KINHTE
CHINH SACH THUC DAY KINH TE THONG QUA PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LlJC
TAI SINGAPORE
• Ll/ONG TH! NGQC OANH
TOM TAT:
Tif sau khi tdch khdi Malaysia nam 1965, Singapore da vtfdn minh, trd thanh mdt ti-ong nhifng trung tdm thtfdng mai, tdi chinh ldn nhd't th^ gidi. Nhan thay Singapore Id dd't ntfde ngheo vd tai nguydn thidn nhien, cdc nha hoach dinh ehinh sach Singapore da quyd't dinh d^u ttf vdo ngudn nhan life, dac bidt la ngudn nhdn life chd't Itfdng eao de phuc vu cho phdt trien kinh td'. Thtfc te', Singapore da rd't thdnh cdng trong vide dao tao va thu hut ngudn nhan life. Bai vie't nay phdn tich nhffng chinh sdch gido due - ddo tao vd thu hut ngudn nhan Itfc chat Itfdng cao nham phdt tridn dd't ntfdc.
TiJf khda: Singapore, trung tam thtfdng mai - tdi chinh Idn, chinh sach gido due - dao tao, ngudn nhan ltfc chd^t Itfdng cao.
1. Chinh sach phat trien giao due - dao tao cua Singapore
Chinh phii Singapore Iudn ddnh stf quan tam dae biet danh cho giao due. Didu nay phan anh rd rang qua chinh sdch chu trpng dao tao ngudn nhdn life trong ntfdc vdi ngdn sdch ldn dau ttf eho gido due va chinh sdch tuyd'n dung vd bdi dtfdng, dai ngd giao vien.
Ngan sdch nha ntfdc hang ndm chi cho giao due tang rd't nhanh: nam 2000 Id 5,87 ty dd la Singapore (SGD), sau 5 nam, nam 2010 con sd' dau ttf ndy da dat gan ga'p 2 lan: 9,88 ly SGD va ndm 2017 da tang tdi mtfc 12,68 ty SGD (Bang 1).
Song song vdi ngdn sdch dau ttf Id chinh sach dao tao va thu hut giao vien gidi. Theo cdch ly giai cua nhtfng nha nghidn ctfu gido due
Singapore, nen tang cho stf thanh edng vd gido due d Singapore la chtfdng trinh dao tao mach lac, logic dtfdc dp dung d mpi trtfdng hpc va mot yd'u td' co't ldi khdng the thieu dtfde Id dpi ngu gido vien gidi, nhtfng nhd lanh dao va quan ly gido due hidu qua. Sau day la nhffng ye'u to' chinh ddn de'n thanh cong eua Singapore trong viec gay dtfng dpi ngu gido vien gidi vd nhffng nha lanh dao giao due tdi ba, hieu qua. Cu the nhtf sau:
1.1. Chinh sdch tuyen dung
Bd Gido due va Ddo tao chpn loc nhffng gido vien tiem ndng ttf 1/3 sd'hpe sinh hpe gidi nhat d ca'p 3 de dam bao cdc gido vien ttfdng lai cd thanh tieh hpc tap td't. Tuy nhidn, Singapore cung chu trpng mtfc dp cam ke't vd gan bd vdi nghd. Gido vidn se dtfdc nhan 60% Itfdng khi dtfdc cd di ddo
TAP CHi CONG inmiNG
Bang 1. Chi tieu cua chinll ptiu Singapore cho gido due quo mot so ndm Ban vi tinh: Ngliin 66 io Singapore
Hang muc ctii tieu
Tong chi tieu cua ctiinti ptiu cho giao due
Chi thuflng xuyen Cap tieu hpc
Cap trung hgc cd scl va cao dang Dao tao nghe
Cap dai hpc Cac trudng dai hpc Hoc vien qud'c gia ve giao due Dai hpc da nganh
Nam 2000
5 867.507
4.276.896 995.279 1.166.827
148.416 1.506.313
898.505 83.753 524.055
Nam 2005
6.082.278
5.215.299 1.125 876 1.566.402 203 973 1.765 894 1.058 239 84.722 622.933
Nam 2010
9 875 445
8.998.709 1 839.190 2.568.469 328.067 3 554 419 2 305 921 123.625 1.124.873
Nam 2015
11.934.956
11.235.741 2.457.901 3.106.955 432.961 4.302.171 2 897 770
86.526 1.317.875
Nam 2016
12.468.854
11.812 194 2.563 211 3.176.978 459 931 4.569.272 3 138.310 80.29 1.350.672
Nam 2017
12.680.000
12 022 000 2.754.348 3.245.653 471.267 4.296.978 2.902.596 84.25 1.310.132 Ngudn. so lieu: Chi tiiu chinhphd Singapore vdo iTnh vUc gido due (1960-2017),
Ca quan Thong ke qud'c gia Singapore
tao. Long yeu nghe dtfde nudi dtfdng va phat hien thdng qua nhtfng khda thtfe tdp vd nhtfng giao vidn cd long yeu nghe thtfc stf se dtfdc nhdn ngay ca khi hp ehuyen tif cdng vide khdc sang.
