TAP CHt KHOA HQC PHAPLfSO 5/2015
N H I T N G Q U Y D I N H G A Y T R A N H CAI VE Q U Y C H E PHAPLY
CUA CAC VUNG BIEN THEO QUY DENfH CUA CONG iTdC CUALIEN HOP QUOC VE LUAT BIEN NAM 1982
N G 6 HUtJ P H i r d c * Tom tdt
Bin cgnh viic tong qudt hoa cdc ngi dung ca bdn cua UNCLOS, dac biit Id cdc quy dinh liin quan din phdn dinh cdc khong gian bien thdnh cdc vitng bien thugc chii quyin quoc gia (ngi thUy vd lanh hdi);
thugc quyen chii quyin vd qttyin tdi phdn cita quoc gia (tiep giap lanh hdi, dgc quyin kinh ti vd them lyc dia) vd vitng biin chung cua cgng dong (biin quoc te vd day dgi duang). bdi viit da niu vdphdn tich cdc quy dinh con gdy tranh cdi lUn quan din chi dgphdp ly cua ngi thuy; xdc dfnh duang casa; chi dg phdp ly cua viing dgc quyen kinh ti. them luc dia; cdc thuc thi dia ly trin biin vd quy chi phdp ly cua chiing.
Abstract
Besides generalisation ofthe basic content ofUNCLOS, especially the provisions relating to delimitation ofthe sea under sovereignty (internal waters and territorial sea); under the sovereign and jurisdiction rights ofthe coastal states (contiguous zone, EEZ and continental shelf) and community waters (high seas and area), this article analyses the controversial provisions relating to the legal regime ofthe internal waters; the determination ofthe baseline; the legal regime ofthe EEZ and continental shelf and the identification ofthe geographical entities at the sea as well as their legal status.
1. Quy che phap ly cua cac viing bien theo quy dinh cua Cdng irdc cua Lien hgrp quoc ve lu^t bien nam 1982
Sau 5 nam tili bi (1968 -1973) vd 09 nam ddm phdn chmh tiiuc(1973-1982) vdi 11 khda hpp, ngay 30/4/1982, Cdng udc ciia Lien Hgp qudc ve luat bien (United Nations Convention on ttie Law of ttie Sea - UNCLOS) da duge thdng qua tgi New York vd rad cho cdc qude gia ky tai MontegoBay - thu dd eua nude Cgng hda Jaraaica vao ngdy 10/12/1982. UNCLOS cdhieulyevdo ngdy 16/11/1994'. Vdi 320 dilu vd 9 Phy lyc, UNCLOS la dilu udc qudc t l dd sp nhat ciia ludt qudc te ndi ehimg vd ludt bien (^udc t l ndi rieng, duge coi Id "Hiln phap qudc te" ve bien vd dai duang, la dilu udc qude te quan ttgng nhat cua ludt biin qude t l hiSn dai, la mdt frong nhihig ttianh qud phap Iy Idn nhit cua nhdn logi ttong the 1^ XX.
Dgc bipt, UNCLOS da danh vi tri quan ttgng
* TS Luat hpc, Tnrcmg bp mon C6ng phap qu6c tS, truong DH Lu|lt Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
' Theo qui dinh tai Dilu 308 ciia Cong uoc, UNCLOS se co hi^u lyc sau 12 thang kS tii ngay nude thu 60 phe chuSn. Qu6c hgi nuoc CHXHCN Vi^t Nam da phe chuSn UNCLOSvao ngiy 23/6/1994 va npp Imi chieu Lien h^p quflc vao ng£iy 25/7/1994.
nhdt vdi 15 5/3 20 dieu quy dinh tryc tiep ve cdc vung bien thudc chu quyen, quyin chu quyen tdi phan eua qude gia, bien qudc te, day dgi duong va quy che phdp ly cua chiing. Theo dd, UNCLOS da xdc lap vd phdn ehia khdng gian bien va dgi duong thanh 3 viing ed quy chS phdp ly khde nhau bao gdm:
/ . Cdc viing biin thupc chu quyen quoc gia Cae vtmg bien thugc chu quyen qudc gia Id lanh thd qudc gia tren bien bao gdm ndi thuy va lanh bai. Trong dd, ndi tiiuy la vung bien thuOc ehu quyen hoan toan va tuyet ddi cua qudc gia ven bien. Chu quyen ndy Id ttgn ven vd khdng ehia se vdi bdt ky qude gia nao trong viec chiem hiiu, su dyng vd dinh doat cdc van de phdp Iy liSn quan din ngi thuy vd lanh bai ca vl phuang dipn chu quyen qude gia ddi vdi lanh thd eiing nhu vipe thyc thi chu quy&i qudc gia tren cac viing biin nay. Lanh hai la vung bien ndm ben ngodi dudng eo sd, ehieu rgng khdng vugt qua 12 hdi lyS thudc chu quyen hoan todn 2 Dieu 3 ciia UNCLOS. Hai ly (ky hieu M, NM hoac dam bi^n) la mpt don vi chieu dki hang hai, \i khoang mpt phiit cung ciia vT dp cung kinh tuyen bit ky, nhung khoang mpt phiit ciia v6ng cimg kmh dp tai dtrong xich dao. Theo quy udc quoc te, 1 hai ly =
1.852 m (khoang 6.076 feet).
