TAP CHl GQNG THlfdNG
NGUON NHAN LlTC
DU LICH VIET NAM TRONG BOI CANH CACH MANG CONG NGHE SO
• HUYNH VAN THAI - VO XUAN HAU
T 6 M TAT:
CuOc c^ch mang cong nghe so da va dang tac dong manh me doi vdi cdc ngSnh, linh vi/c ciia d6i so'ng Icinh tS' - xa hdi Vigt Nam, trong dd c6 du lich. Xu thd' cong ngh6 se lam thay ddi cdc phi/dng thtfc quan Iy, kinh doanh vi tidu dung du lich. Bai viet diTcfc thifc hien tren cd sd phSn tich nguon nhan hie du lich trong each mang c6ng nghd s6', nhffng th&nh tffu va nhffng han c h ^ d6ng thdi d3t ra yeu cau va cd hpi cho viec dao tao ngu6n nh3n lffc du lich. Tff dd, bai viet d l xuS^t m6l so gidi phap nham tao sff dot pha trong dSo tao nguon lffc du lich chat Iffdng cao thSi kj' hdi nhSp, de gdp phan dffa nganh Du lich cua Vidt Nam trd thanh nganh kinh te* mui nhgn.
Tff khda: Ngu6n nhSn lffc, du lich, dao tao nguon nhdn lffc, cong nghe %6.
1. Gidi thi^u
Nhdn lffc du lich la khai nidm chi lffc Iffdng lao dong tham gia vao qua trinh phdt tnen du lich. gom ca nhan lffc trffc tiep va nhan lffc gian tiep. Trong dd, nhdn lffc trffc tid'p la nhffng ngffdi lam viec trong cac cd quan quan ly nha nffdc ve du lich; cac ddn vi sff nghidp du Ijch; cac doanh nghiep, cd sd kinh doanh dich vu du lich. Con nhan lffc gidn tie'p la bg phan nhan lffc lam viec trong cac nganh, cac qud trinh lien quan den hoat dong du lich nhir van hda, hai quan. giao thong, xua't nhap canh, nong nghiep, cdng nghidp, thffdng mai. dich vu cong cong. moi trffdng, bffu chinh \ icn thong, cpng dong dan cff,... Dieu dd cho Ihay. nhan lffc du lich cd do
bao phu tffdng do'i rong va chat lffdng cOa nd khong chi tac ddng va dong vai trd quye't dinh ddi vdi sff phdt trien du lich, ma con gdp phan khong nho vao sff phat trien cdc nganh, cdc ITnh vffc khac cd lien quan. The' gidi da va dang chuyen manh sang kinh td' tri thffe va do dd, ham Iffdng tri thffe trong cac san pham du Uch cung din chiem ly trpng cao.
TnTdc day, cdc loai hinh du lich truyen tho'ng. g^n vdi tham quan, nghi dffdng, vui chdi, giai tri (nghi dffdng bien, nghi dffdng sinh thai thuan tuy,...) la cd ban. Hien nay, nhieu san pham du lich mdi dang hinh thanh, phai trien nhdm dap ffng nhu cau ngay cang cao cua mpi dd'i tffdng du khach. Trong dd phai ke de'n xu hffdng du lich phieu Iffu, du lich trai
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nghiem, du Iich thong minh, du lich sang tao, cdng tac kd't hdp nghi ngdi, du lich chffa benh va cham sdc sffc khoe. Cudc cdch mang cdng nghd sd' da va dang tac ddng manh me dd'i vdi cdc nganh, lmh vffc cua ddi sd'ng kinh te' - xa hdi, trong do cd du lich. Xu thd' "so hda" se lam thay doi sau sac phffdng thffe quan ly, kinh doanh va tieu diing du lich. Dieu nay doi hdi cdc dja phffdng, cdc diem dd'n cin phdi xdy dffng dffde nhffng san pham va cac chffdng trinh du lich mdi la, ddc dao, ket hdp d cic gid tri tff nhien, gia tri nhan van va gdn Hen vdi tmh tien nghi hien dai. D6ng thdi, di khdng bi tut hdu va dap ffng nhu cdu phdt trien, nganh Du lich cua Vidt Nam dang can lffc Iffdng nhan lffc cd tri thffe phong phii va toan didn hdn ca ve kie'n thffe, chuyen mdn, tay nghi, ky nang, ngoai ngff,...
