quan tam den cac ke't hop cua tir trong sir dung la mot yeu cau can yeu ddi vdi viec nghien ciiu ngit nghia cua tir.
2.2. Cac thanh td nghTa va net nghTa trong ca'u tnic nghia cua cac tir chi cam giac
Cam giac la mdt loai phan ling ben trong cua co thd, mang tfnh tiic thdi khi co thd tiep nhan nhirng tac dong tir moi trudng hoac chfnh tir chu the. Ching han, cam giac dau khi ta bi gai dam; cam giac ddi khi co the' phat tin hieu can dn. Nhu vay, nghTa cua tir bidu thi cam giac bao gid cung cd mat hai thanh td bat buoc: Cdi kich thich va stf phdn ftng ciia co the. Hai thanh to nay vira cd sy doc lap tuong ddi lai vira gan bd chat che vdi nhau theo quan he nhan qua.
2.2.1. Yen to tdc dqng - nguyen nhdn ciia qua trinh cdm gidc
Nhu da ndi, cam giac ciia con ngudi la mpt phan ling. So vdi phan ling tam l i - tinh cam, nd mang tfnh true tiep hon. Neu nhu qua trinh hinh thanh tam If - tinh cam phai trai qua mot giai doan phan tfch tac dpng phiic tap trudc khi cd phan irng thi cam giac xua't hien gan nhu tiic thdi ngay sau khi co the bj kfch thfch. Thf du, trudc mpt sy viec xay ra, con ngudi phai tim hidu, danh gia xem nd cd kha nang diing, that hay khong diing, khong that; cd thd hay khong the' trong cay vao viec dd... rdi mdi di de'n thai dp tin hay nghi ngd. Con khi bj diit tay, mpi con ngudi binh thudng deu lap tuc cam tha'y dau. Cd the' tha'y rang, tao nen trang thai tam If - tinh cam khong chi cd
nhung tac dpng ciia hidn thyc ma sy phan tfch chiing cung ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng. Trong khi dd, nguyen nhan sinh ra cam giac chii yeu chi la nhung kfch thfch tryc tidp vao ca the.
Bdi the, tac dpng cua hien thyc ddi vdi cam giac cd y nghia chfnh yd'u hon ddi vdi phan ling tam If - tinh cam.
Ndi chung, tac dpng giu vai trd chu yeu trong vide tao ra cam giac.
Dya vao tac dpng, ngudi ta cd thd dy doan dupe tuong ddi chfnh xac phan ung cam giac ciia ca the' se xay ra nhu the' nao. O phan utig tam If - tinh cam, dieu nay khong xay ra. Ching han, khi da tidp xuc vdi hdn than dd, chic chin ai cung cam tha'y rdt, nhung dung trudc mpt dd vat, cd the' ngudi nay thich nhung ngudi kia lai khdng thich, tham chf rat ghet, tuc la khong the doan trudc dupe thai dp cua con ngudi. Dieu nay cd the' If giai nhu sau:
Con ngudi la mpt thyc the' sinh hpc - xa hpi. Mat sinh hpc giiip cho mdi con ngudi dupe song that vdi nhung nhu cau, ddi hdi chfnh dang cua chfnh ca the' minh. Trong khi dd, mat xa hpi bupc con ngudi phai lua chpn, doi khi phai kiem che' nhung ham mudn, due vpng dd' Ung xir phii hpp vdi cac chuin muc van hoa cua cpng ddng. Bdi vay, mat xa hpi van dupe danh gia la ca ban, lam cho con ngudi ngifdi han. Song, khong thd phu nhan ring, mat sinh hpc bao gid cung la thur nhit, la khong the thie'u trong ddi sdng ciia con ngudi.
