^ NGHIEN CLTU-PHAT TRIEN LYLUAN
V.I.LENIN BAN VE CHUYEN CHINH VO SAN VAY NGHIA
DOI veil VIET NAM HIEN NAY
* PGS, TS LE T H I THANH HA Vien Triet hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho ChiMinh
mom tdt: Chuyen chinh vd sdn la ngi dung quan trgng trong di sdn lyluan vd thdc tiin cdch mgng cita V.LLenin sau Cdch mgng Thdng Mddi. Bdy Id vdn de cd bdn cdn gidi quyet trong thii ky qud do len CNXH, ddc biet d nhdng nddc khong qua giai dogn phdt trien TBCN nhu Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, trddc day do chung ta nhdn thdc chiia day du ve vdn de ndy nen van dung c()n cUc doan, mdy moc. Trong tinh hinh mdi hien nay, cdn tiep tuc nhgn thdc vd van dung sdng tgo td tddng cua V.l.Lenin ve chuyen chinh vo sdn nhdm gid vdng vfli tro lanh dgo cita Bdng phdt huy dan chu XHCN; thdc hien tot lien minh cong nong tren cdsd ddm bdo ldi ich da cdc giai cap, tdng Idp trong xahgi; phdt trien liic lUdng sdn xudt, doi mdi cd che qudn ly nhdm tdng ndng sudt lao dgng.
• Td khda: V.l.Lenin, chuyen chinh vd sdn.
1, Quan niem ciia V,I,Leiiin vl chuyen tiiira, van dung vii bo sung trong qua trinh tdng chinhvosan ketthuctigncachmangnudcNga Nghienciiu
V.l.Lenin la hoc trd xuiit sic cua C.Mac va tu tutmg cua V.l.Lenin ve chuyen chinh vd san Ph.Angghen, la lanh tu vi dai cua phong trao cd the khai quat 6 rapt sd ndi dung co ban sau' cdng san va cdng nhan qudcte. Cong lao to Idu Mdt (a, ve linh tat ven c™ ^i, - u- u '-
' , , , . - • I - . - .,, • 1... - • . ^^^ ^^^ ctiuyen chmh vo cua V.l.Lenin la tiep tiiu va phat men sang tao san ttong thdi iky qua dp. Sau CiSch
nhiing di san ly luan cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen Mudi, tren co sd phan tich dac ™ * " t i,'"^- trong digu kien mdi, ddng thdi bien nhung di chinh tri cua tiioi kv nns n- , ^ ^ ^^'
MUd 00 Q n u d e N o a san ly luan dd tiianh hien thitc each mang V.l.Lenin da neu rd quan diem * - - - XHCN d nude Nga. Trong he thdng ly luan dd, cua chuygn chinh vd san. ™ ' ' * ' ^ ' *'^"
van de chuyen chinh vd san la mdt trong nhung Theo V.l.Lenin, co cau kinh te th - • ly luan quan trpng nhat, nd duoc V.l.Lenin ke 6 nude Nga Xd viet gdm 5 thimi, ^ "^"^ ^0
™ phin kinhte, LV LUAN CHINHTRl-So 3/2019
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ttong do cdn: chu nghia tu ban tu nhan va chu nghia tu ban nha nude, tiic la cdn ddi khang giai cap va dSu tranh giai cap. Trong thdi ky ay, giai c^p vd san da tra thanh giai cap thdng tri, nam chinh quyen nha nude, chi phdi tu lieu san xuat chu yeu, lanh dao cac phan tii trung gian va giai cap trung gian dang bap benh chao dao, tran ap su chdng ddi ngay cang quyet liet eiia bgn bdc lot. Cdn giai cap bde lot trong thdi ky qua dp la giai cap, ve chlnh tri da hi lat do, ve kmh te da hi tudc doat tu lieu san xuat chil y^u.