2. Phat trien nguSn nhSn li^c du lich Vi?t Nam
Nam 2019, ty le lao dgng ed ehuyen mdn vl du lich chid'm khoang 42%/tong sd lao ddng toan nganh Du lich Viet Nam, 38% dffde dao tao tff cac ngdnh khdc chuyen sang va khoang 20% chffa qua dao tao chinh quy. Trong tong sd' 42% lao ddng dffde ddo tao ve du lich thi chi cd 10% lao ddng cd trinh dd dai hgc va sau dai hpc (chie'm 3,5%); 50%
lao ddng cd trinh dp sd cap, trung cap va cao dang (ehiem 20%); 40% cdn lai la lao ddng dffde boi diOng qua cac Idp ngan han. Khoang 60% lao ddng trong ITnh vffc bie't va sff dung cae ngoai ngff khac nhau. Trong dd, tid'ng Anh chid'm ty Id cao nha't vdi hdn 50% nhan life toan nganh. Tai Hdi nghi, Phd Tong cue trffdng Tong cue Du lich Nguydn Thi Thanh Hffdng da bao cdo tdm tat nhffng kd't qua dat dffde cua nganh Du lieh trong nam 2019, Theo dd, nam 2019, du lich Viet Nam ffdc ddn 18 tridu Iffdt khach qud'c te (tang 16% so vdi nam 2018);
phuc vu 85 tridu Iffdt khach ngi dia (tang 6%); tdng thu tff khach du lich ffdc dat hdn 720.000 ty dong (tdng trdn 16%). Bdn canh dd, Vidt Nam nhan dffde nhilu gidi thffdng du Iich toan clu, nhff: Diem dd'n Di sdn hang dau the' gidi; Die'm de'n Golf Id't nha't the gidi 2019, Diem dd'n hang dau chau A hai nam lien tid'p; Diim de'n am thffe hang dau chau A;... Nang lffc canh tranh cua du lich Vidt Nam lien hic dffde eai thien trong bang xd'p hang cua Diln
dan Kmh te' the' gidi (WEF), xep hang 63/140 nln kinh te. Tuy nhien, chi sd' ve nhan lffc va thi trffdng lao ddng lai sut giam 10 bac, tff vi tri 37 xud'ng vi tri 47. Trong khdi ASEAN, chi sd' vl nhan lffc va thi trffcfng lao ddng cua Du Iich Vidt Nam xe'p thff 6, xe'p tren Lao (hang 67) va Campuchia (hang 95), xe'p sau Singapore (hang 5), Malaysia (hang 15), Thdi Lan (hang 27), Philippines (hang 37) va Indonesia (hang 44), Dilu dang ndi la chi sd" ve nhan lffc va thi trffdng lao dgng eua hau he't ca qud'c gia khd'i ASEAN dIu tang, chi cd Vidt Nam va Lao bi sut giam thff bac tren bang xep hang.
Tinh de'n ngay 15/12/2019, he thd'ng doanh nghidp Iff hanh va hffdng dan vien cd 720 doanh nghiep dffde ca'p gia'y phep kinh doanh Iff hanh qud'c te mdi. Hien ca nffdc cd 2.648 doanh nghiep Iff hanh qud'c te', vdi 26.864 hffdng din vien, trong dd ca'p mdi 6161 the hffdng dan vien. Cung tai thdi diem nay cd 118 cd sd lffu tru trong phan khiic tff 4-5 sao dffde cdng nhan. Cd s5 lffu trff ca nffdc ed 30.000 vdi 650.000 buong, tang hdn 2.000 cd sd Iffu tni so vdi nam 2018. He thd'ng ed sd dao tao du lieh dffde hinh thanh, phan bd'kha deu khdp theo cac vung du lich.
Ca nffdc hidn co 192 cd sd dao tao du lich, trong dd cd 62 trffdng dai hpc cd khoa du lich, 55 trffdng cao ddng (trong dd cd 10 trffdng chuydn vl dao tao du lich, eac trffdng con lai cd dao tao nganh Du lich) va 75 trffdng trung cap, trung tam day nghe.
