TOA AN THUC THI CONG LY THONG QUA VIEC BAO DAM QUYEN TO TUNG DAN SU CUA DUdNG SU
Nguyen Thi Thuy Hdng' Torn tdt: Tda dn la chti thi duac Nha nuac trao quyin gidi quyit cdc ti-anh chdp, xung dot vi lai ich giira cac ca nhdn, to chirc v&i nhau. Vi vay, Tda dn Id chit the cd vai ti-d quan ti-png ti-ong viec bdo ddm quyin to tun$ cua duang su, bdo ddm cho cong ly duac thuc thi. Tuy nhien, thuc ti-gngphap lugt to timg ddn sir ve ti-dch nhiem bdo ddm thuc thi cdng ly cua Tda an thong qua bdo ddm quyin to tung ciia duang si^ cdn nhieu bdt cap, vucrngmdc. Trong phgm vi bdi viit, tdc gid chi ra mot sd bdt cap do va de xudt phucmg dn gidi quyet
Tw khoa: Bdo dam quyen td tung toa dn thuc thi cdng ly, quyin id tung cua duang su.
Nhgn hdi: 10/03/2020; Hodn thdnh bien tap: 25/03/2020; Duyet ddng: 15/04/2020 Abstract: Courts are subjects assigned by the State to settle disputes and conflicts of interests between individuals and organizations. Therefore, the Court plays an important role in ensuring the litigants' rights to legal proceedings and ensuring that justice is enforced. However, many inadequacies and problems have been found in the implementation of the civil procedure law on the Court's responsibility to ensure the enforcement of justice by ensuring the litigants'right to legal proceedings. Within this article, the author will point out some of these shortcomings and propose solutions.
Keywords: Procedural guarantees. Court of justice. Procedural rights of litigant.
Date of receipt: 10/03/2020; Date of revision: 25/03/2020; Date of Approval: 15/04/2020 1. Moi quan he giira bao dam quySn to chinh dang cua ca nhan trong nhieu hoan canh tung cua duooag sur voi thrfc thi cong ly cua khac nhau, trong do bao ve cong bang, le phai Toa an va lgi ich trong cac tranh chSp dan su dugc Thuc thi cong ly la hoat dong thirc hien goi la giai quyet tranh chap dan sir. Giai quyet hoa cong ly vao doi song xa hoi, co y nghTa tranh chap vu an dan sir la hoat dgng phap ly bao dam cho cong bang, le- phai va lgi ich phuc-tap phai dugc thuc hien theo quy dinh chinh dang cua ca nhan, dae biet la cac ca
nhan trong hoan canh hi nguai khac doi xu bat cong hoac bi xam pham lgi ich hoac bi cho la da thuc hien cac hanh vi tren. Trong thirc tien cac loai hanh vi nay goi la vi pham phap luat hoac la vi pham dao diic hoac quy
nghiem ngat cua phap luat. Chinh vi thS, de Toa an bag ve cong ly cho cac ca nhan, to chiic trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an dan su truac het Toa an phai bao dam cho cac ben thuc hien day du cac quyen to tung cua duong sir. Boi le, phap luat ghi nhan cac quyen to pham xa hgi khac. Tiiy thugc vao ca sa dugc tung cua duong sir la nham bao dam cho cac sii dvmg xac dinh vi pham, xa hgi co co che duang su co kha nang cao nhat de tir bao ve bao ve cong bSng, le phai cho ca nhan khac hoac yeu cau Toa an bao ve cong bang, le phai nhau. N6u hanh vi co tinh chat tren bi cho la va lgi ich chinh dang ciia ban than khi yeu cau vi pham phap luat thi co che dugc xa hpi iiy Toa an giai quyet tranh chap dan sir.
thae de bao ve cong bang, lgi ich chinh dang Trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an dan sir hau la Nha nuoc va ca che cuoi cung trong cac co het cac hoat dong to tung mang tinh quyen luc chi Nha nuoc bao ve gia tri tren la Toa an. nha nuoc dugc thuc hien boi Toa an. Toa an la Toa an bao ve cong bang, le phai va lgi ich chu the dugc Nha nuoc trao quyen giai quyet
' Tiln s>?, tnrcmg Dai hgc Luat Hue.