Chiing tuy "da bi danh bai nhung chua bi tieu diet... Chinh vi ehung da that bai, nen sue phan khang eua chung cang tang len, g^p tram, gap nghin lan. "Nghe thuat" quan ly nha nude, quan dpi, kinh td tao cho ehung mdt uu the rat va rat ldn, khien cho tac dung cua chung vd ciing to Idn hon la sd lupng ciia ehiing trong toan the dan so"'". Cdn ndng dan va nhung ngudi tieu tu san khae la ngudi lao dgng lai la ngudi tuhiju, dia vi kinh te dd tat nhien khien cho hp ehao dao giua giai cap vd san vdi giai cap tu san. Tren co sd phan tich nhuvay, V.LLenin da chiing minh tinh tat yeu cua chuyen chinh vo san trong thdi ky qua dp:"... ehuyen chinh cua mot giai cap la tat yeu khdng nhirng cho mpi xa hgi cd giai cap ndi ehung, khdng nhiing cho giai cip vd san sau khi da lat do giai cap tu san, ma cdn cho thdi kylich sutii che do tu ban chu nghia den "xa hdi khdng ed giai cap", ddn che dp cdng san chu nghia"'^'. Trong Idi tua tac pham: Nguoi ta bip nhin dan bing nhung khau hieu tudo va binh dang, V.I.Lenui ndi rd them, chuyen chinh la tat ygu trong xa hdi cdn tdn tai giai cap. Chuyen ehinh vd san la cude dau tranh giai c^p cua giai cap vd san da gianh dupe th&ig loi, da gianh dugc chinh quy^n chdng lai giai cap tu san da bi danh bai nhung chua bi tteu diet hoan toan.
Thuc hen lieh sii xa hdi loai ngudi eung da ehiing minh, mgi xa hdi cdn su phan ehia giai cap la cdn tdn tai chuyen chinh. 6 cac nude TBCN hien nay, mac du tiem lire kinh te, ehinh tri cua hg rat ldn, nhung hg van ludn thuc hien va thudng xuyen tang cudng ehuyen ehinh ciia minh. Chdng han, cung vdi nhiing the che dan chii vdn cd, nhiing thieh nghi eiia nha nude tu san da tao cho nd mdt bd mat dan chu hon, da tan bao va ha kh^c hon so vdi may thap ky trudc. Neu vao nhung nam 1950 - 1960 va nhung nam dau cua thap ky 70, eac nha nude tu san san sang doi phd bang bao luc ddi vdi phong trao giai phdng dan tdc (Cdng-gd 1963), phong trao dan ehu va XHCN (Chile 1973) thi ngay nay, nha nude tu san co tranh tinh trang Sli dung bao luc true tiep nhuvay. Ben eanh dd, cac chuang trinh vien trp' phat trien, vien trg nhan dao da mang lai khdng it nhung net tien bd cho nha nude tu san, ke ca dudi gdc dd chinh tri, kinh te lan gdc dp tam ly, xa hgi. Nha nude tu san eung da thay ddi nhieu do ap luc cila cac phong trao dan ehii va ddc lap dan tge.
Tuy nhien, nha nude tu san bao gid cung la cdng cu de duy tri su thdng tri va bao ve lgi ich cua giai cap tu san, chdng lai giai cap vd san va eac tang Idp nhan dan lao ddng khac. Nhu V.l.Lenin da timg khdng dinh: "Nhiing hinh thirc ciia nha nude tu san thi het siic khac nhau nhung thuc chat chi la mdt, Chung quy lai thi tat ca nhtmg nha nude aly, vd luan the nao eung tat nhien phai la nen chuyen chinh tusan"'^\
Thuc te nhCmg nam gan day chimg minh dieu nay, khi chinh phii cac nude tu ban dua nhau tang ehi phi eho quan dpi, cho nen chuyen ehinh tu san, Chang han, chinh quyen eua Tdng thdng My G.W.Busa lien tuc tang ngan sach qude phdng (nam 2008, chi phi quan su ciia My khoang 716,5 ty USD, chiem 112 ehi phi
LY LUAN CHiNHTR!-S6 3/2019
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NGHIEN CCifU - PHAT TRIEN LY LUAN quan su cua toan the gidi). Cac nude Phap, Diic, Nhat Ban... cung nam trong nhdm nude cd chi phi cho quan dpi Idn nhai tH trudc den nay.Viec tang chi phi cho quan dpi vdi muc dich gi?
neu khdng phai la tap trang chp chuyen chi'nh tu sin? Dieu do cho thiy, tdn tai chuyen chinh trong nha nude la tat yeu va viec tdn tai chuyen chinh vd san ttong Ihtii ky qua dp len CiMXH la mdt tat yeu khach quan.