LUAT QUOC TE 73 vd ddy du cua qudc gia. Diim khac biet ca
ban vS ehu quyen cua qudc gia ciia lanh hdi so vdi npi thuy Id, d lanh hdi tau thuyen cda ragi qude gia deu duge hudng quyen "di qua khdng gdy hgi^". Tuy nhien, can luu y rdng neu tau ngdm vd cdc phuang tien ngam khac khi "di qua khdng gay hgi" bugc phdi di ndi va tteo cd ciia qudc gia ma tdu rmmg qudc tich''. Ngoai ra, UNCLOS cho phep qudc ven biin cd till dinh ra, phu hgp vdi ede quy dinh cua UNCLOS vd cdc quy tac khae cua phap ludt qu6c t l , cae ludt va quy dirtti lien quan den vipc di qua khdng gdy hai d frong lanh hai eua minh ve: An toan hdng hdi va dieu phdi giao thdng dudng bien;
Bdo ve eae thiet bi va cdc he thdng bdo ddm hang hdi va eac tiiiet bi hay cdng trinh khae;
Bao v^ cdc dudng giay cap vd dng ddn; Bdo tdn tdi nguyen sinh vat bien; Ngan ngua nhung sy vi phgm eac ludt vd quy dinh cua qudc gia ven bien lien quan den vipe danh bat; Bdo ve vd giu gin mdi trudng ciia qudc gia ven bien va ngan ngua, hgn ehe, che ngy nhiem mdi trudng; Nghien cuu khoa hge bien va do dge thuy van; Ngan ngira nhung sy vi pham cdc ludt va quy dinh ve hai quan, thue quMi, y te hay nhdp cu cua qudc gia ven biStf. Qudc gia ven bien khi can bdo dam an toan hang hai cd th§ ddi hoi tau thuyen nude ngodi di qua khdng gay hgi ttong lanh hdi cua minh phai di theo cdc tuyen dudng do minh an dinh va phdi tdn ttpng cdc cdch bd tri phdn chia cae ludng giao tiidng do minh quy dinh nham dieu phdi viec qua lgi cac tdu thuyin*. Ddng thdi, UNCLOS yeu cdu qudc gia ven bien khdng dugc cdn ttd quyen di qua Ididng gdy hai cua cdc tau thuyen nude ngoai ttong lanh bai, ngoai nhung trudng hpp md UNCLOS da tni dinh. Dgc biet khi ap dyng UNCLOS, qude gia ben bien khdng dugc dp dat cho cdc tau thuyin nude ngodi nhung nghTa vy ddn den viee can frd hay hgn che viec thyc hien quyen di qua khdng gdy hgi cua cdc tdu thuyen nay; khdng dugc phan biet ddi xu ve mat phap ly hay v l mat thuc te ddi vdi cac tdu
^ Xem Diau 17,18 va 19 cua UNCLOS.
* Di^u 20 ciia UNCLOS.
' D i a u 21 cua UNCLOS.
* Dieu 22 cua UNCLOS.
thuy§n chd hang td mdt qudc gia nhdt dinh hay den qudc gia dd hoac nhan danh mpt qudc gia nhat dinh va qudc gia ven bien thdng bao thich dang ragi nguy hiem ve hang hai eua minh biet frong lanh hdi cua minh'. Tuy nhien, qude gia ven bien ed the thi hanh cdc bien phap can thiet frong lanh hdi eua minh de ngan can mpi viee di qua cd gay hgi ciing nhu cd quyen tgm thdi dinh chi viec thuc hien quyen di qua khdng gay hai ciia tau thuyen nude ngoai tgi eac khu vyc nhdt dinh frong lanh hai cua mmh, neu bien phdp ndy Id cdn thiet de bdo ddm an ninh cua mmh, ke cd de thd vii khi, nhung khdng dugc phan bipt ddi xu ve mat phdp Iy hay ve mat thyc te giiia cac tau thuyen nude ngoai^ Viec dinh ehi nay chi cd hieu lyc sau khi da dugc cdng bd theo diing thu tuc'.
2. Cdc vdng bien thugc quyen chd quyen vd quyin tdi phdn qudc gia
Cdc vimg bien thugc quy§n chii quyen vd quyen tai phan qude gia la nhiing vung bien khdng phdi Id lanh thd ciia qudc gia gdm tiep giap lanh hai'°, dae quyen kinh te" va them lyc dia'^ Ve quy che phdp ly, theo quy dinh eua UNCLOS, d 3 vung bien nay qudc gia ven bien cd quyen thudc chu quyin ve Idnh te nhu tiiam dd, khai thdc, bdo tdn va quan ly cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien, sinh vat hogc khdng sinh vgt, cua vimg nude ben fren ddy bien, eua ddy bien va ldng dat dudi day bien, vd nhung boat ddng khde nham tham dd vd khai thae eae vung bien nay vi muc dich kinh te, nhu viec sdn xudt nang lugng tu nude, bai luu va gid. Ddng thdi, quoc gia ven bien cd quyen kiem fra, gidm sat va trimg tti eae hanh vi vi phgm lien quan den
' Diau 2 cua UNCLOS.
' Diau 25 cua UNCLOS
' Thii tuc thong bao nay dupe thuc hi?n diing quy dinh cua Uy ban ao loan hang hai qu6c ta cua to chuc hang hai quoc te IMO.
'" Khai niem, each xac dinh va che dp phap ly ciia vimg tiep giap lanh hai dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 33 va mpt so quy dinh lien quan den cac hien vat khao co va lich sir duac phat hien 6 bien tai Dieu 303 ciia UNCLOS,
" Khai niem, each xac dinh va che do phap ly cua vimg dac quyen kmh te duoc quy dinh tir Diau 55 den DiSu 75 ciia UNCLOS.
_'^ Khai niem, each xac dinh va che dp phap ly cua them luc dia duoc quy dinh tu Dieu 76 den Dieu 85 ciia UNCLOS.
