TLT LI^U TRDNG N l / r t n
MOT HUdNG NGHIEN CQU IM NHAC MUCNG THANH HOA
HOANG SAM
A
m nhae Mudng Thanh Hda la mdt thdnh td vo vung quan trpng gdp phdn lam giau thdm cho kho tang vdn hda nghd thudt ddn gian Vidt Nam.Nhiing cdng trinh nghidn crin phd quat vl vdn hoa nghd thudt ddn tdc Mudng Vidt Nam ciia Td Ngpc Thanh, Nguydn Ddng Chi, Nguydn Tri Chi... cring cac soan gia Vuong Anh, Hoang Anh Nhdn, Cao Son Hai... la nin tang cho vide suu tdm, nghidn crin dm nhae Mudng Thanh Hda ndi ridng va dm nhae Mudng Vidt Nam ndi chung.
Tun ra nhung ddc trung tidu biiu cua dm nhae Mudng la vide lam qua khd, ngudi nghidn cun khdng cd kidn thric tdng nin vdn h6a thi se vd'p phai nhring sai ldm nghidm trpng. Vi du khdng hiiu dupe ban chdt tidt tdu, giai didu, xudt xri... cua dm nhae Mudng, ndn cac nhae si suu tdm da gd chring vao cac loai nhip Tdy phuong, thdm chf dring ca loai nhjp 3/8 va 6/8... Hidn nay, Vidn Am nhae Vidt Nam cd vai trdm ban nhae ghi dm vl dan ca Mudng hdu hdt khdng cd didu tinh, khdng vach nhjp, vi dm nhae chu dao cua ngudi Mudng la hat ndi d thi tu do.
I Vi du, md ddu bai Mo via cdy Ida la: di da de da da...; bai Cun chet con khdn la: Hdm mo da e... ieng Id a - o oi!; hay bai TrU&ng tinh thi: Hai may oimayyd.y rdng... Thucmg thuong thiet thuang eri ri y thuang thdn... Dd cung la mdt trong nhung nit ddc dao cua dm nhae didn xudng ddn gian Mudng.
i Di nghidn cun cac mdt cua dm nhae Mudng khdng thi ndu ldn nhung vdn dl lidn
^uan bao quanh nd, chdng han nhu su phdn
bd ddn cu, phong tuc tap qudn ma chay, cudi xin. Id hdi, diln xudng ddn gian... Ddc bidt phai chri y tdi ldi ca cd, vi trong ldi ca con ham chria dm didu, tilt tdu, nhjp dieu, gdn nhu hat. Hat la sy cd y rung dpng, cam xric thdm dl vang rin, nin na, ddm sdu hon cria ngdn ngri, tid'ng ndi con ngudi. Vi vdy phai di sdu vao nhring am tdi cd, dm vudt dudi, dm lay duOi, each lay lai, day lai cac cdu cudi doan, cudi bai. Ddc bidt cdn quan tdm tdi phdn dao ddu, tri dd ta se tim ra dOng lye phat sinh va phat triln ban chdt dm nhae cua no.
Bdt ky tdc ngudi nao trong cac cdng d6ng cria ngudi Viet diu cd trie't hpc ton giao ridng, cd thi thanh vdn, hodc chi thong qua phong tuc tap quan va y nidm cudc sdng tri ddi nay qua ddi khae ma tao dimg ndn. Vdn hda phi vdt thi d'y da xuydn sudt lang ban, cudc ddi tiJmg con ngudi tri khi sinh ra dd'n khi trd vl cat bui.
Cac lan didu dm nhae ddn gian ddc bidt la didn xudng dm nhae cua ngudi Mudng Thanh Hda da cd tri lau ddi trdn pham vi rOng cua cac huydn miin nrii Thanh Hoa va dan xen vdi mdt sd huydn miin xuoi giap ranh, nhu Ngpc Lac, Lang Chdnh, Cdm Thuy, Ba Thudc, Thach Thanh, Nhu Xudn, Nhu Thanh, Thudng Xuan, Quan Hda, Quan Son, Mudng Lat...
Vdn bie't ddi sdng nao, ngdn ngri ay, ngon ngu nao dm nhae d'y, vdy nen, khong thi ky vpng am nhae Mudng phai duyen dang, thanh ljch, bdng bay... nhu ddn ca quan hp Bdc Ninh ma nd la thri dm nhae kfn dao, tiim dn nhiiu ydu td van hoa khae.
Sd 301 •1(1' Thang 7-2009 ••I
THdMC TIM VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T Mudn khdng djnh td chat mdt bai ca cua tdc ngudi nao dd, phai tim ra xudt xri, phong tuc tap quan, trid't ly sd'ng va tdn giao cua hp, tri day mdi djnh rd dupe cdu true, quang dm, didu thric... va nhung ye'u td tidu bieu ddc trung khae. Vdy ndn, khi nghidn cun ban chat dm nhae Mudng Thanh Hda chung tdi se tidp cdn theo hudng nay.