Tuy nhien, ngay tir nhirng nam dau thg ky XX, V.l.Lenin da khang dinh; Xd Wgt ia hinh thuc tdt nhat cua chuyen chinh vd san d nude Nga. Ddng thdi, Ngudi cung nhac nhd rang, mdi mdt dan tpc khi trai qua che dp XHCN se sang tap ra nhirng hinh thuc td chuc nha nude chuyen chinh vd san thich hcrp vtri dac diem cua dan tdc minh," Vi ntrdc ta la mdt nude tieu tu san va rat lac hau, chp ngn ngn chuyen chinh vd san o Nga tilt nhign phai cd mpt sd dac diem khiic vdi cac nude tign tien"'^'. D P dd, viec tdn tai cac hinh thirc chuyen chinh vd san cua mdi dan tde khdng thg hoan toiln gidng nhau. Nhirng nguoi cpng san cac nude phuong Ddng khdng nen sap chep mdt each may mdc kinh nghiem ciia nude Nga ma phai ndm virng dac diem cua dan tdc minh de xae dinh hinh thuc cu the eua each mang va chinh quyen nude minh.
Hai' la, ve thuc chiit va nhiem vu ciia cliuyen chinh vo san
Trnng mdi giai doan lich su nhat dmh, V.l.Lenin lai cd nhitng dinh nghia khac nhau vg chuyen chinh vd san. Do vay, mudn nam chinh xae tiiire chat tu tudng cua V.LLenin ve chuyen chinh vd san, khdng thg thoat ly hoan canh lich Sli tuc bay gid, ngu khdng se hieu vg ehuyen chinh VP san phign dien, tham chi cd the lam chn tu tudng chuygn chinh vd san cua V.l.Lgnin tu mau thuan nhau, trai ngupc nhau.
LVLUAN CHiNH TRj-So 3/2019
., Thane Mudi, Nhung nam dau Caeh mang m'^'B VLLenin dac biet nhan manh o'nh chat va c ^^
nang tran ap bang bao lire cua chuyen ^ san: "Chuygn chlnh la mdt chinh quyen dua tnrc tigp vao bao luc va khdng bi mot luat phap nao han chg ca"'='. VI.Lenin khiing dinh:
"Chuygn chinh vd san la mdt thuat iigu khoa hoc quy dinh giai cap nao la giai cap cd tac dung quyet dinh vg mat nay, cung n h u quy dinh hinh thuc dac thu cua chinh quyen nha nude dupe gpi la chuyen chlnh, ttrc la: mot chinh quyen khdng dua vao luat phap, khdng dua vao cac cupc bau cir, ma trirc tigp diia vao lire luong vu trang ctra bd phan nay hay bd phan khac trong diin chung. Y nghia va tac dung cua chuyen chinh vd san la 6 chd nao?
Chinh la d chd diip tan su phan khang cua bpn tubanl"'^'. Can nhan manh chiic nang bao lire trong giai doan nay vi giai clip bdc lot tuy da hi lat dd nhimg ludn nudi hy vpng trd lai c^m quygn va mudn bign hy vpng dd thaitii hoat ddng lat dd. Hon nira, khi mpt xa hpi mdi hmh thanh, ben canh nhimg nhan td moi, tien bp, thi nhimg tan du lac hau cua xa hdi cii, nhitng phan tir hit bai... van chua m4t di han, chung an dai, chd thdi co de tiiuc hien nhung hoat dong chdng pha chinh quyen each mang. Do do, dg bao ve ehinh quyen Xd viet non tre thi can thuc hien chuyen chinh vd san, tham chi neu can thiet ihi phai cd ban tay sat.
Sau nay, irudc su cdng kich cua bon Cauxky va giai cap ,u san cpi chuygn chinh vd san va Chinh quyen Xdviet chi thuSntuyia bao luc, V.I.Lemn da chi rd, thuc c h a cn» "ru '•
chhihkhdngphii Chicd n g h i : ; ; : . „ ^ ^ r ™ chuyen ehinh cua giai cap vo san nhat thTa phai dua den chd khdng nhiina ,u T!
t h d c v ^ n h t i u g r h i g t c h g L r h t l " " ' chinh . . p h « thay ddi chdng t b e - ' ^ : : 7 - ;
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rgng nin dan chii d§n mdt mire dd chua timg cd tren thd gidi cho nhtmg giai c^p lao ddng bi chu nghia tu ban ap biic"'^'. Khang dinh dieu nay, V.LLeiiin da cho ehiing ta thay, trong each mang vd san va sau Caeh mang Thang Mudi, do flat nude cdn nhieu cac the luc chdng ddi, phan dpng thi tSt yeu phai su dung bao luc. Nhung sau khi each mang da thanh cdng va dat nude ddn di vao dn dinh thi thuc hien chuyen chinh vo san khdng chi la dimg bao lue, khdng ehi la Sli dung cdng eu quan doi, canh sat de trail ap cac the luc phan dpng, ma quan trpng hon la xay dung chinh quy^n, md rdng dan chu cho nhan dan lao dgng. Ndi each khae, chuyen chinh vd san trong thdi ky qua dp la xay dung chinh quyen nha nude dan chii kieu m&i, dan chu thuc chat hon, tien bd hon chinh quyen chuyen chinh tu san, nhuV.I.Lenmvidt:"... nha nude trong thdi ky dd tat nhien phai la mdt nha nude dan chu kiSu mdi (dan ehu ddi vdi nhung ngudi vd san va ndi chung nhung ngudi khdng CO ciia), va chuyen ehinh kieu mdi (chong giai captusan)"'^'.