74 T4P CHt KHOA HQCPHAPLfsd 5/2015 4 lmh vyc hai quan, thue quan, y te va nhap
cu'^ vd cdc quyen tai phan ve 3 lmh vye: (i) lap dat vd sd dyng cac dao nhan tao, cac tiiiet bi va cdng tiinh; (ii) nghien eiiu khoa hpc ve bien;
(iii) bao ve vd gm giu mdi trudng bien va dugc hudng cdc quyen va tiiyc hien cac nghia vy khac do UNCLOS quy dirtti'''. Can luu y rang, frong cdc viing bien nay, eac qudc gia khac cd quyen ty do hang hai, ty do hang khdng, ty do dgt day eap va dng din ngam'^
3. Cdc vung bien chung cda cpng dong Cdc vung bien chung cua cgng ddng bao gdm bien qudc te (bien ca"') vd day dgi duong (la zone"). Theo quy dinh ciia UNCLOS, d bien qudc te va day dai duang, mpi qudc gia cd bien hay khdng cd bien, theo nguyen tac ty do bien ea deu cd cac quyen: Ty do hdng hdi, tu do hdng khdng, ty do dgt day cap hoge dng din ngam, ty do xdy dyng cdc dao nhan tao hogc cdc thiet bi khae dugc phap ludt quoc tl cho phep, ty do ddnh bat hai sdn va ty do nghien ciiu khoa hpe.
Theo quy dinh cua UNCLOS, viee su dyng bien va dgi duong phdi nham myc dich hda binh. Tinh thdn, ndi dung eua nguyen tac su dyng bien va dgi duang vdo muc dich hda binh da dugc quy dinh cu the tgi Dieu 88 (su dung bien cd vao muc dich hda binh)"; Dieu 141(su dung vdng hoai toan nham myc dich hda binh)"; Dieu 143 (nghien cuu khoa hpc d vimg nhim mye dich hda bmh)^'', Dilu 147 (cac thiit
" D i S u 33 cua UNCLOS.
'"Diau 56 cua UNCLOS.
" D i a u 58 cua UNCLOS.
'^ Khai niem, each xac dinh va che dp phap ly ciia bien quoc ta dupe quy dinh tir Diau 86 dan Diau 120 cua UNCLOS
" Khai niem, each xac dinh va che dp phap ly ciia Vimg - La zone duoc quy dmh tir Digu 133 d§n Di6u
!55cuaUNCLOS,
'^ Digu 88 cua UNCLOS quy dinh: "BtSn cd dupe su di^ng^ vdo cdc muc dich hda binh "
" D i a u 141 cuaijNCLOS quy dmh: "Viingdingo cho tdt cd cdc quoc gia, dii quoc gia co hiin hay khong CO bien. su dung vdo nhung mitc dich hodn todn hoa binh, khong phdn biet ddi xir vd khong phucmg hgi din cdc dieu quy dinh khde cua phdn ndy ".
^° B\ha 143 ciia UNCLOS quy dmh: "Viec nghien cim khoa hoc bien trong Vitng duoc tien hdnh nham nhimg muc dich hodn todn hoa binh vd vi lpi ich ciia
bi dugc su dyng frong vimg hodn toan nham myc dich hda bmh)^', Dilu 240 (nguyen tie chung ehi phdi viec chi dao cdng tac nghien cuu khoa hpc bien Id nham muc dich hda hihhy^; Dilu 242 (hgp tac nghien khoa hpc biin nhim rauc dich hoa bmh y^ va Dieu 301 (viec su dyng biin nhara myc dieh hda bmh)^.
Cd tiie ndi ring, vdi viec phan chia khdng gian bien thanh 3 khu vye nhu da de cap d fren, ve ca ban UNCLOS da dung hda dugc chu quyen, quyen chu quyen vd quyen tdi phan cua qudc gia ven bien vdi cdc quyen ty do hang hai, ty do hang khdng, dgt day cdp, dng din ngam, quyen nghien ciiu khoa hpe ve bien va cac quyen khac dugc trii dinh ttong UNCLOS nhu quyen "di qua khdng gay hgi" ttong lanh hdi, quyen tiiam gia danh bat cd du ttong viing dge quyen kinh tS cua qudc gia ven bien, quyen qua canh di ra bien... cua cac qudc gia khde.
Tuy nhien, do dugc dam phan, ky ket tir thap nien 70, 80 ciia till ky XX, khi ma tiinh dp khoa hge, ky thugt cilng nhu thyc tien qudn ly, su dyng bien va dgi duang cua cae qude gia luc bay gid cdn nhieu ban che nen mpt sd quy dmh eua UNCLOS ndi chung vd cdc quy dinh lien quan den quy che phap Iy cua cdc viing
todn the lodi ngu&i theo dung phdn XIU".
' ' Diau 147 khoan 1 diim ciia UNCLOS quy dinh
"d) Cdc thiit bi ndy duac dung vdo nhiing muc dich hodn hoa binh "
^ Diau 240 cua UNCLOS ve cac nguyan tac chung chi phoi viec chi dao cong tac nghien cmi khoa hpc bian quy dinh: "Cong tdc ndy duac hen hdnh nhdm vdo nhimg muc dich hodn todn hda binh ".