1.2. Chinh sdch ddo tgo
Td't ca cac giao vidn d Singapore dtfdc dao tao ve chtfdng trinh giao due qud'c gia tai Vien Giao due qud'c gia thudc Dai hoc Cdng nghd Nam Dtfdng, theo hinh thtfc khda hpc diplom hodc hpe dai hpe, tuy theo trinh dp cua hp. Ngoai ra, eo stf kd't hdp chat ehe gitfa Vidn Giao due va cde trtfdng hpc de dam bao ede gido vien cd kinh nghiem se kem cap cac giao vien mdi trong mdt sd'nam dau.
1.3. Che do thu lao
Mdi ndm, Bd Gido due va Dao tao Singapore ddnh gid mtfc Itfdng khdi diem eiia mdt so' nghe nghiep va co the dieu chinh Itfdng dd'i vdi edc gido vien bat dau stf nghiep de dam bao rdng cdng viee
giang day cung hd'p ddn do'i vdi cac sinh vien mdi to't nghidp nhtf nhtfng nganh nghe khdc. Ngodi ra, ede gido vien cdn cd cd hdi nang cao trinh dd va trau ddi ehuyen mdn theo nhidu each khdc nhau trong qua trinh cdng tdc
1.4. Chinh sdch phdt trien chuyen mon Cac gido vidn dtfde quyen sd dung 100 gid cho phdl trien nghe nghidp hang nam theo each ma giao vien chpn. Hp cd the tham gia ede khda hpc vd ehuyen mdn hoac phtfdng phdp stf pham nham htfdng tdi bdng ca'p cao hdn. Tuy nhien, phan ldn qua trinh phdt tnen chuydn mdn deu xud't phdt tif trtfdng ma giao vien cdng tac va dtfdc ddn ddt bdi nhtfng ngtfdi quan ly va phat trien ngudn nhan ltfc.
Nhffng ngtfdi quan ly nay cd nhidm vu tim hieu xem trong trtfdng dang ed va'n dd gi, chang ban:
va'n de lidn quan den kd't qua hpe tap eOa mdn toan hoac dp dung each thdc mdi nhtf: day hpc gan vdi dtf dn thtfc tidn hodc dng dung ITC trong
90 So 12-Thang 7/2019
KINHTE
giang day. Mdi trtfdng hpe cd mdt quy ho trd giao vien dd phat trien nghe nghidp, bao gdm ca viec thay ddi ttf duy hoac each tie'p can thdng qua nhtfng chuyd'n cdng tdc ra ntfdc ngoai de hoc hdi va tich luy kmh nghidm. Vao cud'i ndm 2010, Singapore da thdnh lap trung tdm giao vien Singapore de khuyd'n khich cac giao vidn chia se kinh nghidm va nhtfng each ldm td't nhd't.
1.5. Ddnh gid ke't qua cong tdc vd khen thiidng Ttfdng ttf nhtf cdc nghd nghiep khac d Singapore, kd't qua giang day cua giao vien dtfdc ddnh gid hdng nam bdi mot nhdm ehuyen gia dtfa tren nhieu tieu chi, bao gdm ddng gop ve mat trau ddi kie'n thtfc va nhdn each cho hpc sinh, cong tdc vdi phu huynh va edng ddng, trao ddi kinh nghidm va gitip dd ddng nghiep va ddng gdp chung cho nhd trtfdng. Gido viencd kd't qua xua't sac se nhdn dtfdc phan thtfdng tif quy ph^n thtfdng cua nha trtfdng.
1.6. Chinh sdch phdt trien nghe nghidp Nhifng ngtfdi cd nang ltfc ldm giao vidn se dtfdc dao tao chd khdng phai de phat trien ttf phat. Sau 3 nam giang day, gido vidn se dtfdc ddnh gid hdng ndm de xem hp phii hdp vdi vai trd nao trong cac vai trd sau: giang vidn, ehuyen gia thid't ke' chtfdng trinh hay lanh dao nha trtfdng.