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cac tranh ch3p, xung dot v6 lgi ich giiia cac ca nhan, to chiic vai nhau. Cac quyet dinh ciia Toa an co gia tri bat bugc doi vai cac chu the tham gia to tung. Do do, Toa an la chu the co vai tro quan trong trong viec bao dam quyen to tung cua duang su, bao dam cho cong ly dugc thirc thi.
Miic do anh hudng cua Toa an doi voi viec bao dam quySn to tung cua duang sir phu thuoc vao mo hinh to tung cua moi nirac. Theo nhan xet ciia tac gia Jack I.H. Jacob, trong he thong tham xet ma dae trung dugc ap dung tai Phap va cac nuac Chau Au luc dia thi Toa an giu vai tro la trung tam ciia qua trinh to tung. Trai lai, trong he thong tranh tung ap dung tai Anh Quoc, Hoa Ky va mot so nuoc khac thi vi tri trung tam cua to tung thugc ve chinh cac duong str^ Nhu vay, doi voi nhiing nuac theo mo hinh t6 tung thSm xet thi Toa an van dong vai tro chi phoi doi voi cac hoat dgng to tung, nen co the tac dgng manh me den viec bao dam quyen td tung cua duong su. Theo danh gia cua tac gia Tong Cong Cuong, mo hinh to tung Viet Nam CO ban ap dung theo mo hinh tham xet ciia nhihig nuoc Chdu Au luc dia. Tuy nhien, vi mo hinh tranh tung triet de nhu Anh, Hoa Ky hay mo hinh tham xet truyen thong cua Phap deu CO nhiing han che nhat dinh nen xu huong cai each tai hau h6t cac nuoc hien nay la ket hgp nhiing uu diem ciia hai mo hinh tren^ Viec cai each tu phap ciia nuoc la ciing theo xu huong ehung cua the gioi, cu the nuoc ta da ap dung nhirng hat nhan hgp ly cua mo hinh to tung tranh tung nhu ap dung nguyen tac tranh tung trong xet xir. Tuy nhien, mo hinh to tung nuoc ta van chiu anh hucmg bai mo hinh to tung tham xet. Vi vay, "vai tro va trach nhiem ciia duong sir con phu nhieu v^o Toa an. Toa an la chu the quyet dinh ve thii tuc, quyet dinh vk gia tri cung nhu miic do day du cua chiing
cii'"*. Do vay, viec bao dam quyen to tung ciia duang sir khong th8 thiSu vai tro ciia Toa an.
Co y kien nhan dinh rSng, quyen con nguoi khong tir than van hanh trong thuc tiSn neu khong CO su tac dgng tir phia chu the cong quyen vai vai tro la nguoi di§u khien sir v£tn dgng cac quy tac huong xa hoi co trat tu. Bit ky mgt quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan cu the nao neu khong dugc quy dinh them vao do cac yeu to bao trg can thiet ve mat thu tuc thuc hien ciing nhu cac thiet che bao dam thuc Men se khong the nao co sire song thuc te^ Quy6n to tung dan su cua duong su ciing khong phai la ngoai le va Toa an la co quan dai dien cho cong quyen dieu khien sir van hanh bao dam thirc hien quyen to tung ciia duong sir khi hg tham gia tai Toa an. Vi vay, quyen to tung cua duong sir dugc bao dam thuc hien hay khdng phu thugc vao hanh vi t6 tiing cua Toa an. Theo quy dinh cua Bg luat to tung dan sir (BLTTDS) Viet Nam thi phan Ion cac quyen to tiing ciia duong su se dugc bao dam thuc hidn thong qua viec thuc hien cac trach nhiem tuong iing cua Toa an. Doi voi cac quyen to tung ciia duong su nhu quyen dS nghi Toa an xac minh, thu thap tai lieu, chiing cii; de nghi Toa an yeu cau duang sir khac xuat trinh tai lieu, chiing cii ma hg dang giir; de nghi Toa an ra quyet dinh yeu cau CO quan, to chiic, ca nhan dang luu giO:, quan ly tai lieu, chiing cii cung cap tai lieu, chirng cii do; de nghi Toa an trieu tap nguoi lam chiing, tnmg cau giam dinh, quyet dinh viec dinh gia tai san; de nghi Toa an quyet dinh ap dung, thay doi, hiiy bo bien phap khan cap tam thoi chi dugc bao dam thuc hien dugc khi Toa an thuc hien ditng nhiem vu ciia minh trong qua trinh to tung.