Cac tai hdu khao cd cho biet: hang lang Trang, Ba Thudc cd ddu tfch cua con ngudi nguyen thuy each day hang van ndm; hang Con Moong d Thach Thanh cd ddu tfch con ngudi nguydn thuy each ngay nay hang chuc van ndm. Thanh Hda la vung ma ngudi Mudng da cd mdt da Idu ddi va mdt sd tri noi khae chuyin de'n. Chdng han Chdm Lring cd ngudi Mudng trong ndi tinh, sd khae d Hda Binh, Ninh Binh, Ha Tdy, Phri Thp... di cu vao cac thung lung Sa Lung, Thie't Ong, Hd Diln, Cd Lung hay Ngpc Lac, Cam Thuy... Thanh Hoa cd tren ba muoi van ngudi Mudng, hp cd nin van hda phi vdt thi rat phong phri, tidu biiu la pho su thi De ddt, de nudc. Am nhae diln xudng dan gian cd cac lan didu xudng trai gai, cudi xin, cac ll hdi mang tinh giao duyen, giao tinh, giao tinh... (cdn gpi la rang hay dang cd khi gpi ghep la xudng rang, xudng dang. Ngoai ra cdn cd bp meng hay bp meenh... ddc biet la dan cdng chieng khi thi ddm cho ldi ca, khi thi bidt lap cd bai ban, muc dfch chri yd'u la cau chric cho gia dinh nhiiu phric, lpc, tai...
Cheo ma (tro ma), la didn xudng dan gian trong tang Id, rat giau chat bi hai kjch, nd la sy ddi dap giria than linh vdi linh hdn ngudi da khuat, hodc lam tro cho ma vui...
Ngoai ra cdn cd hat ru (xudng ru), ldi hat drim, ddng giao va nhiiu lan didu cdng chieng thfch hpp vdi cac Id hdi mang tinh truyin thdng va tin ngudng cua ngudi Mudng.
Sau khi dpc va tham dinh trdn 200 ban ky dm cua Vien Am nhae Viet Nam, thi thdy dm nhae Mudng Thanh Hda thudn khidt hon dm nhae Mudng Hda Binh. Diiu d'y cd le la do vj tri dja ly ma Mudng Hda Binh da bj pha trdn hon Mudng Thanh Hda. Ddn ca
Mudng Thanh Hda giu dupe nguydn gdc va ban sdc hon.
Ngudi Mudng Thanh Hda cung nhu ngudi Mudng Hda Binh. Ninh Binh, Ha Tdy, Phu Thp... diu cd chung mdt trid't ly sd'ng. Theo nha nghidn crin ddn tdc hpc Nguydn Tri Chi thi ngudi Mudng Viet Nam quan nidm: He thdng vu try "ba tdng, bdn thd' gidi" Idy Mudng pua thd' gidi cua ngudi sdng, lam trung tam. Mpi dudng di ldi lai diu xudt phat tri ddy, mpi the gidi khae diu quy tu vl ddy.
Bdn thd' gidi: tang cao nha't la mudng trdi- tdng mdt, tang trung gian la sdng khang, bin khan. Tdng thri hai la mudng pua - tdng chfnh cria ngudi dang sdng cung la tdng trung tdm.
Thdi gian, khdng gian quan nidm cua hp la hun han (cring dudng). Tdng thu ba gdm hai thd' gidi: mudng pua tin va mudng vua khu.
Mudng pua tin (mudng bdng phdng) cung co ngudi, nhung nhd be, sd'ng dudi mdt ddt.
Theo truyin thuydt cua ngudi E dd Tdy Nguydn va ngudi Ma thi loai ngudi xudt phat tri the' gidi ben dudi ay trude khi nhd ldn tri ldng dd't.
Mudng vua khu cung la thd'gidi bdn dudi, 0 day nudc. Trong y nidm cua ngudi Mudng, ban chat cua khri khd xac dinh, cd thi xudt hidn 0 nhiiu dang khae nhau va khong bao gid tach khai nidm "khu" khdi hinh tupng
"rdn" gdn liin vdi nudc.
Con ngudi d tdng thri hai cung la thd' gidi thri hai. Day la trung tam con ngudi san sinh ra vdn hda trong dd cd am nhae didn xudng dan gian. Con ngudi khdng thd ty nhidn ma ldn dupe tdng trdi hay xud'ng cac tang dudi, kl ca khi chdt, trie hdn da lia khdi xac, ma phai nhd dng mo cd bai ban din dudng mdi dd'n dupe "mudng trdi" hay cac tdng the gidi khae.
Quan nidm trid't ly, tdn giao vl khdng gian, thdi gian cua ngudi Mudng chfnh la diiu kidn cho tu tudng con ngudi phat triln.
Ddi sdng tinh thdn the gidi tdm linh, the gidi hdn ma... tao dung cho con ngudi biet Id giao, bie't ddi xu tdt vdi nhau, ydu thuong nhau, gdn bd giua gia dinh vdi xa hdi. Trong quan nidm cua hp con ngudi la bdt tu, khi ch^t thi iynSd301
Thana 7-2009
TLT LI$U TRONG NLf^C h6n cdn sdng mai. Hdn khdng nhung vdn di
vl vdi dng ba, tidn td, vdi ngudi dang sdng ma cdn dupe di ddy dd, dupe ldn tdng trdi...