^^ Dieu 242 cua UNCLOS vk nghia vu tao dilu kiSn fhuan lpi cho su hpp tdc qu6c tg quy dinh: "Chip hdnh nguyen tdc ton trpng chu quyen vd quyen tdi phdn, vd tren ca s& cua nguyen tdc co di co lgi ve lot ich, cdc quoc gia vd cdc to chuc quoc te co thdm quyen tgo dieu kien thudn lot cho viec hpp tdc quoc te ve mat nghien cmi khoa hpc bien vi muc dich hoa binh "
'^'* Dieu 301 ve viec su dung bien vao nhimg muc dich hoa binh quy dinh: "Trong viec thuc hien cdc quyen vd ldm tron nghia vu cua minh theo dung Cong u&c. cdc quoc gia thdnh vien trdnh dua vdo viec de doa hay su dung vU lifc de xdm pham todn ven lanh tho hay dpc lap chinh tri cua mpi quoc gia hay trdnh ciing bdt ky cdch ndo khac khong phii hpp voi cdc nguyen tdc cua phdp luat quoc te da dupe neu trong Hiin chucmg Lien hpp quoc "
L U ^ T Q U O C T E 75 bien ndi rieng chua dugc UNCLOS tiii dinh
hogc khdng cd tinh kha thi. Chinh vi vgy, cimg vdi sy phdt trien vugt bgc ciia khoa hge ky ttiuat hien dai ciing nhu nhu cdu su dung bien va dai duong ngay cang tang thi cac quy dinh do da ttd thdnh ttd nggi khdng nhd ddi vdi cac qudc gia ttong qua tiinh gidi thich va ap dyng UNCLOS. Dieu do ddn den he qua tit y i u la, each gidi tiiich va dp dyng UNCLOS ndi ehung va cdc quy dinh ve quy che phap ly cua eac viing bien ndi rieng cua cdc qudc gia tten the gidi ehua that sy thong nhdt, cdn gdy ttanh cai va ttiam chi la lam phat sirtti ttanh chip. Xult phat tu thyc tien dd, ttong khudn kbd bdi viet nay, ehiing tdi se neu va phan tieh cae quy dinh nay vdi hy vgng ldm sdng td ngi dung phap ly cua chiing.
2. Nhung quy dinh gay nhieu tranh cai trong qua trinh giai thich va ap dung UNCLOS
Qua nghien cuu ede quy dinh cua UNCLOS ve quy che phdp ly ciia cac vimg bien, chiing tdi ttidy cd 7 vdn d l sau ddy da vd se ddn den nhiing tranh eai nhat dinh frong qua trinh giai ttttch vd dp dyng UNCLOS.
2.1. Quy che phdp ly cua npi thdy Ve phuang dien lanh thd, ngi thuy Id lanh thd thudc chu quyen hodn todn va tuyet ddi cua quoc gia ven bien. Trong ngi thuy cd he thong cdng bien thuang mgi va quan sy cua qudc gia ven bien. Chinh vi vdy, d ngi ttiuy tau budn, tdu thuang mai nhd nude cua cac qudc gia thudng xuyen ra vao, neo ddu vd boat dpng nhdm muc dich thuang mai, tdu quan su vd nha nude boat ddng phi thuang mgi (tdu cdng vg) ciia cac quoc gia thuc hi8n cac hogt dgng tham vieng, giao luu, hgp tde qudc te. Ngi thuy chinh la viing bien nhgn nhip nhdt va ed vai ti^ quan frgng nhdt frong eac vimg bien thudc chu quyen, quyen chu quyen va quyen tdi phan cua gia nhung UNCLOS khdng cd bdt ky dieu khoan nao quy dinh ve quy ehe phdp ly eua ndi thuy. Bdi le, ngi thuy Id lanh thd thugc chu quyin hoan toan, tuyet ddi cua qudc gia va CO quy che phdp ly nhu ddt lien. Vi vay, ngi lugt cua qudc gia la co sd phdp ly dieu chinh tiirc tiip quy che phdp ly ciia ngi thuy. Tuy
nhien, dieu nay da ddn den thyc trang la viec thuc thi ehu quyen qude gia ma ey the Id quy ehe phap ly eua npi thuy se khdng tiidng nhit giua eac qudc gia ven bien, dac biet Id viec thyc thi quyen tdi phdn cua qudc gia ddi vdi nhung hdnh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sy xdy ra fren tdu nude ngodi dang hogt dgng frong ndi thuy do he thdng phap ludt ciia cdc qudc gia la khdng gidng nhau.
2.2. Xdc dinh dudng c0s&
Xdc dinh dudng co sd Id hanh vi phdp ly dac biet quan ttgng ma qudc gia ven bien, qude gia quan dao phdi thye hien de hogch dinh va thyc thi chu quyen, quyen chd quyen va quyen tdi phdn cua qudc gia tten cac vung bien theo dung quy dinh cua UNCLOS. Tuy nhien, ehung tdi cho rang, phuang phap xac dinh dudng ca sd thang tai Dieu 7 cua UNCLOS cd 2 quy dinh chua ro ddn den viee giai thich va ap dyng khdng thdng nhdt:
(1) Khoan 3 Dilu 7 eua UNCLOS quy djnh:
"Tuyen cdc du&ng ca s& khong dugc di chich qud xa hu&ng chung cua b& biin, vd cdc vung bien & ben trong cdc du&ng ca sa ndy phdi gdn v&i ddt liin du den mitc dgt dugc chi do ngi thuy ". Vdi quy dinh nay thi viec giai thich the nao la "chich qud xa hu&ng chung cua ba biin ", qud xa la bao nhieu hdi ly? Dang Id mgt van de gdy ra nhieu ttanh cai vi Dieu 7 cua UNCLOS lai khdng quy dinh cu tiie.
(2) Khoan 5 Dieu 7 quy dinh; "Trong nhimg tnt&ng hgp md phuang phdp ke du&ng ca s&
thang dugc dp dung theo khodn P\ khi dn dinh mgt so dogn du&ng ca s& co thi tinh din nhOng lgi ich kinh ti riing biit cua khu vuc do md thifC ti vd tdm quan trgng cua no dd dugc mgt qud trinh su dung lau ddi chung minh ro rdng". Theo quan diera cua chung tdi, vdi quy dinh nay, viec bat ddu bode keo den radt khu vyc nao do theo quy dinh ndi tten de xdc dinh dudng CO sd la do y chi chu quan eua qude gia ven bien. Bdi vi, UNCLOS khdng quy dinh cu '^ "d nai ndo b& bien bi khoet sdu vd loi lom hodc neu CO mot chuoi ddo ndm sdt ngay vd chgy doc theo b& bien, phuong phdp duang ca s& thdng not lien cdc diem thich hpp co the dupe sic dung de ke du&ng ca sd diing de tinh chieu rong lanh hdi".
