V A N HOA N G H E T H U A T NIWC MCOAI
HAI THAP NIEN
CUA NGHE THUAT DimNG DAI DONG NAM A
TOLA LENZI
LTS: Tir ngay 12-3 den ngay 23-6-2011, Bao tang nghe thuat Singapore (SAM) da danh mdt l(hu trung bay dac biet cho trien lam dugc coi la mdt dau an nam 2011 nay cua bao tang, tieu de Vagt Qua nhiing khai niem ngoi nha, ijch sur va QUOC gia: hai thap nien cua nghe thuat tuong tai Oong Nam A (1991-2011). 52 nghe SI dugc lua chon td 6 nudc thudc khu vuc la Thai Lan (12 nghe sT), Indonesia (12 nghe si), Viet Nam (8 nghe si), Singapore (7 nghe si), Philippines (7 nghe si) va Malaysia (6 nghe si), dem den cho cdng Chung mdt cai nhin tdng quan, cu the vesu tien trien cua nghe thuat duong dai trong ithu vuc ndi chung, cua tirng dat nudc ndi rieng. VHNT gidi thieu ban luge djch bai tieu luan ve trien lam nay cua curator lola Lenzi, ngudi hgp tac thuc hien trien lam vdi SAM.
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hirng thanh cdng rye rd va tinh chit khai nidm manh me eiia nghd thuat duong dai Ddng Nam A thye sy xiing ding dupe gidi thidu trong mdt tridn lam chuydn bidt. Tuy nhien, ngoai trir cie tridn lam ed tinh chit tdng hpp dang biermale, hoae tridn lam chung giira mot vai nudc, dang tridn lam chuyen biet ndi tren cung cd, nhung rit it. Cd thd ke ddn mdt tridn lam timg gay anh hudng sau rdng, tidu dd Traditions, Tensions- Contemporary Art in Asia (Nhiing truydn thdng, xu hudng nghe thuat ducmg dai d chau A) ciia Apinan Poshyananda, diin ra tit nam1996. Mdt tridn lam khac lai gidi thieu nghe thuat cua mdt nhdm 3 nude Ddng Nam A vdi muc tieu la cho tha'y sy biet vdi nghe thuat
duong dai cua Han Qud'c va hi Dp. Trong hoan canh nhu vay, tridn lam lin nay eiia chung tdi dua ra cai nhin vd nghd thuat ciia khu vyc tir nhirng chu dd chung cua ehinh nd, ndi each khac la mdt phd'i canh chung eua khu vuc, vuprt qua nhiing dae didm dan tpc ridng bidt. Muc dich ciia tridn lam la rpi sing va nhifng mdi lien kit giiia nhiing ddng hudng sing tao nhit dinh hidn nay cua nghd thuat khu vyc. Trien lam nhaii manh eac chidn lupc, mdi hoae cd tinh ke thita vd mat van hda, ed ehii y hoae vd thite, cua nghd si trong khu vyc nhim lien kit nhOng mdi luu tam va y tudng cd lidn quan tdi dia phuang vdi cdng chung den tit chau A cung nhu tir phin cdn lai ciia thd gidi. Bdi vay, thdng qua ndi dung mang tinh khu vyc dpc
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NGHg THUAT BON PHUaNG nhit nay, tam didm cua tridn
lam chinh li nhihig mdi luu tam chung eua nghd si vi noi ehdn ciia hp. Dd li nhimg chiin lupc rd rang hoae ngupe lai vi thim my, nhirng mdi quan tam ve ehii di, mdt du vi tu sy, mdt eii nhin bi ngoii vd cdng ddng, va mdt cam nhan vi tinh vat chat. Trong vide lam nhu vay, tridn lam da nhin khu vyc nhu mdt md hinh hip din eho vide dinh gii phd binh.