Qua nhffng sd' lieu phan tich trdn, ed the nhan thd'y cdng tdc phat trien nguon nhdn lffc du lich cua Viet Nam trong giai doan qua da cd nhffng ehuyen bie'n tich cffc, the hien d sff gia tang on dinh ve Iffdng va sff cai thien ddng ke ve chat. Tuy nhidn, phat trien nguon nhan lffc du lich Viet Nam cdn nhieu han che', khd khan, thdch thffe: sff phan bd' lao ddng du lich khdng dong deu giffa eac viing, mien, dia phffdng trong ea nffdc dan dd'n tinh trang vffa thie'u vffa thffa giffa eac vung, mien va dia ban trpng diem du lich; lao dgng ehffa qua dao tao chinh quy va lao ddng trdi nganh dang chid'm ty trpng Idn hdn sd' lao dgng dffde dao tao chinh quy ve du lich; ngoai ra, nhan lffc nganh cd kha nang sff dung thanh thao mdy tinh va cac thie't bi cdng nghe phuc vu cdng vide, nhffng chu ye'u la cdc cdng vide gian ddn va sd' nay tap Irung ehu ye'u d khd'i cd
1AP CHl CONG THlfdNG
quan quan ly du lich ca'p cd quan, chinh quyen va d cdc doanh nghidp dat tai cdc thanh phd' Idn,...
Theo GS.TS. Ddo Manh Hiing, so vdi cdc nffdc trong khu vffc, chat Iffdng dich vu du Ijch Viet Nam ndi chung va tai cdc trung tam du lich Idn van cdn han che. Mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan cd ban dan dd'n thffe trang dd la do nhdn lffc du lich ciia chiing ta hidn nay vffa thi^u vl so' Iffdng lai vffa yd'u ve chuydn mdn, nghiep vu, do dd ddn d^n cha't Iffdng phuc vu du lich cua nffdc ta cdn thap.
3. Ngu6n nhdn lffc du lich trong each m^ng cong ngh§ sd'
Thudt ngff "du lich thdng mmh" xua't hien d Viet Nam trong khoang vai nam trd lai day, dffde nhac de'n nhieu khi cude each mang cdng nghidp 4.0 chinh thffe didn ra. Cdng nghe va du lieh da cd sff ke't hdp kha tich cffc va hodn hao. Nhffng san phd'm du lich gan vdi cdng nghe da vd dang ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng trong boat ddng du lich ciia mdi du khach tff vide Iffa chon diem dd'n eho de'n thdi gian lffu tru vd trai nghiem, sau cung la nhffng ky niem dffde lffu giff tff chuyd'n di. Sff phat trien thi trffdng vdi sff gdp mat cua nhffng the'he tidu dung mdi, cung la mpt trong nhffng ly do thay doi tich cffc ddi vdi md hinh du Iich. Nhffng khdch du lich nay thich di du lieh trong stf dam me cdng nghd mdi, dilu nay tao nen mdt bd'i canh mdi, trong do cac phffdng tien truyen thdng xa hdi, cdc ffng dung cdng nghd, blog, mang xa hdi va thdi gian du khach danh cho nd trong sud't chuye'n di la mdt phan khdng the thid'u trong trai nghidm cila mdi du khdch. Nhdn thffe difpc su" thay doi nay, ngdnh Cdng nghiep du lich cung dd cd nhffng dilu ehinh trong md hinh kinh doanh va cung cap san pham ciia minh de thu hiit dd'i tffdng khach hang, dong thdi dat dffde mue tidu kinh doanh. Dac biet. vdi siJ anh hffdng ciia dai dich Covid-19 trong thdi gian dau ndm 2020, vdi nhffng dff doan ve xu hffdng trong tidu diing, thffdng mai va xu thd' phat trien ciing sff xud't hien eac ngdnh nghe kinh doanh trffc luyen mdi dffa tren kinh le so', theo nguyen tae tff xa, han chd tidp xiie sc lam eho nganh Cdng nghiep du lich ed nhffng chu\en bien sdu sdc.
Chdng han:
Dd'i vdi cd nhdn cd nhu clu di du lich, dau tidn phai tim dia chi, tim trdn mang, lim kie'm chd lffu tni, ede phffdng tien di lai va gid ca hdp ly nhd't, mua ve may bay rli cac chi dan dffdng di...Chinh dilu nay ddi hoi cdc doanh nghiep du lich can phai sdn sdng cho sff chuyen ddi manh me sang cdng nghe sd' hda. Dong thdi can tra ldi cdc cdu hdi: Khi khach du lich tdi Viet Nam, hoac khach Viet Nam di du lich tdi cdc diim de'n mdi, ho khdng biet se phai di dau? d dau? dn gi? xem gi? mua gi?... Hidn nay, ta't cd cde thdng tin dd dffde so' hda trdn cdc ffng dung cd thd cai ddt len dien thoai di dpng, dff lieu sd' da trd thdnh ye'u td' quan trpng dd'i vdi doanh nghiep du lich, do vdy ddi ngu nhdn sff eiia nganh Du lich Viet Nam can phdi nam vffng cdc kie'n thffe vd ky ndng lien quan de'n ffng dung cdch mang edng nghidp 4.0 vao hoat ddng du lich.