76 TAP CHtKHOA HOCPHAPLfSO 5/2015 the khodng cdch tu cdc diem ea sd khde den
khu vye ma qude gia ven bien cho rang d khu vyc do qudc gia ven bien cd "lgi ich kinh ti rieng biet" Id bao nhieu hai ly.
2.3. Xdc dinh quy che cua vung nu&c ndi thuy tgi khodn 2 Diiu 8 cua UNCLOS
Theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 8 khoan 2 cua UNCLOS, "khi vgch du&ng ca s& thdng tren thuc te dd gop vdo ngi thiiy cdc vung nu&c tru&c do chua dugc coi Id ngi thuy thi quyen di qua khong gdy hgi vdn ton tgi trong vitng nuac do ". Neu tudn thu quy dinh ndy thi qudc gia ven bien phdi ddnh quyen "di qua khdng hai" cho tdu thuyen nude ngodi tai ragt sd khu vyc frong vimg ndi thuy ciia rainh. Dieu nay se anh hudng den chu quySn cua qudc gia frong ngi thuy, mdt bp phgn cau thanh eiia lanh ttid qude gia thupe chu quyen hodn todn vd tuyet ddi. Chinh vi vdy, frong trudng hgp ndy, cae qudc gia se bang mgi each thyc thi ehu quyen hoan todn vd tuyet ddi eiia hg ttong ndi thuy vd khdng eho phep tdu thuyen nude ngodi dugc thyc hien quyen "di qua khdng hgi" d nhiing khu vye ma trudc khi xdc dinh dudng co sd Id lanh hai nhung sau khi xae dinh dudng co sd thi chung la ngi thuy cua quoc gia ven bien.
2.4. Cdc quy d^nh vi quyen cda cdc quoc gia khde trong vilng dgc quyin kinh te tq.i Biiu 69 vd 70"' cda UNCLOS
^* Dieu 69 quy dinh, " /. Mot qudc gia khong co bien co quyen tham gia, theo mot the thuc cong bdng, khai thdc mpt phdn thich hpp so du cdc tdi nguyen sinh vdt cua cdc vUng dgc quyen ve kinh te cua cdc quoc gia ven bien trong ciing mpt phdn khu vuc hodc khu vuc, CO tinh den cdc dgc diem kinh te vd dia ly thich ddng ciia tdt cd cdc quoc gia hihi quan...2. Cdc dieu kien vd cdc the thitc cita viec tham gia ndy duac cdc quoc gia him quan an dinh thong qua thoa thugn tay doi, phan khu vuc hay khu vuc...3. Khi khd ndng ddnh bdt cua mpt quoc gia ven bien cho phep mpt minh quoc gia do co the ddnh bdt dupe hdu nhu todn bp khoi luang ddnh bdt co the chdp nhgn, duac dn dinh cho viec khai thdc cdc tdi nguyen sinh vgt trong vung ddc quyen ve kinh te cua minh... 4. Cdc qudc gia phdt trien khong co bien chi co quyen tham gia khai thdc cdc tdi nguyen sinh vgt theo dieu ndy, trong cdc vimg ddc quyen ve kinh te cua cdc quoc gia ven biin phdt trien & trong cUng phdn khu vuc hay khu vuc. CO tinh den chimg muc md quoc gia ven bien.
Theo Dilu 69 vd Dilu 70 cua UNCLOS, cdc qudc gia khdng cd biin, qudc gia bat lgi ve dia ly^' dugc ttiam gia khai ttidc cd du frong vung dgc quyin kinh tl cua cdc qudc gia frong cimg khu vyc hogc tiiu khu vyc (phdn khu) nhung vdi nhiing quy dinh rdt chgt che. Vdi cac quy dinh nay, UNCLOS gin nhu da frao cho qudc gia ven bien "todn quyin quyet dinh". Ciing cdn luu y rang, trong ttudng hgp qudc gia ven bien "cd y" khdng cho qudc gia khdng cd bien, qudc gia bdt lgi ve dia Iy tham gia khai thdc sd cd du trong vimg dgc quyen kinh te cua rainh lam phat smh ttanh chip, thi theo UNCLOS logi ttanh chdp ndy ciing khdng the gidi quyet theo thu tyc bat budc, ddn den eac quyet dinh bat budc. Bdi Ie, Dieu 297 khoan 3 diem a cua UNCLOS da quy dinh, cae tranh chap ve danh bat hai san se khdng duge giai quyet theo cac thu tgc tai phan dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 287 (gdm Tda an Cdng Iy qudc te, Tda dn qudc te ve ludt bien dugc thdnh lap theo Phu lye VI, Tda frgng tai qudc te ve lugt bien dugc thanh lap theo Phy lye VU va Tda frgng tdi dac biet dugc tiidnh lap theo Phy lyc Vm cua UNCLOS) niu
khi cho cdc quoc gia khac vdo khai thdc tdi nguyen sinh vdt trong vung ddc quyen kinh te cua minh. da xem xet su cdn thiit phdi gidm den muc toi thieu nhiing tdc hgi doi v&i cpng dong nhiing nguai ddnh bdt cUng nhu nhiing roi hgn kinh te trong cdc quoc gia cd cong ddn vdn thuang tien hdnh viec ddnh bdt trong vung. 5. Cdc quy dinh n&i trin duac dp dung khdng phuang hgi den cdc thoa thudn dupe ky kit neu cd trong cdc phdn khu vuc hay khu vifc. md &dd cdc quoc gia ven biin co thi ddnh cho cdc quoc gia khong CO bien a cung phan khu vuc hay khu vuc do nhiing quyen ngang nhau, hogc uu lien de khai thdc cdc tdi nguyen sinh vdt a viing ddc quyen ve kinh ti cua minh".