Nam 1989, tridn lam Magiciens de la Terre ciia trung tam Pompidou (Paris), tuy nhan dupe khi nhiiu phd binh song lai chinh la tridn lam bio trudc mdt su chuydn ddi he hinh quan trpng trong quan he eiia thd gidi nghd thuat qude t i vdi nghd thuat duong dai d ben li ddng chinh, khi dd li nghe thuat Au My.
Kd tir dd, nghe thuat chau A, dac biet la nghe thuat duong dai Trung Qud'c hoae it nhit la mdt vai trong vd sd nhanh phat tridn sau dd dupe nhin nhan d tim miic qud'c td, md ra mdt diin dan toan eiu cho mdt hinh miu rdng Idn hon cita thye hanh nghd thuat thi giic chau A. Vdi tridn lam nay cua SAM, ehiing tdi khdng cd khat vpng biin mdt thii vd'n bi coi Id bin le nhu nghd thuat duong dai Ddng Nam A thanh mdt thii duac coi Id trung tdm nhu nghd thuat duong dai Au - My. Mae dii vay, tridn lam ed y nghla ddi lai mdt vi tri chic chin cd trdn san nha cua nghd thuat timg da bi lang quen trong nhihig xao trdn van hda
diu TK XX, khi chii nghla hidn dai Au chau thim loang vao trong bdi canh nghd thuat Ddng Nam A. Diiu nay cang dupe thdi phdng len d giiia the ky, khi eic sy dich chuydn van hda tii Tay sang Ddng dam net hon vdi anh hudng qude ticiia trudng phai New York ciing vdi sy bi ehii toan eiu eiia My vi mat ehinh tri trong thdi ky dinh cao eiia chiin tranh lanh.
Bdi vay, tridn lam, dupe td ehiic d Singapore, trii tim cua Ddng Nam A ea ve mat dia ly cung nhu thuong mai, chinh la mdt ldi khang dinh. Hoan toan khdng bi dinh hudng bdi khii niem vi chu nghla sd vanh khu vyc, sy bao hd van hda hoae mdt su hdi tudng lai qui vang hau thudc dia, tridn lam tap hop tic phim tir nhiiu nude khie nhau trong khu vyc dd chiing ddi thoai vdi nhau tir sy tuong ddng vi y tudng hoae ngdn ngit nghd thuat. Vupt thoit khdi sy ludng phan hidn dai vdi hau hien dai / duong dai khdng ein thidt (nguydn van: red herring, tiic li chang ra dau vio dau), nhiing thye hanh (nghe thuat) thi giic trong tridn lam niy khie biet vdi nhau nhd vao sy ty tin trong tiing ndi ciia ehinh minh (nghe Sl). Nhiing diiu niy phit xa vupt xa khdi pham vi khu vyc, uu thd toan eiu cua nghe si dupe tao diiu kidn bdi trong lich sir, Ddng Nam A dupe xem nhu la mdt trong nhiing khu vyc toan ciu hda hoae giao luu manh me nhit ea vi van hda va thuong mai tir hang thi ky trudc khi khii
nidm toan eiu hda dupe tao ra.
Bdi vay, tridn lam khdng phai la khai Id mdt dang chau A khie sau Trung Qude ma trudc hdt, li ncd dd chiing ta trd chuydn, hdi thoai vdi nhau vi Ipi ieh ciia chinh chiing ta hon li eiia bit ky ai khac. Mdn qua cita Magiciens li ngay nay, mdt cudc hdi thoai ndi bd trudc khi ed thd dupe thim hidu bdi bdn ngoii vin ed thd that thii vi vdi thd gidi. Trudc khi lam ngae nhidn ai dd d bdn ngoai khu vyc va eiing ein thidt phai nhu vay, ddi vdi rit nhiiu ngudi thudc ehinh bdn trong khu vyc nay, cudc hdi thoai nhu vay vin la eii gi dd qua mdi me tuy ring mdt thap nidn eua TK XXI da trdi qua.