Thuc te' da chung minh ring neu mudn bie't nhung phan ung chan that nhat cua con ngudi thi khong the' bd qua nhirng ca che' sinh hpc. Trong tam l i hpc, ngudi ta da sir dung mpt sd thiet bi do miic dp rung dpng ciia cam xuc dya vao su thay ddi nhip tim, huyet ap; hoac trong khoa hpc hinh su, may
4 Ngon ngft so 11 nam 2008 kie'm tra dp trung thyc cua ldi khai
cung dua tren nhung bidu hidn mang tinh chat sinh hpc cua bp nao. Tdm lai, a mpt khia canh nao dd, cd the ndi rang, con ngudi xa hpi cd thd thieu trung thuc nhung con ngudi sinh hpc thi khong thd "ndi doT.
Cam giac va tinh cam ddu la nhiing qua trinh tam l i , chung deu chua dung ca mat sinh hpc va mat xa hpi cua con ngudi. Tuy nhidn, cam giac thidn vd ban chat sinh hpc nhieu hon, con tam l i - tinh cam lai chu yeu mang ti'nh chat xa hdi. Bdi the, cam giac la nhirng phan ung hSu nhu chi bi chi phdi bdi hai yd'u to: Sy tac dpng va chinh ban than chu thd. Trong khi dd, tam If hay tinh cam lai la nhCrng phan ling luon phai xet tdi yeu to thu ba:
Moi trudng xa hpi. Ngudi ta trpng hay khinh mpt cai gi dd khong chi vi sy danh gia cao hay thap ve ddi tupng cua mpt minh chu thd. Sy danh gia dd con phai phu hpp vdi tu tudng thdi dai, vdi ndn van hoa ciia cpng ddng ma chii the dd thudc vao... Ndu di ngupc vdi dieu dd, thai dp, tinh cam cua chii thd se bi coi la lech lac. Trai lai, khong ai cd the ndi rang, cam giac dau cua ai dd khi anh ta bi thucfng la khong phu hop vdi chuin myc bdi nd la mpt didu mang tinh ca nhan.
a) Loai tdc dpng
Cam giac chi sinh ra khi cd tac dpng. Yd'u to tac dpng cd the' thupc vd khach quan, cung cd thd thupc vd chii quan. Tac dpng khach quan cd the' la mpt sy vat, hidn tupng ben ngoai chu the, ching han: (Say) ruou, cit dam (lam dau diehg), (lanh cdng vi) mfdc mi fa... Nhung tac ddng khach quan cung cd the chi la mot thupc tinh nao dd cua sy vat, hien tupng, ching han, khi ndi: mat trdi Idm chdi mat; gio lam
it tai, thi phai hidu ring: dnh sdng cua mat trdi va dm thanh ciia gid mdi la nguyen nhan gay ra cam giac choi mat, it tai. Tat nhien, chi khi chu the' tiep nhan nhiing tac ddng ndi tren (mdt each chi chii dpng hoac bi ddng) thi chiing mdi trd thanh cai kich thich de' tao nen cam giac; ndu khdng, chiing chi la nhung yd'u to hoan toan khach quan. Rupu phai dupe chii the' udng mdi cd the' say;
cit ddm, nifdc mtta, dnh sdng, dm thanh...
phai tac dpng true tiep vao cac giac quan, cac bp phan co the' ciia chinh chii the thi mdi cd qua trinh cam giac.
Nhin chung, cac tac ddng khach quan deu mang ti'nh vat li. Chiing thudng sinh ra nhung cam giac "cue b f f \ tuc la cam giac ton tai d mpt vi tri tuong dd'i xac dinh trdn ca the' (dau tay, nhuc chdn, ii tai, Ida mat, lanh cdng ngifdi...).
Thong thudng, nai nhan tac dpng cung ddng thai la nai xuat hien cam giac.
Tuy nhidn, didu nay khong hoan toan chinh xac, ching han khi cham ciru:
"Vi tri chdm cifu la mpt huyet dqo d ban chdn nhimg cdm gidc te lai xud't hien d vung ngifc" (thi du ciia Nguydn Van Phd [9]).