Ben canh do, co nhung quyen to tung ciia ducmg sir phai thong qua Toa an hoac do Toa an tac dgng moi thuc hien dugc nhu quyen de
^ Jacfc I.H. Jacob (1987), The Fabric of English Civil Justice (Cau triic tu phip dan sir Anh Quoc), Nxb steven&
Son Press, tr.9. . , .
= T6ng C6ng Cuimg (2007), Lugt 16 tung ddn su Viet Nam. Nxb D^i iipc Quoc gia tiianh ptio Ho Chi Minh, tr.4&48.
* Tong Cong Cuimg, sdd, tr. 146.
* Le Thi H^ng Nhung (20 \\),Ccr chi bdo ddm vd bdo ve quyen con ngudi. Nxb Khoa iipc xa h6] H^ N^i, tr. ] 84.
So 04/2020 - Nam ihtf mtfcfi la
suat voi Toa an nhirng van de can hoi nguai khac; dugc doi chat vol nhau hoac voi nguoi lam chirng. Do do, quyen t6 tung cua ducmg sir chi dugc bao dam khi Toa an thuc hien nghiem tiic nhiem vu, quyen han ciia minh. Mat khac, cac quyen to tiong cu the cua ducmg su muon thuc hien dugc thi phai dugc su ddng y, chSp thuan cua Toa an the hien thdng qua cac van ban hoac hanh vi td tung cua Toa an. Do d6, Tda an la chii the co vai tro quan trgng viec bao dam quyen to tung ciia duong su.
2. Thu-c trang phap luat to tung dan su bien hanh ve trach nhiem bao dam thurc thi cong ly cua Toa an thong qua bao dam quyen to tung cua dirong su-
Trong td tung dan sir, Toa an la co quan true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh giai quyet vu an, phan Ion cac quyen td tung cu the ciia duong sir gan lien voi trach iJiiem ciia Toa an.
Vi vay, Toa an dong vai tro quan trgng trong viec bao dam quyen td tung ciia duong su - bao dam thuc thi cong ly.
Trach nhiem cua Toa an trong viec bao dam quyen td tung cua duong su dugc quy dinh ngay trong cac nguyen tac co ban ciia BLTTDS nam 2015. Do la, Toa an khdng dugc tir chdi thu ly giai quyet vu an khi chua cd dieu luat ap dung (Didu 4); Tda an cd trach nhiem hd trg ducmg su trong viec thu thap chiing cii va chi tien hanh thu thap, xac minh chirng cii trong truong hgp do BLTTDS quy dinh (Dieu 6); Toa an cd trach nhiem bao dam cho ducmg sir thuc hien quyen bao ve ciia hg va khdng ai dugc han che quyen bao ve cua duong sir (Dieu 9); Tda an co trach nhiem tien hanh hda giai va tao dieu kien thuan lgi de cac duong su thda thuan vdi nhau ve viec giai quyet vu viec dan sir (Didu 10); Toa an co trach nhiem bao dam cho duong su, ngudi bao ve quyen va lgi
ich hgp phap cua duong su thuc hien quydn tranh tyng trong xet xii so thSm, phiic thdm, giam ddc tham, tai tham theo quy dinh cua Bd luat nay (Didu 24). Dudi gdc do ly luan thi ngoai cac nguyen tac mang tinh dinh hudng, trach nhiem cua Tda an trong viec bao dam quyen td tung ciia duong su cdn phai dugc quy dinh cu thS trong BLTTDS nam 2015. Ngoai cac quy dinh c6 tinh nguyen tac, de bao dam quyen td tung ciia duong su, BLTTDS nam 2015 cdn quy dinh nhiem vu, quydn va trach nhiem cua Toa an tai cac Di§u 106, UO, 113, 205, 269.V..V... Cac quy dinh nay cd gia tri dieu chinh hanh vi cua Toa an nham bao dam cho cac quyen td tung ciia duong su dugc tdn trgng va thuc hien. Day la co sd phap ly quan trgng huge Tda an phai thuc hien dimg nhiem vu, quyen han va trach nhiem ciia minh trong viec giai quyet vu an dan su cu the, tranh sir lam quyen ciia Tda an, gay khd khan cho duong su thuc hien quyen td tung de bao ve quyen, lgi ich ich hgp phap*. Ddng quan diem nay cung cd y kien cho rang, BLTTDS nam 2015 da xay dung dugc mdt he thdng cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve nhiem vu, quyen han, trach nhiem ciia Tda an cung vdi cac co che phap ly khac chinh la nhiJng bao dam huu hieu cho quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan ciia duang sir trong TTDS^ Tuy nhien, viec nghien ciiu luat thuc dinh cho thay, ben canh nhiing uu didm thi BLTTDS nam 2015 van cd nhung quy dinh chua thuc sir nang cao vai trd cua Tda an trong viec bao dam quyen td tung ciia duong su, bao dam thuc thi cdng ly.