Trong sd nhiiu yiu td, trai nghidm thudc dia d Ddng Nam A, bat diu tit Philippines trong TK XVI, lan tdi Indonesia diu TK XIX, tiip theo li Ddng Duong, Singapore/ Malaya, Burma va Siam (Thii Lan ngay nay), da ngan trd giao luu van hda trong khu vyc qua hing thdky.
Bdi vay, tridn lam cdn xie dinh ring, tin du ciia thdi thudc dia cung nhu sy bao hd eho y tudng vd Ddng Nam A li ein thidt. Tham ehi cho ddn hdm nay, bdn canh vide cac nghe si trinh diin Ddng Nam A, trong mdt sd khia canh nhit dinh, vin coi khu vyc nay la tich biet, hiu hdt eic quan hd van hda trong khu vyc diu bi lang quen ngoai trii khi ed nhiing thiie diy nhit thdi eua cie hdi chp nghe thuat hoae cac lien hoan nghd thuat dinh
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VAN HQA NGHF THUAT MIWC MCOAI ky ehpn Ddng Nam A lam tam
didm, nhu APT hay Fukuoka triennale. Vide thita nhan nhung sy chia re van hda do thdi ky thudc dia la chu mini ciing nhu nhiing kdnh giao tidp ndi khu vuc nhu hidn nay se giiip mdi ngudi dd'n gin hon vdi chu di eiia chiing tdi trong tridn lam nay: mdt khao ciiu ve Ddng Nam A nhu mdt chinh thd luan.
Viec thir nghiem vdi cie hinh thiie nghe thuat duong dai eiia nghe si Ddng Nam A da diin ra kha sdm, ed le bit diu vdi sy xuat hidn eua nhdm GSRB (Gerakan Seni Rupa Baru Phong trio nghe thuat mdi) cua Indonesia nam 1975.
Bdn canh dd, vide chii trpng dd'n tinh khai nidm, thay ddi hinh thiic, dem lai cam thiic duong dai manh me trong sing tic sip dat cua nghe si ngudi Thai Lan Chalood Nimsamer diu nhiing nam 1980, hay eiia cac nghd sl Philippines, Singapore trudc thap nien 90, TK XX cung rit xiing ding dupe gidi thieu trong tridn lam nay. Tuy nhidn, mdc thdi gian hai thap nidn,
1991-2011, dupe lya ehpn bdi nd chiia dyng mdt sy hpp ddng eiia rit nhidu sy kidn nghd thuat lam thay ddi mdi trudng ban dia (ciia tiing dit nude) va din dd'n nhiing phuong cich tidp can phe binh mdi, nhiing he phuang phap luan chinh thdng ciing nhu su suy nghi lai vi muc dich eiia nghd thuat.
Trien lam thidn ve eic hinh thiic nghd thuat sip dat va trinh diin ben canh video
art va ea nhidp anh, eac hinh thiic nghe thuat trong khdng gian ba chiiu. Day khdng phai la kdt qua tur thidn kidn eua nhiing ngudi td chiic, tuydn ehpn tic phim ma la thd hidn xu hudng lam nghd thuat thi giac trong khu vyc. Sau mdt thd ky eiia hdi hpa son diu trdn vai, vdi du cac thit nghidm vd hinh thiic va phuong phip thd hien, cie nghe si trong khu vyc niy ty thiy hp mudn chuydn sang nhiing loai hinh nghd thuat cd the kdt ndi nhiing y tudng phiic tap trong chinh hp mot eieh trye tidp, manh me va mang tinh trye giac cao hon. Nghd thuat sip dat, nghe thuat trinh diin, nghe thuat video, khdng don thuin ehi la mdt sy phan ting lai vdi hpi hpa gii ve va thi trudng thuong mai mi diing hon la dem lai nhiing kha nang xam nhap va chiem dung khdng gian eua khan gia. Bdi vay, chiing chinh la sy lya ehpn eua nghd si, nhiing ngudi tin vao thd loai nghi thuat nhu Id tii'ng noi mdi. Tie phim Ldp hoc lich sii (tidng Thai:
Thanon Ratehadamnoen) eiia Sutee Kunavichayanont (Thii Lan), nam 2000, la mdt sip dat gdm 14 cii ban hpc dupe sip xep nhim nang tac pham len thanh nhu mdt trai nghiem va lam rd rang hon cac ting y nghia ciia nd. Neu mdt biic tranh trin thuat lai eac quang canh lich sir dit nudc va tin tung dan chiing nim quydn sd hiru qui khii eiia minh dd dinh hinh tuong lai thi xem ra ed ve that giio didu va thy ddng (ddi
vdi cdng ehiing). Ngupe lai, nhiing cai ban hpc, thd hidn ldi mdi ciia chiing tdi khin gia ring hay ngdi xudng va kidm xet, "ditil;.bdng" lai nhiing qua vang lich sir ma hp trye tiip ehiing kidn hoae bi tic ddng, lai cd thd khdi ddng dupe nhiing tu duy va hanh ddng phan ling lai cua cdng ehiing.