Nhffng giao vien cd tiem nang trd thanh lanh dao nha trtfdng se dtfdc chuydn sang nhdm lanh dao cd'p trung va dtfdc dao tao de ed the sdn sang nhan chdc vu mdi. Kd't qua lam viec eua nhffng Ianh dao cd'p trung dtfdc danh gid de cd thd chuan bi dam nhan vai tro hieu phd va sau dd la hieu trtfdng. Mdi giai doan ddi hdi nhifng kmh nghidm va khda dao tao khae nhau de ed the giup eac gido vien cd tiem ndng cd the dam nhiem vai trd lanh dao va phat trien nha trtfdng. Cdc chuydn gia gido due Singapore ludn thd'u hieu rang de ed chd't Itfdng gido due cao vd thanh tich hoe tap td't can phai ed cde thay hieu trtfdng tdi ba, lam vide hieu qua.
Bdng vide dau ttf cho tuyen dung ede giao vien ed chd't Itfdng cao vd tao eho hp cd hdi dtfdc dao tao vd dtfde hd trd hen tuc, Singapore chtfa bao gid phai dd'i mat vdi cha't Itfdng gido due giam sut
hodc eac giao vien va ban giam hieu edc trtfdng Iam vide khdng hidu qua.
Ngoai ra, Singapore cung Iudn cd nhtfng chinh sdeh phdng ngtfa nhffng bie'n dpng cd the ed vd chuan bi ky cang eho ttfdng lai. That vdy, mdc dii la mdt qudc gia thodt khoi The' gidi thtf 3 de sanh vai vdi cac ntfdc giau cd va cd he thd'ng gido due hieu qud Iam ddng ltfc cho ndn kinh te' todn cau nhtfng Singapore khdng he "ngu qudn trong chie'n thang" ma Id la nhffng va'n de cd the nay sinh.
Nhan thd'y ddi mdi la chia khda eua stf phat trien kinhte'va dd'i vdi ttf duy cung nhtf nhtfng ky nang mdi can phai cd dd thue dly dd'i vdi Singapore da dtfa la khung ehinh sdch giao due mdi. Trtfdng hoc sdng tao, loan qud'c hpc tap da trd thdnh muc tieu rd rang vd dtfdc todn ddn ung hd nhdm dam bao cdng cudc cdi thien gido due lien tuc cua Singapore.
2. Chinh sach thu hut ngudn nhdn lu'c chat lifdng cao cua Singapore
Mot trong cde phtfdng phdp de ddn nhan ngudn lao ddng chd't Itfdng cao la thu hut hoc sinh, sinh vien de'n hpc, sau do d lai ldm vide. Giao due Singapore la kenh thu hut ngudn hpc smh, sinh vidn ntfde ngodi hd't stfc hifu hieu qua. Ngodi he thd'ng giao due bai ban, Chinh phu Singapore edn mien xet ihi thtfc cho du hpc sinh qud'c te', khdng ddi hdi phai chdng mmh lai chinh, chi phi hpc tdp, sinh hoat d Singapore lai hdp ly so vdi eae ntfde Au My, mdi trtfdng hpc tap hidn dai, cdc nganh nghe dao tao da dang. Sinh vien ntfdc ngodi hpc tdp tai Singapore ne'u khdng du didu kien tai chinh se dtfdc Chinh phu hd trd. Sau khi td't nghidp, sinh vien phai cam kd't d Iai lam viec 3-6 nam. Bang each nay, Singapore ludn cd nguon lao dpng cha't Itfdng cao dtfdc bd sung hdng nam.