Loai tac ddng thu hai la cac yeu to thudc ve chii quan. Day thudng la nhung nhu cau sinh li dan gian ton tai ben trong ca thd nhung it chiu sy chi phdi cua y thuc. Thi du: Nhu cau can an sinh ra cam giac ddi; nhu cau can udng sinh ra cam giac khdt; nhu cau can ngii sinh ra cam giac buon ngit.
Trong cac trudng hop nay, ca tac dpng va cam giac deu thupc ve" chinh ban than chu the', the hien nhung ddi hdi mang tinh sinh li ciia chii the'. Loai tac dpng thudc ve chu quan nay, tuy cung la mdt phan ciia con ngudi nhung lai khdng tuan theo nhung mong mudn, nguydn vpng ciia ban than con ngudi,
Ca'u true. 5 vi the, con nguoi van phai tiep nhan
no mpt each bi dpng, khong the lya chpn hay tu choi. Cam giac sinh ra tu loai tac dpng nay mang tinh tong hpp, la sy doi hoi cua toan bp co thd nen kho dinh vi. Tuy nhien theo quan niem dan gian, mpt so' cam giac van gan voi cac bp phan co thi dac trung nhung didu nay chi mang tinh tupng trung:
Ddi Idng, no bung...
b) Mile dp ciia tdc dpng
Khong chi co loai tac dpng, mdc dp ciia tdc dpng cung chi phoi manh de'n cam giac.Trong nghia tu dien ciia nhieu tu chi cam giac, net nghTa cKdng dp cua kich thich thuang xuat hien. Thi du:
- Loa: a trang thai thi giac bi roi loan do tac dpng cua dnh sdng cd cudng dp qua mqnh. Loa mat vi anh den pha... [8].
- Clwdng: O trang thai nhu mat cam giac do bi kich thich dot ngot va 1 : 1 1
Nhiet dp
... Cdng Lanh Mdt Trong so do tren, diem 0 khong phai la moc 0"C ma la nhiet dp trung tinh giua dm va mdt. Tren l i thuyet, khi chiu tac dpng nhiet d nhiet dp nay, ca the con ngudi khong cd cam giac gi dac biet va trong tie'ng Viet cung khong ton tai tti bieu thi phan ting cua ca the" khi tiep xiic vdi diem nhiet nay. Mdc 0 chia thang nhiet dp thanh hai midn (-) va (+) tuong ting vdi cac cam giac vi nhiet dp ma chiing toi tam gpi la am tinh va duang tinh.
Cam giac nhiet am tinh la cac cam giac lanh (cdng, lanh, mat...), cam giac nhiet duang tinh la cac cam giac
qud mqnh. Tieng nd nghe choang tai.
Choang mat. Choang ngudi khi bie't tin du [8].
Trong tti dien, khong phai liic nao net nghia mdc dp ciia tdc dpng cung dupe the hien tryc tiep trong ldi giai nghia ciia cac tir chi cam giac. Tuy nhien, net nghia nay luon tiem ah trong cau triic nghia ciia nhung tti nay. Doi khi, nd chi'nh la yeu to giiip phan biet nghia ciia cac tir bieu thi nhirng cam giac dupe sinh ra tti mpt tac dpng. Chang han, nhu can can dn, khi chua dupe dap ting ta cd cam giac ddi; khi dupe dap ting mpt phan ta cd cam giac lifng dq; khi dupe dap ting dii ta cd cam giac no va khi cung vupt qua ciu se sinh ra cam giac chdn. Su chi phdi ciia yeu to mifc dp ciia tdc dpng the hien rat rd trong nhdm tti chi cam giac ciia con ngudi ve nhiet dp. Su thay ddi nhiet tac dpng vao ca the se cho ta nhung cam giac khac nhau. Cd thd cu the hoa dieu nay bang so do sau:
Am Ndng Bdng...
ndng (dm, ndng, bdng...). Tuy nhien, sy phan chia nay chi mang tinh tuang ddi bdi cam giac ndi chung va cam giac vd nhidt ndi ridng khong chi phu thupc vao tinh khach quan ciia yd'u to tac dpng ma con chiu anh hudng ciia chinh chu thd tao ra cam giac.