Thii- nhdt, BLTTDS nam 2015 chua cd nhung quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua Tda an gan lien vdi viec bao dam quyen td tvmg cua duong su. Dd la, BLTTDS nam 2015 chua quy dinh trach nhiem ciia Tda an trong viec bao dam cac
* Nguyin Thi Thu Ha (20\7), Ca che phdp ly bdo ddm quyin con nguai, quyen cong ddn trong gidi quyet vu dn ddn su lgi toa dn nhdn ddn, Nxb Lao dong, H^ Noi, tr. 176.
' TrSn Ptiuong Thao, Pham Van PhSt (2016), Co chi bdo ddm quyen con nguai, quyin cong ddn trong thu tuc gidi quyit vu dn ddn su vd mgt so kiin nghi. Ca chi bdo ddm quyen con nguai, quyen cong ddn trong to tung ddn su theo yeu cdu cdi cdch tu phdp vd thi hdnh Hiin phdp ndm 2013 (KguyinThiThu Ha chii nhiem d61^), dS tii cap tnrang, ma s6 LH-2016-27/DHL-HN, tr. 19L
e
figs^mmm
quySn td tung cita duong su dugc thuc thi tren thuc td ciing nhu trach nhiem cua Tda an trong viec phd bien toan bd cac quyen va nghia vu ciia ducmg sir cho duong sir tir thdi diem hp nop don khdi kien va cac quyen td tung cu the trong cac giai doan td tung sau do. Theo quy dinh cua BLTTDS nam 2015, Tda an chi phd -bien quyen va nghia vu cho duong su d phien tda xet xir, nhung thuc te tir thdi diem nop don khdi kien duong sir da phai thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu td tung ciia minh va khi ho thuc hien diing cac quydn nghia vu td tung do thi quydn td tung cua ducmg su phia ddi lap mdi dugc bao dam thuc iiien. Xet ve thuc te thi khdng phai duong sir nao cung hieu ro ve quyen va nghia vu td tung cita minh dd thuc hien triet de.
Thir hai, BLTTDS nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh mang tinh nguyen tac tai Dieu 4 la Tda an khdng dugc ttr chdi thu Iy giai quyet vu an khi chua cd dieu luat ap dung de bao dam quyen khdi kidn cua duong su, nhung BLTTDS nam 2015 ciing khdng co quy dinh ve che tai ddi vdi Tda an khi tir chdi thu ly vu an vdi ly do chua cd didu luat ap dung. Vi vay, quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua Tda an trong vide khdng dugc tir chdi thu Iy vu an vi ly do chua cd didu luat de ap dung nham bao dam quydn khdi kien cua cac duong su chua dugc bao dam thuc hien.
Thir ba, Khoan 1 Didu 96 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh Tda an cd quydn thu thap tai lieu, chiing cir theo quy dinh tai Dieu 97 ciia bd luat nay dd giai quyet vu an. BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh Toa an c6 quyen thu thap tai lieu, chiing cii nham bao dam cho viec giai quyet vu an dugc chinh xac khach quan, ddng thdi bao dam cho duong sir thuc hidn quydn tranh tung. Tuy nhidn, BLTTDS nam 2015 gidi hgn thdi han giao nop tai lieu, chiing cii ciia duong su ma khdng gidi han thdi han ma Tda an cd quydn thu thap chiing cii, chinh quy dinh nay da anh hudng Idn vide thuc hien quyen tranh tung ciia duong sir. Vi c6 mgt sd trudng hgp sau phien giao nop chiing cit va hda giai.