DIEU 70 quy dmh, "1. Cdc quoc gia bit lai ve dfa ly CO quyen tham gia. theo mot thi thiic cong bdng. vdo viic khai thdc mot phdn thich hpp so du ciia nhirng tdi nguyen sinh vdt trong cdc vUng ddc quyen vi kmh te cua cdc quoc gia ven bien & ciing phdn khu vuc hay khu vuc. co linh den cdc ddc diem kinh ti vd dia ly thich ddng cua tdi cd cdc quoc gia hOu quan...3 Cdc dieu kien vd the thiic cua viec tham gia do duac cdc quoc gia hOu quan dn dinh thong qua con duang thoa thudn tay doi, phdn khu vuc hay khu vuc... ".
" Khoan 2 Dilu 70 cua UNCLOS
LUAT Q U 6 C TE 77 tranh chap lien quan din:
(i) Viec xac dinh kha nang danh bit cua nude ven bien;
(ii) Viec xae dinh khdi lugng cd cho phep danh bat;
(iii) Viec phdn bd cd thda cho phep qudc gia khde khai ttiac;
(iv) Viec quyet dinh thi thdc vd diSu kiSn dat ra trong npi lugt ve bdo ve vd qudn ly ngudn lgi haisdn.
Vi vgy, theo quan diem eua ehung tdi, quyin tham gia danh bat ca du ma UNCLOS ddnh cho cac qudc gia khdng cd bien hogc bdt lgi ve dia ly la quy dinh khdng cd tinh kha thi.
2.5. Quy d(nh lien quan den viec xdc lap them luc ^ cua quae gia ven bien tgi Dieu 77
' Dilu 77 cua UNCLOS quy dinh: "Cdc quyin cua quoc gia ven bien doi v&i them luc dia khong phu thugc vdo su chiim hOu thvec sif hay danh nghia, cdng nhu vdo bdt cie tuyin bo ro rdng ndo ". Theo quan diim cua chung tdi, day Id mgt quy dinh khdng ro ve tinh phap ly. Bdi le, neu qudc gia ven bien khong chiem hiiu thyc sy hay danh nghia va idiong cd tuyen bd rd rdng ndo thi dya vdo co sd phap ly nao de qude gia ven bien thyc thi quySn chu quyen vd quyen tai phdn fren them luc dia eua minh. Mat khac, khoan 1 Dieu 76 cua UNCLOS da quy dinh, "them luc dia cua mgt quoc gia ven bien bao gom ddy biin vd long ddt du&i day biin bin ngodi lanh hdi cua quoc gia do, tren todn bgphdn kio ddi tu nhien cua lanh tho ddt liin cua quoc gia do cho den b& ngodi cua ria luc dia, hogc din cdch ducmg ca s& diing di tinh chiiu rgng lanh hdi 200 hdi ly, khi ba ngodi cua ria luc dia cua quoc gia do & khodng cdch gdn han" Va "...ndm cdch diim ca s& di tinh chieu rgng lanh hdi mgt khodng cdch khong vugt qud 350 hdi ly hodc ndm cdch du&ng ddng sdu 2500m Id du&ng noi liin cdc diim CO chiiu sdu 2500m, mgt khodng cdch khong qud 100 hdi ly" (khodn 5 Dieu 76). Vdi eac quy dinh fren, chimg tdi cho ring, de thyc thi quyen cbd quyen vd quyen tai phdn ddi vdi thim luc dia thi bat budc qudc gia ven bien phdi dua ra tiiyen bd rd rang ve gidi hgn thira
lyc dia cua minh.
2.6. Quy dinh cua UNCLOS vi nghia vu dong gop bdng tiin hoac hi^n vgt khi quoc gia khai thdc tdi nguyen khong sinh vgt &
them luc dia vugt qud 200 hdi ly tgi Dieu 82 cda UNCLOS
Theo quy dinh nay, cac qudc gia khai thdc tai nguyen khdng smh vat vugt qud 200 hdi ly tmh tu dudng CO sd^** phdi ddng gdp cho ea quan quyen lye dugc thdnh lap theo UNCLOS. Cy the, cac khoan ddng gdp dugc nop hang nam tinh theo toan bp san pham thu hogch dugc d mgt diem khai thae nao do, sau nam nam ddu khai thdc diem dd. Nam thu 6 ti le ddng gdp Id 1% cua gid tii hay cua khoi lugng sdn phdm khai thac duge d diem khai thdc. Sau dd, mdi nam ty le nay tang len 1% cho den nam thu 12 va bat diu tu nam thu 12 frd di ty le dd d muc 7%. Sdn phdm khdng bao gdm eac tai nguyen dugc dung ttong khudn khd cua viec khai thde^'. Chung tdi cho rang, quy dinh nay khdng cd tinh khd thi. Bdi vi, viec tim ra co che ndo de kiem sodt viee khai thdc nay ciing nhu lgi ich tu viec khai thdc dd de tinh toan khoan ddng gdp cho phu hgp la rat khd thyc hien fren thyc te. Mat khde, neu qudc gia ven bien khdng ddng gdp tien hoac hien vat khi khai thdc tdi nguyen khdng sinh vat d them lyc dia vugt qud 200 hai ly^" thi ca ehe xu ly nhu the ndo?
Cho din nay, theo nghien euu cua chung tdi vdn chua cd thdng ke ndo ve sd lugng eac qudc gia khai thdc tdi nguyen vugt qua 200 hai ly d ttiem lue dia va ciing chua cd qudc gia ndo thye hien nghTa vy ndy.