Dd'i vdi cdc cd sd dao tao, ddi ngu giang vien, phan Idn deu cd tnnh do, chuyen mdn cao, day ddn kinh nghiem cd kha nang truyin dat td't eho sinh vien nhieu kie'n thffe tren Idp hpe, tuy nhidn van chffa that sir khai thdc td'i da va cap nhat Iffdng kie'n thffe mdi, ehffa tich cffc trong viec ffng dung cdc thiet hi cdng nghd trong tim kiem thdng tin, chffa day manh hffdng dan, dao tao sinh vidn nghidn ciiu thiJc hanh thdng qua mdi trffdng internet. Nhffng kid'n Ihffc mang tinh thffe td' ndy sinh vien van cdn tid'p thu thdng qua ly thuye't va s\i truyen dat tff phia giang vien. Cdc cdng viec nhff ddt v6 mdy bay, ve xe, nhd hang, khdch san, mdn an,... hau nhff sinh vidn thie'u thffe hdnh nen sinh vien van chffa that sff nam bdt rd ve quy trinh Ihffc te cung nhff nhffng liAi y can thie't khi thffe hien nhffng quy trinh nay. Vi the', de ddp ffng nhu cau hien nay. cde cd sd ddo tao can day manh hffdng dan, dao tao sinh vien nghidn cffu Ihffc hanh ihdng qua mdi trffdng intemet. Ngodi ra, can quan tam dffa tieng Anh ehuyen nganh vao chffdng tnnh giang day du lich, mdi tri/dng thffe hdnh giao tid'p cho sinh vidn de cai thidn kha nang giao tie'p ciia ban than. Neu khdng gidi ngoai ngff. nhffng nhan vien trong nganh Du lich cung khd hoan thanh td't nhiem vu va phat trien nghi nghiep chuyen mdn. khdng the giiip khach du lieh hieu tudng tao ve vdn hda Vidi Nam va quang bd hinh anh dat nffdc ra ben ngoai,
168 So 16-Thang 7/2020
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do vay can quan tam dao tao sinh vien du lich khi td't nghiep ra trffdng vdi kha ndng ti^ng Anh td't.
4. Giai phap dao tao ngu6n nhSn lffc dap l^ng ydu c i u trong bd'i canh each mang cong nghd sd'
4.1. Ddi vdi ngdnh Du lich
Tiep tuc hodn thidn he thd'ng chinh sach va ede cd che' quan ly ve phdt trien nhdn lffc, tao dieu kidn thuan ldi thuc day cdng tdc phat trien ngudn nhan lffc du lich, bao dam thd'ng nha't, cha't Iffdng, hieu qua, ddp ffng ydu clu phdt trien va hdi nhap.
Cd chfnh sdch hd trd, nang cao nang Iffc dao tao ciia cde cd sd dao tao nghe du lich trong cd nffdc g^n vdi vide ffng dung cdng nghd tidn tie'n trong edng tdc dao tao.
Tang cffdng tap hua'n, boi dffdng, dao tao va ddo tao lai cho nguon nhan lffc du lieh nhdm trang bi kidn Ihffc, ky nang ve cdch mang cdng nghd sd'vdi nganh Du lich dinh ky hdng ndm.
Tang cffdng eac Idp tdp hua'n, boi dffdng, td' chffc hoi nghi, hpi thao ve cdeh mang edng nghe sd' vdi nganh Du Iich cung la nhffng bidn phap tich cffc de ndng eao nhan thffe, ddi mdi tff duy cho lffc lffdng lao ddng loan nganh.
4.2. Ddi vdi trUdng ddo tgo
Dao tao, boi dffdng nang cao nang lffc dgi ngu gido vidn, giang vien dac bidt la trinh dd chuyen mdn, nghiep vu, ky nang nghe nghidp, ngoai ngff, tin hgc ddp ffng nhu clu dao tao nhdn lffc trire tie'p phuc vu sff chuyen dich cua nln san xudt, kinh doanh, dich vu trong bd'i cdnh each mang cdng nghd so'.