Tda an mdi tidn hanh thu thap tai lieu chiing cii nhimg ducmg su khong bidt va BLTTDS nam 2015 ciing khdng quy dinh Tda an co nghia vu thdng bao cho duong su vd chirng cir, tai lieu mdi thu thap, dhi toi duong su khdng thuc hien dugc quyen dugc tidp can, sao chup tai lieu, chimg cii cua vu an va tai phidn tda duong su khdng cd sir chu4n bi dd tranh tung ddi vai cac tai lieu, chimg cii mdi do Tda an thu thap, dan tdi quyen tranh tung cita ducmg su khdiig dugc thuc hien liidu qua. Nhu vSy, phap luat cho phep Tda an cd quydn thu thap chiing cir trong mgi giai doan td timg nhung vide Tda an khdng thdng bao cho duang sir ve nhihig tai lieu, chiing cii mdi da anh hudng tdi viec thuc thuc hidn quyen tiep can, sao chup tai lieu, chiing cii ciia vu an va quydn tranh timg cua duong sir.
Thir tir, sir dgc lap khach quan cua Tda an trong qua trinh xet xu la mgt bao dam quan trgng cho quydn to tung cua duong su dugc thiffi thi tren thuc thuc te. Sir ddc lap khach quan ciia Tda an dugc thd hidn thdng qua hai nguydn tic CO ban la tham phan, hdi tham nhan dan xet xit vu an dan sir ddc lap va chi tuSn theo phap Mt (Dieu 12); bao dam su vo tu, khach quan troi^
td tung dan sir (Didu 16). Tuy nhien, BLTTDS nam 2015 ciing chua cd nhirng quy dinh nham bao dam thuc hidn quydn dugc xet xii bdi mgt Tda an ddc lap, khach quan ciia duang su. Didu 16 BLTTDS nam 2015 ghi nhan nguyen tic vd bao dam sir vd tu, khach quan trong td tung dan sir. Theo dd, "Chanh an Tda an, tham phan, hoi tham nhan dan, tham tra vien, thu ky tda an,...
khdng dugc tien hanh hoac tham gia td tung ndu cd ly do xac dang dd cho rang hg cd thd khong vd tu, khach quan trong khi thuc hidn nhiem vu, quydn han ciia minh" va "Viec phan cdng ngudi tien hanh td tung phai bao dam dd hg vo tu, khach quan khi thuc hidn nhiem vu, quydn han cua rauih". Tuy nhidn, viec nghien ciru so sanh cho thiy cac quy dinh cu the ve can cii tir chdi, thay ddi ngudi tidn hanh td tung tir Didu 52 ddn Didu 54 BLTTDS nam 2015 cdn chua du lieu day dii cac trucmg hgp nhu trong phap luat td
o
So'04/2020 - Nam chij miftfi iam
tung dan sir cua Phap va Nhat Ban. Luat td tung dan sir Phap va Nhat Ban quy dinh mgt pham vi rat rigng cac trudng hgp cu thd ma duong su cd quyen yeu cku. thay ddi t h i m phan. Day la cac quy dinh cd gia tri tham khao cho vide hoan thien BLTTDS nam 2015 hoae hudng d i n ap dung tai cac Tda an hidn nay nhim dap iing tdt hon quydn dugc xet xu bdi mdt Tda an khach quan^.
3. Hoan thidn phap luat bao dam Toa an thuc thi cong ly thdng qua bao dam quydn to tung cua dirong s v
- Bo sung nguyen tdc Tda an phdi cd trdch nhiem bdo ddm quyen td tung ciia duang su.
