V KieN NHfl KHOfl HOC
GIAI PHAP DOT PHA
CHO PHAT TRIEN KHaCN CUA NUITC TA
v u CAO DAM
Gin ddy, da co nhi§^u hOi thdo \i6\ chu (Si ban v6^ cac giii phap dOt pha cho s^ phat tri^n khoa hgc va c6ng nghf (KH&CN) phuc vu sU nghidp c6ng nghifp hoa, hien dai hoa cua nirdc ta. D3y la mQt chu di thia't yg'u trong qua trinh tim ki€m con dirofng phat tri^n cua Hit nudc. V^y ddu la g i i i phap dOt pha? Theo tac g i i , mud'n tim ki6'm g i i i phap dQt pha thi trirdc hg't phdi nh^n difn cho difdc, mrdc ta dang diJng is vj trf nao tr§n con dirorng phat trien KH&CN.
The nao la "giai phap dot pha"
trong hoat dong KH&CN?
Chac Chan gidi phap dot pha trong hogt ddng KH&CN khdng the tgo ra sfl phat trien "tSng tdc"
tfle tiidi v l KH&CN, ma nd chf cd t h i la su md dau mdt giai dogn mdi cho su phdt trien manh me v l KH&CN cua d i t nUdc.
TU khi Vua Minh Tri ed quyd't djnh eanh tdn nfldc Nhat, du nhap cdng nghd phUdng Tdy, den khi nfldc Nhgt dflng vao hang cae cudng qude t h i gidi, danh d i u bang cudc chien thing efla Nhat trudc quan dpi Nga (1905), la tren mdt phan ba t h i kJ"- Vdi mdt phin ba t h i ky, ma nUdc Nhat da dgt dupc mdt tdc dp ddng dupc xem la kinh hodng trong Ijch sfl cae cfldng qude.
Nudc Trung Qud'e hien dgi, tU khi Mao Trgch Ddng thdng nhit Trung Hoa (1949) den khi Trung Qudc cd bom nguydn tfl (1964) la 15 nam, dd'n khi phdng ve tinh nhdn tao la trdn mdt phan tU thd Hdn Qudc, la mdt qudc gia cd nhOng budc phdt trien than ky sau khi k i t thflc chiln tranh (1953),
Hdi thio gdp y cho Di/ thio Luit KH&CN nhung cOng phdi g i n mdt phan tu
the ky (din nfla cud'i thap nidn 70 eua the ky XX) mdi trd thanh mdt qudc gia phdt trien nhfl chflng ta thiy ngay nay.
Xu the tat yeu tr6n dmhig cai each cac thiet che vi mo ve quan ly KH&CN
Cac triet ly t6n tai cOa he thing KH&CN
Trong Ijeh sCl khoa hpc cua the gidi tdn tai 3 triet ly:
Trid't ly 1: Hogt ddng KH&CN xult hidn thuan tuy do nhu d u ndi tgi cCia cac ea nhdn hoae cac nhdm tfl nhdn. Nha nfldc khdng
ed bit ky mdi quan tam nao ddi vdi hogt ddng KH&CN.
Trid't ly 2: Hogt ddng KH&CN bat dau dupc cdc nha nfldc quan tam. Cd hai hinh thUc quan tam:
(1) Nha nudc cdng bd cac chinh sach vT md tgo thuan lpi cho hogt dpng KH&CN, dinh hudng uu tidn thdng qua d c chinh sach vT md;
(2) Nha nfldc tai trp mdt cdch khdng vj Ipi eho cac hogt dpng KH&CN cua bit ky td churc ndo trong xd hdi. Trong ed hai hinh thflc nay, nhd nfldc khdng can dU dfldi bat ky hinh thUe nao vao cac hfldng nghien cflu, trU trfldng hpp nha nfldc mudn dgt hang nghidn cflu d l gidi quyit mdt van de ndo dd. NgUdi ta gpi dd la md hinh cua
sethang 8.2012 j ^ j ^ Q 4 H O C
V KI6N NHfl KHOfl HQC
mdt 'Thie't che ty trj trong khoa hpc" (Autonomous Institution of Science). Day la trid't ly td chflc KH&CN phd bien hi$n nay trdn the gidi.