Dupe thidt kd dd sip dat trong khdng gian cdng cdng, nhu dudi chan dai tudng nidm dan chu d Bangkok, tie pham thim dupm sy can thidp ciia khdng gian va tri thiie, thd hien ro khuynh hudng nghd thuat vdi gde rd la ky lie van hda ban dia thdng qua cdng ddng. Ben canh dd, nhiing nghd si nhu Trin Luong (Viet Nam), Arahmaiani (Indonesia) lai cho thiy sire hap din Idn ciia nghe thuat trinh diin bdi kha nang thd hien nhiing mau thuin trong ddi sdng: hp tan dung khia canh gin gui ciia hinh thiie nghd thuat nay vdi ky lie van hda, vd thiie hoae co y thirc, ciing nhu vdi nhiing cich didn giai xua eu xoay quanh cie chii dd triit hpc, tinh thin, tin ngudng... Se co vin di ndu ban ehi tinh ed liic qua eic tie phim eiia nhflng nghd Sl ndu trdn cung nhu bai vidt eiia tdi ching thd nao midu ta ehiing mdt cich ngay ngin nhim thd hidn eho hit eic tri thiic chira dyng trong dd. Cie tie phim ein dupe cdng ehiing true tidp trai nghidm va nhan didn.
Chit lidu eiing la mdt am ehi khii nidm quan trpng trong sing tie cua nghd si khu vuc.
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NGHg THUAT BON PHl/ONG Nhimg ngudi thye hinh nghd
thuat duang dai thudc thd he diu tidn ciia Ha Ndi da thir nghiem vdi gdm sii trong nhirng nam 90, TK XX, nhim kidm tim sy hd trp eua chit lieu eho cac cau chuyen nghd thuat ciia minh. Nam 1996, Nguydn Minh Thanh, Nguyin van Cudng, Nguyin Quang Huy da trung biy sing tie tit gdm, da't nan ciia hp tai salon Natasha (30 Hing Bdng, Ha Ndi). Sau dd, Cudng tidp tyc serie Nhat ky gdm tit nam 1999 den 2001. Tiing bude thu thap nhiing in tucmg vi cupe sdng thudng nhat tiin tridn d thii dd eua Viet Nam, thd hien qua tranh ve, sau dd, anh da chuydn nhiing hinh anh am due diy tinh bidu tupng len nhung chiie vai nhd nan bing da't set dang dpi anh d Bat Trang, ling gdm cd ngoai d Ha Ndi. Anh khdng ed y nang mdt chit lidu thu cdng Idn thanh my thuat mdt eieh cd y thiic ma ngupe lai anh edn nghi ngd nhOng sic thii kidu vay.