2.7. Quy che phdp ly cua cdc thuc thi dia ly trin bien
UNCLOS da danh it nhit Id 5 dilu khodn quy dinh v l cac vin de phap ly lien quan den
^* "3. Quoc gia dang phdt trien ndo Id nu&c chuyen nhgp khdu mot khodng sdn duac khai thdc tii them luc dig cua minh dupe mien cdc khodn dong gdp doi v&i loai khodng sdn do".
^' Dilu 82 khoan 2 ciia UNCLOS.
^° Trir trutmg hpp dupe mien trir theo quy dinh tai Dilu 82 khoan 3 danh cho, "Quoc gia dang phdt trien ndo Id nu&c chuyen nhgp khdu mot khodng sdn duac khai thdc tii thim lifc dia cua minh dupe mien cdc khodn ddng gop doi v&iloai khodng sdn do "
78 TAP CHtKHOA HQCPHAPLfSO 5/2015 bai cgn (Dieu 7, Dieu 11 va Dieu 13), bdi da
ngdm (T)ieu 47), ddo va da (Dieu 121). Theo dd, UNCLOS da can cit vao tieu ehi thuy triiu va tieu chi "con ngudi cd the den d" va "ddi sdng kinh te rieng" de xac dinh dau la ddo, dd, bai can, bai ngdra nhung van cd qua nhieu ti-anh cai ve van de ndy.
(i) Dua vao tieu chi thuy tiieu tiu nhiing thyc till nao hoan toan ndi fren mat nude kbi thuy trieu len cao nhat se dugc coi la dao hoac dd.
Nhung thyc thi nao md khi tiiuy trieu khi len cao nhdt thi hi nude bien che khuat va chi nhd len khdi mat nude khi thuy trieu xudng thdp nhit thi dd Id bai can luc chim luc ndi. Theo Dilu 13 cua UNCLOS, khi toan bg hay mdt phdn bai cgn do d each lyc dia hodc mdt dao mgt khoang each khdng vugt qud chieu rpng ciia lanh hai, thi ngdn nude tiieu thip nhat d tten cac bdi can nay ed ttie dugc dung lam dudng ca sd de tinh chieu rdng cua lanh bdi.
Khi cdc bai can luc chim luc ndi hoan toan d each lyc dia hogc mdt ddo mdt khoang each vugt qua chieu rdng cua lanh hdi (qud 12 hdi ly), thi chung khdng cd lanh hdi rieng.
Theo eae quy dinh ndi tten, neu bai can luc chim luc noi cdch lyc dia hoac rapt ddo dudi 12 hai ly va fren eae bai cgn dd ed eae cdng trinh xdy dyng thudng xuyen nhd tten raat nude nhu eae dao va cac edng trinh ttiiet bi nhdn tao, den bien (hdi dang) thi cdc bai cgn dd se dugc coi la eae diem vat chdt thyc te de xdc dinh dudng ca sd. Ngugc lai, neu cdc bai cgn luc chim luc ndi each lye dia va ddo qud 12 hdi ly va khdng cd cdng ttinh xay dung nao thudng xuyen rttid tten mat nude thi cdc bai can dd khdng dugc xem la mdt diem vdt chit de xdc dinh dudng co sd. Trong khi dd, bai ngam Id nhirng thyc thi hoan todn bi nude bien che khuat ngay ed khi thuy trieu xudng thap nhdt.
(ii) Dya vao tieu chi "con ngudi cd the den d" vd "ddi sdng kinh te rieng" dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 121 khodn 3 thi nhirng ddo, dd ndo khdng thich hgp cho ngudi din d hogc khdng cd ddi song kinh te rieng tiii chung khdng cd eac vimg tiep giap lanh bdi, vimg dgc quyen kinh te vd them lyc dia. Nhu vdy, nhirng ddo, da nao thich hgp eho con ngudi den d hogc cd ddi sdng kinh
tl rieng thi dao, dd do se cd cae viing lanh hdi, tiip giap lanh hai, dgc quyin kmh tl va them lue dia nhu dit liln dugc hogch dinh theo diing quy dinh eua UNCLOS ap dyng cho cac lanh thd ddt liln khac.
Chiing tdi ebo rdng, cdc quy dinh tai Dieu 121 nhdm myc dieh la khdng tgo ra ittiung lgi the bat edng bang cua ddo so vdi ddt Ii§n khi tao ra cac vung bien bao quanh. Tuy nhien, tren thye tl viec dp dyng cae quy dinh cua Dieu 121, dgc biet khodn 3 Id khdng de dang bdi sy map md, khdng cu the, khdng ro rdng cua chung. Vdi dieu kien tiiu nhdt "thich hgp cho con ngudi den d" tai khodn 3 Dieu 121, ngudi ta cd the lap ludn rang, kha nang cho viec cu tru cua con ngudi cd the dp dyng cho hien tai, qua khd hay tijong lai. Con ngudi d ddy cung khdng dugc quy dinh ro la dan thudng, hay lyc lugng quan dpi hogc cdc nhdn vien ky thugt cung duge chap nhan. Cu tru d ddy la viec sinh sdng lau dai hoac chi Id cu ttu tgm thdi ciing dugc cdng nhdn? Doi vdi dieu kien thd hai,
"ddi sdng kinh te rieng" ciing cd the dugc lap lugn la ddi sdng kinh te ciia chinh cac dao hogc cua ca cac vung nude bao quanh.