Trid't ly 3: Nhd nfldc chi huy hogt ddng KH&CN thdng qua eae chUdng trinh, de tai cac elp: thanh lap cdc td chflc KH&CN; ddo tgo ddi ngu can bd KH&CN; phan bd ngan saeh cho eac td chflc KH&CN d l thyc hipn ede chUPng trinh, d l tdi cua nha nfldc. Ddy la triet ly td chflc KH&CN trong tit d eac nfldc XHCN trudc day.
Cac triit ly chlnh sdch KH&CN cua thi gidi
Tfl khi cac nha nUde ddnh mdi quan tdm den hoat ddng KH&CN, cde nha nUde ludn quan tdm tdi vide edng bd eae chi'nh sach vT md de djnh hudng cho hoat ddng KH&CN theo muc tieu cCia kinh t l va xa hdi. Tuy thuoc trinh do phat trien cua he thdng kmh te, ma d c triet ly chinh sdch KH&CN cd sy thay ddi ed ban. Cdc nhd nghidn eUu da gpi tdn cac triet ly chfnh saeh nhfl sau:
Trid't ly 1: KH&CN day (Science and Technology Push), Id chinh sach ehu ddng "day" KH&CN vao sdn xuat va ddi sdng. Trid't ly nay keo dai tU each mgng cdng nghidp (the ky XVII-XVIIlj, va ndi bat nhit trong thdp nidn 50-60 cua the kJ trUde, nhit la trong thdl gian phuc hdi kinh t l sau The ehie'n II.
Triet ly 2: Cdng nghd kdo (Technology Pull/Driven), mdt chinh sach xuat phdt tfl nhu d u cdng nghe cua sdn xuat, va cdng nghe se "keo" khoa hpc di theo.
Chfnh sach nay xuat hien khi cac nha sdn xuat d l xudng trid't ly lay cdng nghe d l gianh the manh eanh tranh. Triit ly nay keo ddi sudt nfla eudi thap men 60 cua thd ki' trade.
Trilt ly 3: Sdn phim kdo (Product Pull/Driven), trilt ly ndy Id sy k l tid'p trilt ly "cdng nghd kdo". cae nhd kinh doanh eho ring, d i hp c i n chinh Id sdn phim. ehfl khdng phSi Id cdng ngh0. Chfnh tU sdn phim sd kdo cdng nghO theo, vd d i n lUdt minh, cdng nghd Igi kdo khoa hpe theo.
Trilt ly n i y diln ra vdo d i u thdp nidn 70, kdo ddi d i n thdp nidn 80 cua t h i ky trUde.
Trilt ly 4: Thi trudng kdo (Market Pull/Driven), Id chinh sdch phdt triln trong dilu kidn hd thdng kinh t l t h i gidi thdnh mOt thi trfldng md. Vd thj trudng se cudn hut KH&CN di theo nd, phye vy cho eac mye tidu hpp tdc va cgnh tranh. Chfnh sdch ndy bit d i u tfl nhflng ndm 80-90 va kdo dai eho den ngay nay.
Triet ly 5: Nhu d u kdo (Demand Pull/Driven). Day la sU md rpng cua ehfnh sach thj trudng kdo tren quy md khdng chf tren thj trudng, ma trdn toan xa hdi.
Nhan d^ng bdn chit triit ly
1^ chinh sach vd td chflc KH&CN cua th$p nidn 50, 60 ( t h i ky XX) cua t h i gidi, nghTa la, chfnh sdch KH&CN eua nudc ta da Igc hiu chUng hdn nfla t h i ky.
Khodng thdi gian tfl cudi th$p nidn 80 d i n d i u thdp nidn 90, m^t logt nUdc trong hd thdng XHCN Iln Iflpt syp dd. Cdc nfldc nay da tfl bd hd thdng kinh t l chi huy d l quay tr6 lgi kinh t l thj trfldng.