Trong khi phe phan Cauxky tan duong dan chu tu san, V.LLenin cho rang, dan chu tu san tuy la mdt bude tidn bd Idn trong lieh su so vdi ch&dp phong ki^n thdi trung ed, nhung dudi che do TBCN, nd ludn ludn la mdt thii dan chu hep hdi, gia ddi, lua bip; nd la thien dudng ddi vdi ngudi giau, nhtmg la cam bdy va sir bip bom ddi vdi ngudi ngheo. Cdn chinh quyen Xd Viet la mgt hinh thiic cua dan chu vd san, "Chd do dan chii vd san so voi bat cii chd do dan chii tu san nao, eung dan chii hon gap trieu lan;
Chinh quyen Xd viet so vdi nude cgng hda tu san dan ehu nhdt thi cung dan chu han gap trieu lan"'"".
Mau thudn giai edp va ddu tranh giai edp trong nude dan dan di dgn hda dm, ehinh
quyen Xd viet quyet dinh chuyen trpng tam tran ap, bao luc cua ehuyen ehinh vd san sang cai tao xa hdi va xdy dimg kinh t^. Vi vay, ndi dung cua ehuyen chinh vd san eiing dan thay ddi. Thue chat cua chuyen chinh vd san trong giai doan nay la xda bd che dp tu hiiu, xay dung che do edng huu XHCN nham tang nang sudt lao ddng, cai thien ddi sdng ciia nhan dan, dn dinh xa hdi. Nhiem vu can ban ma ehuyen chinh vd san phai hoan thanh, la eai tao quan he san xuat cii, xay dung quan he san xuat mdi XHCN: "Chuyen chinh vd san... khdng phai chi la bao luc ddi vdi bpn bde lot, va eung khdng phai ehu yeu la bao lire. Co sd kinh te eiia bao luc do, cai bao dam siic sdng va thdng lgi cua nd chinh la viec giai edp vd san dua ra vd thue hien dupe kieu td ehiic lao dgng xa hdi cao hon so vol ehil nghia tu ban. Ddy la thue chat eiia vdn di. Day la ngudn siie manh, la dieu bao dam cho thang lgi hoan toan va tdt nhien cua chu nghia cdng san""".
Theo V.l.Lenin, CNXH duge xdy dung tren ca sd nen san xudt Idn xa hdi hda va lai phai phat trien siie san xuat xa hgi len mire dp cao nhat. Dieu nay quyet dinh ehuyen chinh vd san khdng the khdng coi viec tao ra mot nang suat lao ddng cao, ed tinh td chuc vd tinh ky luat eao. Dac biet d nude Nga, mgt nude TBCN chua phat trien, luc lupng san xuat tuong ddi lac hau, sue manh cua thdi quen san xuat nhd cd anh hudng rat ldn lai cang can phat trien lue lugng san xuat hien dai vd xay dung quan he san xuat XHCN phu hpp. Vi the, sau khi Chinh quyen Xd viet dupe eiing ed thi viec phat trign siic san xuat, nang cao nang suat lao ddng. xay dung va tang cudng tinh td chiic, tinh ky luat trd thanh nhiem vu biic thiet, V.LLenin chi rd:
"chuyen ehinh vo san hoan toan khdng phai chi la lat dd giai cap tu san hay dia chii, - cdng
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NGHIEN CCru - PHATTRIEN LY LUANviec ay da duac thuc hien trong rat ca cac cude each mang, - nen chuyen chinh vd san cua Chung ta la o chd bao dam trat tu, ky luat, nang suat lao ddng, su kiem ke va kiem soat, bao dam Chinh quyen xd-viei vd san, mpt chinh quyen virng chac hon, cimg ran hon chinh quyen trudc kia""". Theo V.l.Lenin, nhiem vu tran ap sir phan khang cua dia chu va giai cap tu san tuong ddi dl, bdi ddi vdi giai cap vd san va nhan dan lao ddng thi chdng lai ke thii truyen kiep da bdc Idt ap biic hp la dieu dg hieu. Dieu nay dii duoc thuc tign sau Caeh mang Thang Mudi thuc hien rdi. Nhung viec hoan thanh nhigm vu td chirc kinh tg, xay dtmg quan he kinh te XHCN thi khd khan hon nhigu ca ve thdi gian va cdng stic. Trong hai nhiem vu dd, nhiem vii thu nhat tucmg ddi ndi bat trong thdi ky mdi gianh dupe chinh quygn, cdn khi chinh quyen ciia giai cap vd san dupe eimg c6 thi nhiem vu thit hai se trd thanh nhiem vu chu yeu trong thdi ky qua dp.