Ddi mdi chffdng tnnh, phffdng phap va nang cao cha't Iffdng ddo tao tai eac cd sd dao tao du lich trong ca nffdc de dam bao ngudn nhan lffc trong
tffdng lai (ngffdi hpe td't nghiep) cd the dap ffng ngay cac vi tri viec lam vdi ydu clu v l trinh do, ky ndng sff dung cdng nghe trong cdng viec trong bd'i canh each mang cdng nghe so'.
Phd'i hdp chat che giffa doanh nghiep vd cd sd dao tao. Dieu nay tao dilu kien cho sinh vien cd the tie'p xiic vdi thffe td' ngay khi cdn dang hpc. Day la cd hdi dd sinh vien cd dffde nhffng trai nghiem, tich luy kinh nghidm tff thffe te.
4.3. Ddi vdi doanh nghi$p kinh doanh du Ifch Tich effe trien khai cdng nghd so, day manh cde loai hinh kinh doanh trffc tuye'n, hinh thanh va thu hut sff tham gia cua cdng dong doanh nghiep dd'i vdi he thd'ng cae san giao dich du lieh didn tff.
Can xdy dffng cd ehe" Iffdng, thffdng linh hoat dd thu hiit, giff chdn va phdt huy vai trd nhan lffc cha't Iffdng cao lam viec tai doanh nghidp.
Chii trgng cdng tac ddo tao va dao tao lai thdng qua viec to chffc cac Idp tap hua'n ngan han (cff can bd di hgc hoac mdi chuyen gia dau nganh trong ITnh vffc du lich) dd khdng ngffng nang eao chat lu'dng ddi ngu nhan lffc chat Iffdng cao tai doanh nghidp.
Cd chinh sach thich hdp nham tao mdi trffdng hoc tap thffe td' cho sinh vien cua cae ed sd dao tao vl du lich tren dia ban, eung nhff tich cffc trong vide hdp tae vdi ede cd sd dao tao, nhdm hd trd, tai trd cho mdt sd' dff an dao tao phat trien nhan lffc du lich tai cd sd dao tao.
Mdi ngffdi lao ddng trong nganh cln tich cffc hge hdi, nang cao kid'n thffe, trinh dp chuyen mdn, ky nang nghidp vu ~ dac biet Id kid'n thffe, ky ndng sff dung cdng nghe trong edng viec, sdn sang tie'p can vd sff dung cdng nghd mdi phuc vu cdng vide cua ban than •
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO:
1. Tran Thi Thu Ha (2018), Dinh hirdng dao tao ky ndng nghe nghiep trong bdi canh cong nghiep 4.0, Nghien cffu va trao doi, website: htlps://www.hlc.edu.vn/rss/index.php?pageid=}266S&topicid=l39&pagenum=6 2. Pham Thi Thuy Linh (2020), Du lich thong minh - Xu hu'dng phdt tnen tat yeu cua nganh Du lich Viet Nam, Tgp chi Cdng ThUOng, sd' 7 thdng4 ngm 2020.
TAPCHiCfiNGTHirifNG
3. Vien Nghien cffu Phdt tridn Du lich (2019), "Xu hudng phdt trien cua dulich the gidi \d tdc ddng ddi vdi du tich Vift Nam", Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc. Ha Noi.
4. Chinh phu (2020), Quyet dinh so 147/QB-TTg ngdy 22/01/2020, Phe duyet Chien lUOcphdt irien du lich Vift Nam de'n ndm 2030.
Ngay nh$n bai: 5/6/2020
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sii'a chifa: 15/6/2020 Ngay cha'p nhain ddng bai: 25/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
1. TS. HUYNH VAN THAI 2. ThS. VO XUAN HAU
Trffdng Cao dang Cdng Thufcfng Miln Trung
THE HUMAN RESOURCE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY OF VIETNAM AMID THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
• Ph.D HUYNH VAN THAI
• Master. VO XUAN HAU Mien Trung Industry a n d Trade College
ABSTRACT:
The digital revolution has significantly impacted industries, fields and socio-economic aspects of Vietnam including the tourism industry. Technology trends will change the development of management, business and tourism. This paper analyzes the human resource in tourism industry amid the diggital revolution, presents aehivements and also points out requirements and opportunities for the training for human resource in tourism industry. Based on the paper's analyses, some solutions are proposed in order to make breakthroughs in the high quality training for human resource in tourism industry during Vietnam's international integration process, helping the tourism industry become a key economic sector of Vietnam.
Keywords: Human resources, tourism, human resource training, digital technologies.