Mgng lUdi cdc t l chflc KH&CN eung phdi bUdc vdo qua trinh tii e l u true. Vidt Nam khdng dflng ngodi xu t h i dd. Dd la mdt t i t ylu Ijeh sCt, vi hd thdng kmh t l chi huy dd va dang trdn dfldng pha sSn hodn toan, va dang ehuyin ddi sang n i n kinh t l thj trudng.
Trong q u i trinh chuyen ddi dd, Vidt Nam dd trdi qua nhQng mdc edi each chfnh sdch KH&CN hit sfle ngogn myc, no didn ra gin nhu ddng thdi vdi nhflng biln ddng trong he thdng kmh te. Qua trinh edi each ehfnh sdch KH&CN ed the tfnh tfl nam 1981, d i n nay da trdi qua nhOng mde ( v l mat trid't ly) nhfl sau:
NAm 1981 1987 1988 1992 200S 2007
TriA ly Phi ldp trung h6a k6 ho^ch KH&CN
• Phi hAnh chlnh hda cAc quan h$ hQp tAc KHSCN - Thuong m^l h6B sfin phim R&D
TiJ nhfin hba quan h$ hQp tdc chuydn giao c6ng ngh$
oan SI; h6a hoat d^ng KH&CN T I ; tr| hba \6 chuc KH&CN (cbng l$p) Tidp luc IU lr| hba \6 chuc KH&CN (cbng Iftp)
VAn bdn Ouyfit dinh 17S/CP ciia Chlnh phii Ouy6t d|nh 134/HDBT cua Hot dAng B$ trtfdng
PhAp l^nh Chuyin giao cAng ngh$
Ngh| dinh 35/HDBT ciia H^l il6ng B(>
tnfdng
Nghj dinh 115/2005/ND-eP Ngh| djnh 80/2007/ND-CP
chlnh sdch KH&CN vd xu hudng cii cdch triit ly chlnh sach KH&CN d nudc ta
Qua phdn tich cdc trilt ly ehinh sdch KH&CN didn ra trdn the gidi, ehung ta cd t h i nhan dgng cho dflng v l chlnh sach KH&CN eua nude ta dang dflng lgi d triet
Quan diim vd chlnh sach tai chfnh
Trdn ed s6 nhUng phan tfch ve xu the cai each chinh sdch KH&CN cua Vidt Nam neu trdn, Chung tdi nghT rang, ehinh sdch tai chfnh cung dang ddi mat vdi nhOng yeu e l u vd cung bflc xuc
52 KHOA HOC ^°"'*"9°-^°^2
Hoat dOna9 KI^N NHfl KHOfl HQC
ve cdi each. Hidn nay dang cd mpt sd hieu lim v l chfnh sdch tai chinh cho hogt ddng KH&CN.
Nhufng hieu lim l y cd t h i tdm t i t 6 mdt sd y tudng sau:
- Xda bd CO c h l "xin - cho"
trong ehfnh saeh tai trp cho hogt ddng KH&CN.
- Thay cd che "xin - cho" bing eac bien phap "dau thau" de dupe cdng Isang trong qud trinh "chpn mat gfli vang" trong hogt ddng KH&CN.
- Quy md kinh phi dupe quyd't djnh bdi "ca'p" de tdi: "cap" d l tai cang cao (theo thang bae hanh chinh), thi d n g dflpe d p nhilu kinh phi.
- Thyc hidn cd che "khoan"
trong d p phat tai chinh cho hoat ddng KH&CN.,.
Den cdng tdc kiem toan Igi eang xa rdi nhiJng dae dilm cd bdn efla hoat ddng KH&CN, dd la
"tinh mdi", "tfnh b i t djnh" vd "tfnh rdi ro" trong nghidn cflu khoa hpc.
Chang hgn:
- Chi dflng ke hogch: sai 6 cho, cd nhieu khodn muc phdt sinh do tinh mdi va tfnh b i t djnh lam phat sinh eac khodn chi ngoai ke hogch.