Bala, ve lien minh congndngtrongnha nude chuyen chinh vo san
O Nga, giai cap vd san chi la thigu sd, ndng dan chiem dai da sd ttong dan cu. Trudc tinh hinh do, xay dung va duy tri khoi Uen minh cdng ndng la mdt nhiem vu cd y nghia chien luoc cua ehuyen chinh vd san. Theo V.l.Lenin, lien minh cdng ndng co wmg chSc hay khdng se quygt dinh sit sdng cdn ciia nha nude chuyen ehinh vd san. Ngudi chi rd: "chimg nao each mang chua nd ra d eac nude khac, thi chi cd thda thuan vcri ndng dan mdi ed the ciru van dugc cude each mang xa hdi ehu nghia 6 Nga"'"'. Lien minh cdng ndng la luc luong chinh, la ttu cdt cua Chinh quygn Xd viet. Lien minh nay se dam bao cho Chinh quyen Xd viet hoan thanh nhiem vu cai tao XHCN. Do dd, trong hpan canh nude Nga, "Chuyen chinh vd
LV LUAN CHINHTR|-So 3/2019
san la mdt hinh thuc dac biet cua lien mmh giai cap gitra giai cap vd san, dpi tign p &
nhirng ngudi lap ddng, vdi ddng Ho nhung tang lop lao ddng khdng phai vd san (tieu tu san, tieu chu, ndng dan, tri thuc, .v.v.), hoac vot phan Idn nhtmg tiing lop dd, lien minh nham chdng lai tuban..."'"'. Digu dd cho thay, nguyen tac cao nhat cda chuyen chinh vd san la giir virng lien minh vdi giai cap ndng diin, gidp cho cho giai cap vd san cd the giu virng quyen lanh dao va chinh quyen nha nude.
Qua tdng ket kinh nghiem thirc tiSn cua hen minh cdng ndng, V.l.Lenin cho rang, co sd dg thuc hien lien mmh trong thtM kyquadplakinh te. Trong thoiky ndi chien, sit hinh thanh butic dilu cua lien minh cdng nong la lien minh quiin su dg bao ve Chinh quyen Xd viet. Nhung nhu thg chua du, lign minh quan sti khdng th^
khdng kem theo lien minh kinh te. Khdng cd co sd kinh te, thi khdng the tiep tlic duy tri hen minh gitia giai cap vd san vdi ndng dan cung nhu cac tang Idp khac trong xa hdi. V.l.Lenin khang dinh: "trpng thdi ky qua dp nay, trong mdt nude ma ndng dan chigm da sd, chung ta phai biet chuygn sang nhirng bien phap nhSm dam bao nhirng yeu eau cua ndng dan vg mat kinh tg, bigt tien hanh den mirc tdi da nhtmg bien phap de cai thien tinh canh kinh te ctia ndng dan"i'='. Boi, chi tren co so loi ich kinh tg vii tap quan cua ndng dan, mdi nhan duoc su ung hp tir ndng dan vii bao dam duoc su lanh
•ho cua giai cap vd san ddi vdi ndng dan, dan d« no dan di theo con duong XHCN. Qua nhieu lan tim tdi, ttao nghiem, VLLenin da Ugn minh Cdng n d n ^ r Z ^ ^ ^ t " ^ Chinh saeh kinh ,g moi. Tat ca 1 " ^'™
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nhat vdi nhau, xet den cimg kinh te ludn quyet dinh chinh tri. Khdng the dung bao luc, siic manh hanh chinh mdnh lenh de giai quyet vdn de lien minh giai cap.