Tdn trgng cac quydn td timg ciia duang sir la trach nhiem cua Tda an trong qua trinh giai quydt vu an, la mgt yeu cau co ban de bao dam thuc thi cdng ly va bao dam quyen td tung cua ducmg sir dugc thuc thi tren thuc te. Didu nay ciing dugc quy dinh tai nguydn tic 6 ciia Cac nguyen tic co ban - nguyen t i c cd tinh tuyen ngdn toan cau ve cac quan didm dugc chap nhan bdi thanh vien cac nude Lidn Hgp Qudc:
"Ngityen tac dpc lap cua Tda dn trao quyen vd ddi hdi Tda dn phdi bdo dam rdng qud trinh xet xir phdi duac tien hdnh mdt cdch cdng bdng vd ton trpng quyen cdc beh"^. Vi vay, dd nang cao trach nhiem ciia Tda an trong viec bao dam quydn td tung ciia duong su va de phap luat TTDS Viet Nam tuong thich vdi phap luat cua cac nude tren thd gidi, ddng thdi phii hgp vdi cac Cdng udc qudctd, BLTTDS nam 2015 nen quy dinh trach nhiem nay cua Tda an thanh mdt nguyen tac. Theo do, dieu luat cd the dugc thiet kd nhu sau:
"Bdo dam quyen td tung cua duang su trong td tung ddn su
I. Toa dnphdi cd trdch nhiem bdo dam cho ducmg su thuc hiin cdc quyen td tung cua hp theo luat dinh.
2 Tda dn co trdch nhiem phd biin cdc quyin. nghia vu td tung cu thi cho cdc ben duang su. Khi duang sir nop dan khai kien thi ti-dch nhiem phd biin quyin vd nghia vu tdtung cho duang su thupc vi bd phan thu ly dan, trong qud trinh giai quyit vu dn thi ti-dch nhiem ndy thudc vi thdm phdn gidi quyit vu dn ".
- Bd sung quy dinh gidi hgn thai hgn Tda dn thu thgp tdi lieu, chimg cu.
Nhu da phan tich d trdn, viec Tda an thu thiip tai Ueu, chiing cii dugc xem la mdt trong nhiing bidn phap ma Tda hd trg cho ducmg su trong viec thuc hien nghia vu thu thap chiing cii dd phuc vu cho quydn tranh tung cua duong su. Vi vay, dd bao dam viec thuc hidn quyen td tung ciia duong sir, bao dam thuc thi cdng ly va bao dam su tuong thich phap luat ciia cac nude tren the gidi ve bao dam quydn td tung ciia duong su thi BLTTDS nam 2015 ndn gidi han thdi han Tda an thu thap tai lieu, chiing cii la truac khi cd quyet dinh dua vu an ra xet theo thu tuc xir sa tham.
- Bd sung cdc truang hop cu the md duang su CO quyen yeu cdu thay ddi thdmphdn.
Sir dgc lap, khaQh quan trong xet xir la mdt ydu cau dugc dat ra h-ong cac Cdng udc qudc td vd quydn con ngudi nhu Cdng udc qudc td vd cac quydn dan sir va chinh tri nam 1996, trong Tuydn ngdn thd gidi vd nhan quydn nam 1948... Trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an tai Tda an thi sir dgc lap, khach quan ciia Tda an dugc thd hidn thdng qua su ddc lap, khach quan ciia tham phan - chii the tham gia true tiep vao toan bg qua trinh giai quydt vu an. Vi vay, de bao dam su khach quan trong xet xir, BLTTDS nam 2015 can bd sung them cac can cir tic chdi, thay ddi ngudi tidn hanh td tung:
r/iw" nhdt, ndu tham phan hay vg, chdng cua tham phan cd lgi ich ca nhan trong vu tranh chip hoac la chii ng, con ng ciia vg hoac chdng cac bdn duong su... (Xem tiep trang 15)
*Tr&iAnh TuSn (20\i), Quyen duac xet xic bdi mgi Toa dn dgc tap, khdchquan, trong moi thdi hgn hop ly irong Id lung ddn su trong boi cdnh cdi cdch tuphdp vd hgi nhap qudc ti, D6 tai khoa hpc cap tnrcmg Quyen duac xetxu bdi mgt Toa dn dgc lap, khach quan. trong mgt^ thai hgn hap ly trong td tung ddn su, Dai lioc Luat Ha Noi, tr. 9.
' Van phong cao uy Lien hcfp quoc ve quyen con nguoi va hpi luat su qu6c t l (2011), Quyen con ngudi trong qudn ly tuphdp, Nxb Cong An Nhan dSn, tr.l86.