Nhung chiie binh dupe tao hinh tru, that thich hpp vdi ban nhat ky khdng bao gid kdt thiic cua anh. Sau Cudng, mdt sd nghe Sl khie eiing da bi ldi cudn bdi chit lidu nay va mdt ngudi xuit sic la Bui Cdng Khinh, vdi tie phim Ddm ddng vo hai: mdt chide binh sii kidu ding ed, mau men lam, tren dd cd nhiiu hpa tiit va hoa van truyin thdng bdn canh nhiing hinh anh mang tinh chit ty sy vi xa hdi duong dai.
Chide binh dupe ehpn trung biy trong Lidn hoan nghd
thuat duong dai chau A - Thii Binh duong dinh ky 3 nam (APT 6, 2009, Queensland Art Gallery, Australia).
Cdn rit nhiiu vin di quan trpng khie ciia nghd thuat duong dai khu vyc ma tridn lam nay din du ngudi xem eiing kham phi. Dd la vai trd cua cong dong trong cdc thuc hdnh nghi thudt, din chiing didn hinh la dy an Lang nghd si ciia Aung Ko d thupng Burma, nhOng tuang ddng ve tU tudng vd chu de vdi nhiiu sing tic ciing di cap din phong trio dan chii hda, nhu quyin lye eua nhan dan (Philippines) hay ddi mdi (Viet Nam), anh hudng tu ban ehii nghia vdi nhUng ngudn diu tu nudc ngoii d Thii Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Viet Nam, ben canh nhiing vin dd xa hdi va nhan van khac trong cudc sdng duong dai, tit phe binh chinh tri ddn chu nghla ci nhan, tit vin di tinh due den dai dich HIV/AIDS, tir vin di dan tdc, lich sir ddn ban dien dan tdc hay ban didn ei nhan va tim nhin tuong lai... Dac bidt li khia canh pHu nO nhu mdt vector ddy quyen ndng trong cdc tu sU ve Dong Nam A, thdng qua mdt sd sing tic ndi bat trong tridn lam, dupe diin giai vdi khi nhiiu sing tie eiia nghd si Viet Nam, nhu ed nghd si Vii Dan Tan hay hpa si Nguyin Minh Thanh, Nguyin Quang Huy sau nay. Khia canh ddi sdng tam linh ciing vide phe phin tdn giio tupng trung cung dupe cie nghd si khdng ni trinh de cap, mdt sy ep xit
td nhi vdi tam ly vi truyin thdng ngy tri d khu vyc hang thi ky qua.
Nghe thuat nhin chung khdng phai li mdt eon dudng lidn tue va don le. Thdi nha Dudng (618-907) d Trung Qud'c, Florence TK XVI hay New York giira the ky XX la nhiing giai doan vi dia diem da xie dinh nghe thuat vdi nhiing tieu chuin dupe dinh nghia rd ring. Nhiing ky nguyen nd hoa ciia nghe thuat dupe dinh diu bdi sy hpp ddng eiia eac su kiin va y tudng, ciing su hien dien ciia nhiing nha hoat ddng bidt nhin xa trdng rdng da nim bit dupe hai thii tren va chuyen hda chiing thanh cie tie phim nghe thuat ding ehii y nhu thdi dai eiia hp. Ddng Nam A, trong thien nien ky mdi nay, dang thye sy la mdt diu mdi eiia cac ngudn nang lupng tri thiie, eac co hdi chuyen dich vi mat xa hdi cung nhu cd mot tie'ng ndi diin giai diy tinh thuydt phuc. Trong bdi canh iy, nghd thuat thi giac eiia khu vyc nhu la mdt nhan ehiing xa hdi the hien trong trien lam niy, da ty thoit ra vi hudng tdi nhihig tim cao mdi chua timg ed, ty tin hip dy cdng ehiing ddn eiing trai nghiem. Phai ndi them, nghe thuat duong dai Ddng Nam A da va dang hudng den cdng chiing toan eiu ddng thdi ddi hdi cd dupe mdt vi tri thue sy trong lich sit nghd thuat thd gidi •
I.L
(Hoang An D6ng luoc djch vdi sit dong y ciia tac gia)
Thang 6-2011 So 3 2 4 1 ^