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Theo V.LLenin, Dang Cgng san la luc lugng lanh dao chuyen chinh vd san. Vi: "chi cd mdt giai cap nhdt djnh - chinh la cdng nhan thdnh thj va, ndi chung, cdng nhan nha may, cdng nhdn cdng nghiep - mdi cd khd nang lanh dao duoc toan the quan ehung lao dgng va nhting ngudi hi bde lot trong eudc dau tranh de lat do ach tu ban""^'. Hon niia, quan chiing lao ddng khdng phai vd san cd tinh chat hai mat, viia la ngudi lao ddng, lai vira la ngudi tu hiiu, Mac dii hg bi CNTB bdc lot cdn nang ne hon ea giai cap vd san, nhung hp khdng the tu tidn hdnh dau tranh de giai phdng minh. Dia vi kinh te cua ho va su trdi bugc eua truyen thdng tu hiru lam cho hp d^ nghieng ngd, khdng the thoat khdi su ehi phdi cua tu tudng tu san. Neu khdng cd sulanh dao cua giai cap vd san, hg se lui budc, nga theo giai cap tu san. Vi vay, V.LLenin nhdn manh chuyen chinh vd san la ehinh quyln ciia mpt giai cap, la chinh quydn ddc quyen ciia giai cap vd san, phai do giai cap vo san lanh dao.
V.l.Lenin cdn chi rd, su ehuyen chinh ciia giai cap vd san khdng thi do toan bd giai cap do thye hien, ehi cd Dang Cong san, dpi tien phong ciia giai cap cd kha nang tap hgp luc lupng each mang mdi ed the thue hien dugc su chuyen chinh dd. Boi "Chi cd ddi tien phong ay moi ed the chdng lai ndi nhung dao ddng tieu tu san khdng thi tranh khdi nhung quan chung do, chdng lai ndi nhiing truyen thdng va nhiing sir tai pham khdng the tranh khoi nhung benh hep hdi phudng hpi hoac ciia nhung thien kien phudng hgi trong giai cap vd san va lanh dao
tat ca nhimg hanh ddng hen hpp ciia toan bd giai edp vd san, tiic la lanh dao giai edp dd vi mat chinh tri, va thdng qua giai eaip do ma lanh dao tat ca quan chung lao dgng. Neu khdng the, thi khdng the thuc hien chuyen chinh vd san dugc""''. Do do, Dang laluc lugng lanh dao cao nhat eua ehuyen chinh vd san, lanh dao toan bd edng tae chinh tri, kinh te cua dat nude, Sau nay, trudc rinh trang khdng phdn biet Dang vdi chinh quyen, Dang lam thay chinh quyen, VI.Lenin da ehi rd nhiem vu cua Dang, la "lanh dao chung cdng tac cua tat ca cac ea quan nha nude gdp chung lai, ma khdng can thiep mot cdch qua thudng xuyen, khdng ehinh quy va thudng la nhd nhat, nhu hien nay"""*. Luan chiing cua V.l.Lenin ve luc lupng lanh dao va phuang thiic lanh dao eiia chuyen chinh vd san la mdt ddng gdp mdi cho ly luan chuyen chinh vd san cua chu nghia Mac.
2. Bai hoc kinh nghiem thye hien chuyen chinh vo san d nuffc ta
Nhin lai lich su trong he thdng cae nude XHCN ndi ehung va Viet Nam ndi rieng trudc day, da cd nhung nhdn thuc sai ldm, may mdc, giao dieu khi van dung quan diem cua chii nghia Mac - Lenin ve chuyen chinh vd san. Dac biet, trong thdi ky cai each rudng dat cua Viet Nam, ehung ta da cue doan khi giai quyet van 6i ddu tranh giai edp, tap trung danh dia chu, tu san md khdng dua tren quan diem hch sii - cu the. Trong he thdng chuyen chinh vd san thdi ky trudc ddi mdi (1986), mdi quan he giira Dang, Nha nude va nhdn dan d tCmg don vi ehua dugc xae djnh that rd; mdi bd phdn, mdi td chiic trong he thdng chuyen chinh vo san ehua lam tdt chiic nang eiia minh. Che do trdch nhiem khdng nghiem, phdp che XHCN cdn nhieu thieu sdt. Bd may nha nude thieu dan chii, edng kenh va kem hieu qua; ca quan ddn
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 3/2019
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N G H I l N CCrU - P H A T T R I I N Ll? LUAN cu cac cap duoc lira chon, b^u cir va boat ddng mdt each hinh tiiuc chu nghia. Su lanh dao cua Dang chua ngang tam nhtmg nhiem vu cua giai doan mdi, chua dap ung duoc yen cau giai quyet nhigu van de kinh te -xa hpi co ban va cap bach. Vl vay, trong Van kien Hdi nghi Ian thu sau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong khda VI (3- 1989), lan dau tien Dang ta sir dung khai niem"he thdng chinh tri" thay cho khai niem