2.2.2. Phdn ifiig ciia co the - ke't qud ciia qud trinh cdm gidc Cac yd'u to lidn quan dd'n qua trinh cam giac da dupe ndi de'n trong tam sinh l i hpc giac quan - mpt ddng tam sinh l i hpc nghidn ciru nham him rd
6 Ngon ngu sd 11 nam 2008 mdi quan he giua kich thfch vat If, cac
qua trinh xay ra trong he than kinh va cac qua trinh cam tfnh (cdm gidc, tri giac) lien quan den hoat ddng cua co quan cam giac. Hai dai bieu xuat sac cua ddng nay la Helmoltz va Dubois Reymond da khing dinh: Cac qua trinh cam tfnh (trong dd cd cdm gidc) va hinh anh tam If phu thuoc vao ba yeu to:
- Kfch thfch tti ben ngoai;
- Hoat ddng cua cac giac quan tuong ting;
- Nhung kinh nghiem da cd cua ca the.
Nhu vay, cac yeu to thuoc ve chii quan lien quan de'n qua trinh cam giac la hoat ddng cac ca quan phdn img va suddnh gid tdc dong ciia chii the.
a) Co quan phdn img
Mdi giac quan cd lien quan va thfch ting vdi mdt loai kfch thfch. Ching han: dnh sdng lien quan de'n mat, dm thanh lien quan de'n tai, miii lien quan de'n mid, vi lien quan de'n ludi... Nhd hoat ddng cua cac giac quan ma con ngudi mdi thu nhan dupe cac thupc ti'nh tuong ting ciia su vat, hien tupng khach quan, tti dd mdi cd phan ting cam giac. Vay, hoat dpng cua giac quan giu vai trd quan trpng trong qua trinh nhan bie't su vat cting nhu trong qua trinh cam giac. Dac biet la ddi vdi cac cam giac bdn ngoai, giac quan khong hoat dpng ddng nghia vdi khong cd cam giac.
Cam giac cua con ngudi rit phong phii va da dang, khong chi cd cam giac ben ngoai ma con cd ca nhung cam giac ben trong, cdm gidc bdn the. Bdi the, co quan phan ting cung khong chi
la nam giac quan (ii tgi, ngat miii...) ma cd thd la mdt bp phan co the (nhdc chdn, mdi htng...) hoac toan bp co the.
Nhu vay, ca quan phan ting phu thudc vao tfnh chat ciia kich thfch va vi tri ma nd tac ddng vao co the' con ngudi.
Vi tri xuat hien cam giac cd the' la ca quan phan ting dfch thuc nhu:
tai, miii (trong it tai, ngat mid), cung cd the' la mdt bp phan tupng trung dupe coi la gin lien vdi cam giac dd theo van hoa cua ngudi Vidt nhu: bung, long (trong no bung, ddi long). Vi tri cung la mdt net nghia thudng gap trong ca'u triic nghia cua tti chi cam giac.
Tuy nhien, ca quan phan ting va cac yd'u to kfch thfch chua du dd' tao ndn cam giac. Ngu nghia cua tti bieu thi cam giac bao gid cung bao ham sir danh gia tac ddng cua con ngudi.
b) Sif ddnh gid tdc dqng
Ngu nghia cua tti bidu thi cam giac ludn cd net nghia sic ddnh gid cua chii the ddi vdi nhung kfch thfch vao ca the' minh. Chfnh net nghia nay cho bie't tfnh cha't va mtic dp cua tac dpng phu hpp hay khong phu hpp vdi yeu ciu ciia chu the. Nhu vay, ydu cau cua ban than chu the chfnh la chudn, la can cti de danh gia tac ddng.