Sy tudng tupng dd'n khdng tudng nay la co sd, la cai cd cho tdm hdn, ngdn ngri, sy hu cdu, ehdp canh cho cdu hat dupe phat triln ngay cang phong phri, y rdng md, mang tinh khai quat cao. Trid't ly cua ngudi Mudng cung cd phdn gidng ngudi Thai, coi cdy cdi, mudng thu, sdng, nui... diu la vdt sdng cd hdn, cd
nhdn bidt yeu thuong, tham chi bie't ndi, bie't khdc nhu ngudi...
Vi vdy mudn hiiu ro dm nhae va diln xudng dm nhae dan gian cria ngudi Mudng Thanh Hda, chring ta phai di sdu vao diiu kidn dja ly, thd dm, trinh dd ngon ngri, phong tyc tdp quan... thi mdi djnh ro dupe chat va lupng cua kho tang vdn hda phi vdt thi quy bau nay...«
H.S
HAT DAM...
•
(Ti^p theo trang 88)
chu yd'u la xudi chiiu theo cdu tho, ndi cac cdu tho bdng nhiiu tidng ddm Idt. Thanh didu ldi ca gdn nhu ddng nhdt vdi cao dd giai didu.
Theo nghd nhdn Trinh Thi Dam, hat ddm cd 38 lan didu. Nghidn crin bdng ghi am, ghi hinh ma chung tdi ghi thang 2 ndm 2009, do phudng ddm QuyIn Son hat, nhiiu lan didu (theo each gpi cua cu Ddm) vl co ban cd dm didu gidng nhau, chi khae d mdt hai ndt nhae.
Su khae nhau nay la do ldi ca tao ndn. Chinh vi thd', cdu true cua ddn ca hat ddm kha da dang. Trong 38 lan didu, phudng ddm hat gdn nhu ndi liin vdi nhau, ndu can cri vao ndi dung ldi ca, hat ridng timg ndi dung thi tuong ting la 38 bai. Mdt sd bai cd cdu mic khd nhae don, gdm tri hai dd'n bd'n cdu nhae. Mdt sd bai CO cdu Uric hai khd nhae don (phat Uiln trdn CO sd cria khd nhae don). Cd bai cdu trric lidn hoan cac khd nhae don (gidng lidn khrie).
Diin xudn^
Thuc ra hat ddm, thudc dang ca - mria - nhae tdng hpp, hdu nhu bai nao cung cd mua va didn. Ba trum vria hat, vria mua, vria gd xdnh. Mdt sd bai cac con dam hat, mria cd sir dung dao cu (quat gidy hodc trd'ng con), nhung cung cd bai khdng sri dung dao cu.
Mua trong hat ddm cd nhiiu td hpp ddng tac.
M6t sd td hpp ddng tac mria rat dep, duydn dang va mang phong each ridng. La ldi hat td' thdn, le ra phai nghidm trang, nhung ddng tac mua cua cac con ddm nhu khoe duydn. Phai chdng cring cai tdm thanh kinh vdi thdn thanh
la cai tinh cac con dam danh cho trai lang dang chd den phdn hat kep, ma hinh thanh nhiing ddng tac mria nay? Trong 38 bai ban, lan didu da phan la cd xudng va xo. Ky ndng hat phai vang, rin, ddc biet la sy phdi hpp thdt nhjp nhang giua xudng va x6.
Trai qua bao thdng trdm, sinh hoat hat ddm cd ty ngan xua, nay vdn hidn didn d lang QuyIn Son. Tri truyin thuye't vl ngudn gdc ljch sri, dd'n ndi dung nhiiu bai hat diu dl cap dd'n danh tudng Ly Thudng Kiet. Sinh hoat ca hat, nhay mria d QuyIn Son co tri trude khi Ly Thudng Kidt den lang, nhung tri khi Ong dd'n, da khdc ddu dn trong long ngudi ddn noi ddy. Ong la ngudi anh hring cua ddn tpc, la vi thanh cria lang. Khi con ngudi trd thanh thdn thanh thi tdn tai Uong tdm linh cpng ddng rdt dai Idu. Ddn lang QuyIn Son da sang tao ra hat dam vria dl ca ngpi, tdn sring Drie thanh Ly Thudng Kidt, vria dl thda man nhu cdu giao tidp, vui choi. Hat dam la mdt thi loai ddn ca cd nhring net ridng, dOc dao, la di san van hda phi vdt thi gia Uj. Trong sdu thdm cria tdm linh, cring vdi nhdn thric rd gia trj cria hat ddm, ddn lang QuyIn Son da va dang duy tri sinh hoat vdn hda phi vdt thi nay vdi mong mudn va hy vpng hat dam se trudng tdn cring thdi gian •
P.TT
1. Trong van, Ddn ca hdt hdm Hd Nam, So Van hoa Thdng tin Ha Nam xb, 1998.
2. Xin xem them tu lieu ghi Sm hit dim ciia Pham Trong To^n.
Th^ng 7-2009