"chuygn chinh vd san". Mac du khdng ttuc Hep sir dung khai niem ehuyen chinh vd san trong cac van kien Dang tit Dai hpi Vll dgn nay, nhung trong thdi ky qua dp lgn CNXH d Vret Nam hien nay, chung ta can tiep tuc giai quyet mdt sd nhiem vu sau:
Mot la, xay dung nha nuoc xa hgi chii ngbia dudi hinh thtic dan chii. Day la hinh thirc bdt budc ddi vdi nha nude XHCN, neu khdng mudn lam tha hda ban chat quygn lire ciia minh. Nhu Ph.Angghen da khing dinh: "Neu cd mdt dieu gi chSc ch4n thi dd la dang ta va giai cap cdng nhan chi cd the di dgn nam quyen ttiong trr dudi mpt hinh tiiue chinh tti, nhu nen cong hda dan chu. Nen cdng hda nay cung chinh la hinh thuc dac thii cua chuyen chinh vd san, nhu Dai each mang Phap da chung mmh""". Xay dung nha nude XHCN, chg dp dan chu XHCN d nude ta la mpt qua ttinh lau dai. Trong dieu kign nude la hien nay ma ap dat mdt chg dp dan chii XHCN day dii la chua phu hpp. Tuy nhien, ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia la hien nay chiing ta chua nen phat huy dan chii, md rpng dan chii. Ngupc lai, nhu V.l.Lgnin da chi ra: "Phat trien dan chu den citng. tim ra nhung hinh thuc ctia su phat trign ay, dem thi nghiem nhirng hinh ihttc ay ttong thuc tiin""". Hon ntra, d Viet Nam hign nay,
"Dan chu xa hdi chu nghia va sire manh dai doan ket toan dan tdc chua dupe phat huy day
t.-'.^ "•^^i Vivay, du;kycuong,kyluatchuanghiera... • • chu ttuong dot mdi Nha nude theo mo hinn nha nude phap quygn XHCN, danh dau moc quan trpng ttpng qua ttinh phat huy tinh dan chu XHCN.
Hai la, phat Men lire luong sin xuat, doi mdi CO che quan ly nhim tang nang suat lao dgng Dg xay dtmg CNXH d the k^ XXI cto phai phat trien lite lupng san xuat hien dai, trdn ca sd dd xay dtmg dpi ngii cdng nhan tien Hgn, each mang, ndm vtrng su menh lich sir ciia minh va tung budc xay dung che dp cdng htiu ve nhimg tu lieu san xuat chu ygu nhu phac hpa cua chu nghia Mac - Lgnin.
Cung nhu cac nha nude khac, nha nude XHCN cd ca chuc nang bap luc tran ap, ca chirc nang td chirc xay dtrng. Nhtmg digm khac nhau co ban SP vol cac nha nude bdc Idt la dpi vdi nha nude XHCN, chirc nang td chirc xay dimg la chu ygu. V.l.Lenin da nhieu lan chi ra rdng, thuc chat ciia chuyen chinh vd san khdng phai chi la bao luc va cting khdng phai chu ygu la bao luc. Dieu chii ygu trong ngn chuyen ehinh cua giai cap cdng nhan la nhtmg nhiem vu va chuc nang cd tinh chat sang tao, la" dua ra duoc va thuc hien dupe kieu to chiic lao dong xa hpi cao hon so vdi chti nghia tu ban. Day la thue chai ctia van de. Day la nguon strc manh, la dieu dam bao cho thiing loi hoan toan va tat nhign eiia chu nghia cdng skn"«^>
m le, "Xet den cung, tiii nang suat lao dong la cai quan ttpng nhdt, ehii ygu nhat chp t h i n g l m c u a e h e d p x a h p i m p i . » . v i s e a ^ „ a d u a ^ vathuchiendupckieutdehuclaoddngxahdi cao hou^mpt phuong thuc san xuat ed n a n s suatlaodongcaohonkhdngphiiVita r i c h ky cua mdt giai cSp, ma vi 1™ t h . ' bd xahdi, v i W i c h e u a q u a n g * ' " ! ^ ^ " ™ lao ddng. ^ ' " 8 dai quan Chung
LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So3/2019
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Ba li, phit huy vai tro linh dao cua Dang Cdngsan VletNam, ddngthdi thuchien tdtlien minh cong nong tren cosd dam bio loi ich cua cac giai cap, tang lop trong xa hoi. Viet Nam dang trong thdi ky qud do len CNXH, la nude ndng nghiep cd ddng ndng dan trong eo cau ddn cu thi vdn de lien minh cdng - ndng - tri la van d^ cd tinh nguyen tac. Day la su tiep tue lien minh giiia cac giai cap vd tang lap trong dieu kien mdi, mang ngi dung va hinh thiic mdi.