Trong qua trinh tam If - tinh cam chudn di danh gia la mong mudn, nguyen vong cua con ngudi, nen chu thd phai trai qua mdt qua trinh phan tfch tac dpng kl ludng trudc khi danh gia. Ngupc lai, chudn trong danh gia d phan ting cam giac la ngudng chiu dung cua co the' vd mat sinh hpc. V i the', su danh gia nay doi khi mang tfnh tu nhidn, tu phat, tren ca sd cd phu hpp vdi co dia hay khdng. Nhu vay, su danh gia trong qua trinh hinh thanh tam If - tinh cam
Cau t r i i c . 7 dien ra phiic tap trong mpt thai gian
dai, co su tham gia cua l i tri; con su danh gia trong qua trinh hinh thanh cam giac dien ra cue k i nhanh chong va hau nhu chi dua vao cam tinh.
Xet thi du sau:
- Dau:
+ Co mpt tac dpng gay ton thuang a mpt bp phan nao do cua ca the.
+ Co cam giac kho chju a bp phan bi ton thucfng.
Thanh to nghia thti hai trong ngti nghia cua tti dau co the dupe phan tich ro han nhu sau: Tinh chat hoac mtic dp ciia tac dpng vupt qua nguong chiu dung, khong phu hpp vdi yeu cSu ciia co the; tti do sinh ra cam giac dau dan kho chju.
Theo Wikimedia tie'ng Viet, mpt dac diem vo cung quan trpng cua cam giac la: "Cdm gidc ciia con ngifdi mang tinh xd hpi". Mac du cam giac la mpt qua trinh thien vd mat sinh hpc song ye'u to xa hpi la khong the thie'u. No tao ra su khac biet gitia nhung phan ting sinh li don thuan d con vat va cam giac cua con ngudi. Dac didm nghd nghiep, qua trinh hpc tap, ren luyen cung nhu trai nghiem cupc sdng khac ciia ca the deu lien quan de'n su danh gia tac dpng tao nen cam giac va chinh cam giac. Thi du, khi tam bang nude d cung mpt nhiet dp, cd ngudi cam thay lanh, cd ngudi cam thay mat, tham chi cd ngudi cam tha'y a'm. Su danh gia dd trudc het phu thudc vao ca dia cua tting ngudi. Cd nhting ngudi gidi chiu ndng, lai cd nhung ngudi gidi chiu lanh, tham chi mpt ngudi, trong nhting thdi diem khac nhau, vdi dieu kien stic khde khac nhau thi cam giac nhiet vd cung mpt nhiet dp cung khac nhau. Thi du, d cung nhidt dp thdi tid't la 30"C,
ciing mpt ngudi, khi ca thd binh thudng, anh ta cam thay ndng, cdn khi ca the' met, sdt, anh ta lai thay lanh... Bdn canh dd, nd cdn phu thupc vao thdi quen, vao su trai nghiem cai lanh cua mdi ca nhan. Ching han, nhung ngudi luon tam nude a'm se chiu lanh kem hon nhung ngudi thudng xuydn tam nude lanh, hay nhung ngudi sdng d viing han ddi chiu lanh tdt han cu dan viing nhidt ddi...Vi the, khdng the cd dinh mdt mdc nhiet dp nao dd lam chuin de gay ra mpt cam giac tuang ting d con ngudi. Chang han, khong thd ndi 25°C la nhidt dp lam cho con ngudi cam thay mdt hay dm... bdi cam giac phu thupc vao rat nhidu ye'u to lidn quan de'n nhieu mat cua con ngudi.
Mpt thi du khac cho thay cam giac phu thupc vao su trai nghidm ciia ca the. Ddi vdi tre nhd, ta't ca cac cam giac: Nhifc, budt, xdt, rdt, te... deu dupe chiing gpi mpt each rat trung tinh la dau. Didu nay cd the l i giai bang vide chung chua dii kinh nghiem va tri thtic dd phan tich tac dpng cung nhu danh gia su phan ting ciia chinh ca the' minh.