- Chi dung dU toan: do rOi ro, phai lap lai eac thi nghiem, tham ehi phdi Igp lai cac cudc khdo sat ngoai hien trLfdng, ndn nhieu chi phf phdt sinh.
- Chi dung khodn myc: nhilu khodn myc mdi phat sinh do tfnh mdi va tfnh bit djnh cua nghien eflu khoa hpc gay ra.
- Chi dung tid'n dp: do rui ro, phdi ISp Igi cac quan sat hodc thyc nghidm, k l hoaeh tien dp khdng the ddm bdo...
Td't ea nhflng v i n d l ndu trdn deu khdng phu hpp vdi dgc diem eua hogt ddng KH&CN. Nd d i n tdi "bdnh ndi ddi" trong cdng tac tai chfnh efla cac de tai, du an.
Y tfldng cP bdn trong vide ddi mdl ehinh sach cho KH&CN ed the nhusau:
1. Chuyin he thd'ng KH&CN Vidt Nam sang hogt dpng theo thiit che ti/ tri cOa iihoa hgc. Id mdt xu the tid'n bd eua nen khoa hpe dflpng dgi, vd nhat la, tgi cde qudc gia vd'n thudc khd'i XHCN trudc ddy.
2. Chinh sach tai chinh cin tUdng thich vdixu thi cii each cita KH&CN.
3. Nha nude tai trd khdng vu ldi eho hogt ddng khoa hpc vd mdt sd hogt dpng cdng nghd (ehfl khdng phdi eho toan bd hoat ddng KH&CN).
4. Khdng thi xda bd "cd chi xin - c/TO"trong chfnh sdch tai trp eho khoa hpc, ma xda bd mdt sd
"cdch xin - cho" trong hoat ddng tdi chfnh cho KH&CN.
5. Thidt ehd tdi ehinh mdi se khdng phdi Id sfl "khoan trlng tai chtnh" cho KH&CN, ma la sfl k i t hpp giijfa vai trd "bd dd" cho KH&CN vdi mdt chi dd kiim sodfthfeh hpp ddm bdo sfl dyng hieu qud ngudn lye tai chfnh eho KH&CN.
Ooi dieu ket luan
Sau nhOng phan tfch ndu trdn, xin tdm tat ddi dilu k i t ludn sau:
1. Chfnh sach KH&CN cua nflde ta dang dCfng l^i 6 chinh sdch KH&CN diy trong mdt hd thdng KH&CN mang ti'nh ehi huy tap trung.
2. Cdi each he thdng KH&CN theo hudng tU tri hda \a mdt xu t h i t i t y l u eCia nen khoa hpe dUPng dai. Sfl khdi dau bdi eac Nghj djnh 1 i 5/2605/ND-CP va 80/2007/ND- CP la hodn toan chfnh xae, chicd dieu, nd chfla tflOng thich vdi xu hudng edi each kinh te theo djnh hudng thj trUdng.
3. Cdi each tai chfnh cho KH&CN d n bat d i u tfl sU thing nhat nhin thUc v l dde diim cda ho^t ddng KH&CN, hpn nOa, dae diem eua xu thi cai each chinh sdch KH&CN trong mpt da't nflde dang ehuyen doi tU mpt nen kinh t l ehi huy sang mdt nen kinh t l thj trfldng.
4. Hiu h i t cac nghidn cflu v l edi each qudn ly KH&CN hidn nay d i u xuat phat tfl nhdn quan eua mdt he thd'ng KH&CN mang tfnh ehf huy, va cde tac gid eua nd hiu nhu ehua ed each ndo thoat ra khdi "edi vdng kim cd" eua he thd'ng eu.
5. Can tiep tuc nhOng thao ludn rdng rai de tim kilm mdt he quan diem phfl hdp eho qua trinh eai each he thdng KH&CN efla nflde ta •
S o t h 6 " g 8 - 2 0 i 2 j ^ H O A H O C