Trong thdi ky qua do len CNXH, hen minh cdng - ndng - tri nham tap hgp luc lupng each mang trong mpt lien minh chinh tri thdng nhat do Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao de phat huy siic manh tdng hpp nhdm cai tao xa hdi cu, xdy dung ehe do xa hdi mdi.
Hien nay, mac du giai cap cdng nhan da thiet lap dugc vi tri thdng trj trong xa hdi nhung do ket cau kinh te cdn phiic tap, cdn ton tai nhieu thanh phan kinh te dua tren eae hinh thue sd hiiu khac nhau, cdn su khac biet giai cap (theo Van kien Dai hdi XII cua Dang, xa hgi Viet Nam hien nay gdm: giai cap cdng nhdn, giai cap ndng dan, dpi ngu tri thuc, ddi ngii doanh nhan, thanh nien, phu nir, cuu chien binh, ngudi cao mdi, ddng bdo cde ddn tgc, cae tin dd tdn giao.
ddng bdo Viet Nam dmh cu d nude ngoai). Do do, giai cap cdng nhdn dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang phai xay dung khdi lien minh chat che vdi giai cap ndng dan va cac tang Idp nhan ddn lao dpng de cimg xdy dimg che do xa hgi moi, thue hien thanh edng sii menh lich sii ciia minh.
Dac biet, lien minh giai cap ben viing phai dua tren viee tdn trgng nhu cau, lgi ich cua chinh ban than eae ehu the tham gia lien minh.
Vl vay, van de ca ban va xuyen sudt, viia Id ndi dung, vira la nguyen tdc mang tinh quy luat trong viec xay dung khdi lien minh cdng - ndng - tri thiic la phdi xae dinh dung cae nhu eau.
phdt hien kip thdi edc nhu cdu mai nay sinh ciia edng nhan, ndng ddn, tri thue trong timg giai doan cu the, tir dd cd giai phap de thda man cac nhu cau chinh dang; xii ly diing ddn, kip thdi nhung man thudn nay sinh giiia ede giai edp. Lam tot dieu nay, se ciing cd, tao nen tang vtrng chdc eho viec xdy dung va phat trien xa hpi, hoan thdnh su nghiep ddc lap dan tde gan lien vdi CNXH •
(1),(4), (11), (16), (22), (23) VI.Lenin: Toan tap, t.39, NxbTienbo,Matxcava, 1977, U.319,310,15-16,17, 16,25,
(2), (3), (9), (20) V.I.Lemn: Toan tap, t. 33, Nxb Tien bg, Matxeava, 1976, U,43-44,44,43,97.
(5), (8), (10) VI Lenin: Toan tap t,37, Nxb Tien bd, Matxeava, 1978, U,296, 608, 312-313, (6) V.LLenin: Toan tap, t,32, Nxb Tien bp, Mat xcova, 1981, tr.398.
(7) V.LLenin: Toan tap, t.38, Nxb Tien bo, Matxcova, 1977, n-.420.
(12) V.l.Lenin: Toan tap, t,36, Nxb Tien bd, Matxcova, 1978, U-.319.
(13), (15) V.I.Lemn: Toan tap, t,43, Nxb Tien bp, Matxcova, 1978, tr,70,34.
(14) V.l.Lenin: Toan tap, t.38, Nxb Tien bg, Matxcova, 1977, U,452.
(17) V.l.Lenin: Toan tap, t.43, Nxb Ti^n bp, Matxeava, 1977, tr.II2-II3.
(18) V.l.Lenin: Toan tap t,45, Nxb Tien bd, Matxeava, 1978, tr.75.
(19) CMac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t,22, Nxb.
Chinh tn qudc gia, Ha Npi, 1995, U.346.
(21) DCSCN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thuXJl, Van phdng Trung uong Dang, Ha Ndi, 20I6,tr.61.
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 3/2019