Chung chua phan bidt dupe cac trang thai dau dot ngot (nhdi) hay dau am i {nhifc), dau nhu khi bi bdng {rdt) hay dau nhu vet thuang bi xat mudi (xdt)...
bdi chung chua trai qua. Bang cam tinh, chiing chi bidt rang, dd la nhirng cam giac rat khd chiu va chung gpi la dau. Rd rang cac tti bidu thi cam giac dupe tiep thu vao vdn tti vung cua timg ca nhan mdt each tir tti, ciing vdi sir trai nghidm ve cupc sdng ciia con ngudi.
Nhu vay, cd thd thay rang, su danh gia ciia chii the' ddi vdi tac dpng mac dii chii ye'u dua vao cam tinh, vao ca dia tting ngudi, nhung nd vin chiu anh hudng rd rdt tti yd'u to xa hpi, yd'u to kinh nghidm va tri thtic ciia ca nhan.
8 Ngon ngflr sd 11 nam 2008 Dieu do lam cho cam giac trd thanh
mot khai niem khdng he don gian ma phong phu, bien hoa nhu chinh the gidi cua con ngudi.
Tdm lai, cam giac la mdt qua trinh vira mang tinh tu nhien lai vira mang tinh xa hdi, vira thudc ve sinh li lai vira
thudc vg tam li. Nd la nhimg phan Ung sinh dong, chan thuc, gin vdi ban nang ma v i n dam tinh ngudi.
2.3. Cau true ngu nghTa chung ciia tir chi cam giac
Ngu nghia ciia tir chi cam giac cd the duoc khai quat nhu sau:
Tir chi cam giac
Loai tac dong Muc dd tac dong Co quan phan ung Danh gia cua co the
Nhin vao so do bieu diin, cd the tha'y nghia ciia tir chi cam giac bao gid cung gdm hai thanh to ldn: Tdc dpng Xvao co the'va phdn dng Y cua co the. Hai thanh to nay lai tiep tuc dupe phan chia thanh cac thanh td nhd hem,... cu nhu vay cho de'n cac net nghia biet vj chi cd d nhung tir chi cam giac cu the.
Ndi chung, quan he giua X va Y ve co ban la quan he nhan qua theo co che 1-1; nghia la mdt nguyen nhan thudng chi sinh ra mpt ke't qua tuong Ung: X Y. d phan irng tam l i - tinh cam, cac quan he giua ye'u td tac ddng va su phan ung thudng la mdt nguyen nhan irng vdi nhieu ke't qua.
Thi du: Trong doan trich Hanh phuc mpt tang gia (trich Sd dd - Vu Trpng Phung). Cung mpt su kien "CM cd to chef (X) nhung d i n de'n nhung tam l i ra't khac nhau d tirng thanh vien trong gia dinh: Ke vui mirng (Yl), ngudi budn lang man (Y2), ke hanh dien (Y3), ngudi lo ling, tinh toan true lpi (Y4)...
Nhin chung, rat khd du doan dupe phan ung tam l i - tinh cam ciia mpt ngudi trudc mdt sir kien neu khdng nim dupe mdi quan he giua ngudi dd vdi ye'u to tac ddng, khdng hieu dupe nhu cau lpi ich, nguyen vpng... cua chu the.
V i the, trudc ciing mdt tac ddng, phan ung tam l i - tinh cam d mdi ngudi cd the khac nhau, tham chi trai ngupc nhau. Ngupc lai, trong qua trinh cam giac, mpt kich thich vdi nhung tinh chat va muc dp nhat djnh hau nhu se keo theo mdt cam giac chung cho nhidu
Cau t r i i c . 9 nguai cung tiep nhan (nhung nguai
binh thuang trong dieu kien binh thuang), bai cac nguong sinh hoc cua con nguai ve ca ban la giong nhau. Pham la con nguai ai cung biet doi, bie't ret, ai cung bie't dau... Co le vi vay, chung ta dd cam thong vai tam su cua nang Kidu:
Thit da ai ciing Id ngudi Ldng ndo hdng rung tham rdi chdng dau.