Dae biet, Singapore cdn md ra cd hdi cho ngtfdi Iao dpng ntfde ngoai dtfdc lam viec tai khu vtfc cdng. Trong khi d hau hd't ede ntfde, ngtfdi ntfde ngoai du tai gioi de'n md'y cung ra't kho cd cd hdi dtfdc ldm vide trong eac cd quan nha ntfdc thi d Singapore, ngtfdi lao ddng ehi can cd ndng life la hodn toan co the dtfdc lam vide trong khu vtfc cdng (Bang 2),
TAP CHl CONG THKlfNB
Bang 2. Tong so loo dong nudc ngodi toi Singapore
Ddn vj tinh: ngUdl Nam
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
So IUdng lao d^ng 1.321.600 1.365.700 1.387.300 1.393 000 1.368.000 1.386.000 Ngudn: So Ueu thdng ke, Bg Lao dgng
Singapore, 2019
Mtfc Itfdng ma Singapore dtfa ra cho lao ddng ntfdc ngoai cung vd ciing hd'p ddn. Singapore quy dinh rd, Itfdng cua lao ddng binh thtfdng d Singapore chi khoang 2.000 USD/thdng. Nhtfng vdi lao ddng ntfde ngoai ed ky nang, tay nghd, ngoai vide dtfde htfdng Itfdng theo mtfc cua cac nhdn tai, edn dtfde phep dtfa ngtfdi than sang sd'ng cung, dtfdc ca'p gia'y phep dinh ctf vd nhdp qud'c tich tai Singapore.
Tra Itfdng cao la bidn phdp khdng chi cd Singapore dp dung. Tuy nhidn, didm khac biet la.
Singapore ed mdt chinh sdeh rd rang dd thdc hien dieu ndy. Cdc bd trtfdng Singapore cd mtfc Itfdng cao hdn td't ca ede bd trtfdng d nhtfng qud'c gia gidu cd nhd't. Ndm 2016, Thii ttfdng Ly Hien Long da quyd't dinh ldng Itfdng cho cac bd trtfdng phai bang vdi mtfc Itfdng cua 6 ngtfdi dtfng dau cac ngdnh nghe trong khd'i ttf nhdn. Ngoai vide tao stf yen tdm cho lanh dao, chinh sdch nay cdn gdp phan han che' nan tham nhdng, minh bach hda chinh phu, ddng thdi tao dieu kidn dd cdc bd trtfdng ddnh tdm sdc cho cdng vide quan Iy, hoach dinh chinh sdch.
Ngoai ra, Singapore cung tdp trung dau ttf, phat trien cd sd ha ting dd thu hut cdc cdng ty ntfdc ngoai dat tru sd. Ddy cung Id mdt trong nhtfng nguydn nhdn khid'n Singapore thu hiit dtfdc lao ddng ntfdc ngodi dd'n sinh sd'ng va ldm vide.
3. K^t lu^n
Singapore da rat thdnh edng trong viec gay dtfng ngudn nhdn life cha't Itfdng cao thdng qua vide khdng ngtfng cai thien cha't Itfdng gido due trong nddc va thu hut Iao ddng chd't Itfdng cao tif ntfdc ngoai. Trong bd'i eanh ndn kinh te tri thtfc chuydn sang nen kinh td' so va ngudn nhdn life cang ngay edng ddng vai trd quan trpng nham thue day tang trtfdng kmh td' va phdt trien thi kinh nghidm cua Singapore thtfc stf htfu ich dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia khac tren the' gidi •
TAI L I | U THAM KHAO:
/. Bg Lao ddng Singapore, https://www.mom.gov.sg/documents-and-publications/foreign-workforce-numbers. truy cap ngdy 20/6/2019.
2. Center for Global Education. How Singapore Developed a High-Quality Teacher Workforce, truy cap ngdy 20/6/2019.
3. Ngdn hdng Thi'gidi. https //data.worldhank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTLGD.ZS?locations=SG truy cap ngdy 20/6/2019.
4. Tap chi To chdc nhd nudc. Chinh sdch thu hut nguon nhdn lUc chdt luang cao trang khu vuc cdng d Singapore, truy cap ngdy 20/6/2019.
92 So 12-Thang 7/2019
KINH TE
Ngay nhan bai: 13/6/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chifa: 23/6/2019 Ngay chap nh3n dang bai: 3/7/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. LUCfNG THI NGOC OANH
Khoa Kinh td' Quoc te, Trtfdng Dal hpc Ngoai thtfdng
PROMOTING THE ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF SINGAPORE
• PhD LUONG THI NGOC OANH
Faculty of International Economics, Foreign Trade University
ABSTRACT:
Since its separation from Malaysia in 1965, Singapore has grown to become one of the largest conimercial and financial centers in the world. Realizing that Singapore is poor in the sense of the natural resources, Singaporean policymakers have decided to invest in human resources, especially high-quality human resources for Singapore's economic development.
In fact, Singapore has been very successful in training and attracting human resources. This article analyzes education and training policies and high quality human resources attraction policies of Singapore.
Keywords: Singapore, a large commerical and financial center, education and training policy, a high quahty human resource.