(Truyen Kieu - Nguydn Du) Nguydn Du da dua ra mpt didu hien nhidn: A i bi danh dap cung cam tha'y dau dan vd thd xac:
X: Bi ddnh • Y: Dau Nhu vay, a phan Ung cam giac, mdi X thuang chi din dd'n mpt Y tuang Ung. Tuy nhidn, mpt Y co thd do nhieu X gay ra, cac tac dpng cu the rat da dang nhung de' tao ra cung mpt cam giac thi kd't qua ciia cac tac dpng do phai giong nhau. Chang han, dau co the' do bi danh dap, co the' do bi gai ddm, bi dao cat, bi bdng... hoac do cac tac dpng khac vai didu kidn chiing ddu lam ton thuang dd'n mpt bp phan nao do cua co the.
Cung co truang hcrp co cam giac ma khong ton tai kich thich hoac cam giac khong phan Ung diing kich thich.
Do la cac da'u hidu ciia chirng roi loan cam giac. Dac bidt dang chu y la hien tupng ao giac. Do la cam giac, tri giac nhu la co that ve mpt su vat, mpt hidn tupng khong hidn huu trong thyc tai khach quan liic bdnh nhan tri giac, hay con gpi la tri giac khong do'i tupng.
Ao giac gom co: do thinh, do thi, do khdu, do vi, do gidc xiic gidc va do gidc noi tang. Trong do, do thi la phd bid'n han ca. Ta't ca cac trudng hop tren deu la nhOng tridu chung bdnh l i loan than. Chinh vi vay, cam giac d day khong phai la nhung cam giac chan thuc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Diep Quang Ban, Ngti phap tie'ng Viet, Nxb GD, 2005.
2. Dd Hifu Chdu, Trudng tir vung va cac hidn tupng ddng nghia, trai nghia, Tic Ngon ngir, So 4.1973.
3. Dd Him Chdu, Khai niem trudng va vide nghien ciiu he thdng tir vung, T/c Ngon ngit, So 2,1975.
4. DS Him Chdu, Tir vung - ngir nghia tieng Viet, Nxb GD, 1999.
5. Cao Xuan Hao, Ngir phap chiic nang tie'ng Viet, Quydn 2, Ngir doan va tir loai, Nxb GD, H., 2005.
6. Dd \ let Hiing, Net nghia va hoat dpng ciia net nghia trong ke't hop tir, T/c Ngdn ngit, So 2, 2004.
1. Hoang Phe, Phan tich ngir nghia, T/c Ngon ngit, So 2,1975.
8. Hoang Phe (chii bien), Tir die'n tie'ng Viet, Nxb Da Nang - Trung tdm tic dien hoc, 2004.
9. Nguyin Van Phd, Vai nhan xet ve ngii nghia vi tir cam giac, T/c Ngon ngit, So 5, 2007.
10. Nguyen Dice Tdn, Tim hieu dac trung van hoa - dan tpc ciia ngon ngu va tu duy d ngudi Viet (Trong su so sanh vdi nhung dan tpc khac), Nxb DHQG, H., 2002.
11. Nguyen Dtfc Ton, Can phan biet hai binh dien nh|n thiic va ban the' trong nghien ciiu ngon ngu hpc, T/c Ngon ngu, So 11,2003.
12. Nguyen Dice Tdn, Tu duy ngon ngu d ngudi Viet, T/c Tdm li, So 4,1997.
13. Nguyen Ngoc Trdm, Tim hieu nghia nhdm tu bieu thi phan irng tam li - tinh cam trong tie'ng Viet, T/c Ngdn ngit, So 3,1975.
14. Nguyen Ngoc Trdm, Dac trung ngu nghia - ngu phap ciia nhdm tir tam li - tinh cam trong tie'ng Vidt, Luan dn PTS, Hd Npi, 1991.