Nhung quy dinh map md nhu fren de ngo eho nhieu kha nang giai thich Dieu 121. Mae dil Dieu 121 la nhara hgn che viec tao ra cac vimg biin tu cac ddo so vdi dat lien nhung fren thyc te vdi nhung quy dinh map md ciia Dieu 121 thudng dugc cac qude gia su dung de tang them cdc vung bien cho cac ddo nhu Venezuela dd thyc hien ddi vdi ddo Aves, phia Tay Bde cua quan dao Hawaii eua My, hogc Fiji ddi vdi ddo Ceva-i-Ra.. .^'. Chinh vi vdy, khi mudn md rpng chu quyen, quyen chu quyen vd quyen tai phan fren bi8n tiii qudc gia ven biin se tun cdch giai thich ddo, da dd la "thich hgp eho ngudi den d" hoac "ed ddi sdng kmh tl rieng".
Nguge Igi, cae qudc gia cd the bi anh hudng bdi viee xdc dinh quy ehe phap ly eua ddo, da
3' Xem them, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, "Quy che phdp ly ciia ddo vd tranh chdp Biin Dong: Quan diem ndo cho Viet Nam ", tai dia chi website: http://
nghiencuubiendongvn/toa-dam-hoi-thao/hoi-thao- trong-nuoc/hi-thO'trong-nc-thang-32009/672-nguyn- th-lan-anh-quy-ch'phap-ly-ca-o-va-tranh-chp'bin- ong-quan-im-ca-vit-nam. Truy cgp ngdy 26/8/2015.
LUAT QUOC TE 79 ndo dd eiia qude gia khac thi lgi tun cdch bac
bd". Dac biet, hien nay qudn dao Trudng Sa thudc chu quyin cua Viet Nam" nhimg Trung Qudc, Malaysia, Philippines vd Ddi Loan dang chiem ddng. Neu cdc nude nay deu tuyen bd cdc thyc ttie dia ly md hg dang chiim giu Id ddo theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 121 (khodn I vd khodn 2) thi se ddn tdi sy chdng ldn rat phuc tap cdc vung bien ttong khu vyc quan dao Trudng Sa.
(iii) UNCLOS ciing khdng ed quy dinh dipn tich cua dao, dd Id bao nhieu, dae biet la khi ttiuy trieu len eao nen ddn din thyc ttgng la dien tich cua dao, da la rat nhd nhung cae qude gia van tuyen bd cdc vimg bien Id lanh hdi, tiip gidp Imih hdi, dac quyen kmh te va thera lyc dia nhu dat lien. Dya vdo "khiem khuyet nay" cua Dilu 121 eua UNCLOS, Nhdt Bdn da ttiyen bo Okinotorishima, each Tokyo 1700 km ve phia nam vd cdch ddo Okinawa 700 km ve phia ddng nam, nam d Tay Thai Binh Duang la mdt ddo ddp dng cac quy dinh theo quy dinh cua Dieu 121. Trong khi ttiyc chit Okinotorishima chi Id mdt rgn san hd khdng cd ngudi d, tu dong sang tdy Id 4,5 km tu va tu bac tdi nam Id 1,7 km, bao gdm hai ddo nhd Id Kita-Kojima (Hon Bac) va Higashi-Kojima (Hdn Ddng) nam ttong viing nude xung quanh nd (lagoon).
Hau bet cdc bg phan cua Okinotorishia chim dudi mat bien, ngoai trd hai ddo nhd ndi tten la nhd len mat nude khi thuy trieu len cao. Cy th£, dao Kita-Kpjiraa cao 16 cm vd Higashi- Kojima chi cao la 6 em eao so vdi myc nude bi§n vao ldc thuy trieu mua xuan". Tuy nhien, Nhat Ban da tuyen bd vung dac quyen kinh te (EEZ) vd them lyc dia cua Okinotorishima theo quy dinh UNCLOS (cd bieu lyc doi vdi Nhgt
" Lien quan den vu viec Trung Quoc ha dat gian khoan Hai Duong 981 trong vung dac quyen kinh t l ciia Viet Nam vao thang 5/2014, cdch bai can Tri T6n 17 hai ly trong quan dao Hoang Sa thupc chu quyin cua Viet Nam, Viet Nam cho rang Tn Ton la bai can nhung Trung QuIc lu6n cho rang d6 la dao.
" Viet Nam dang kiem soat 21 dao, Trung Quoc dang chiem dong 7, Philippines 10, Malaysia 7 va Dai Loan 2. Theo https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Danh_sach_thuc the_bi_chiem_d6ng_aquan_dao_
Tru6ng_Sa. Truy cap ngdy 26/8/2015.
^ Xemtai 4il4ByAiiRXHLzaidanJnfo/seikabiitsii/2004W004/
contenlsTO01iitni>.
Banketdnam 1986). Theo do, Okmotorishiraa cd vung dac quyen kmh te rgng 400.000 km vudng", ldn hon todn bg lanh thd dat lien eua Nhdt Bdn (380.000 km vudng). Nhu vgy, van de dugc dua ra la Okinotorishima la mgt hdn ddo (island) hay mdt dd (rock), vi nd dugc cho la "khdng ldn ban giudng ndm khd ldn (King Size)" va khdng cd ngudi sinh sdng d do. Ciing dya vao co sd phdp ly Id UNCLOS, Trung CJude da phdn doi quyet liet viec Nhdt Ban tuyen bd Okinororishima Id mgt hdn dao vd bdc bd eae tuyen bd cua Nhdt Ban ve vipc thiet ldp vimg dac quyen kinh te va them lye dia eua nd nhu cdc dao ty nhien va dat hen.
Bdi vi, theo quan diem ciia Trung Qudc, can cd Dieu 121 cua UNCLOS, Okinotorishiraa chi Id mgt tdng da nen nd khdng the ed dgc quyen kinh te vd ttiem lyc dia ri£ng".
(iv) Cudi cung, eae bai da ngdm bao quanh cac ddo vd vdnh dai san hd, cung nhu mgi phan cua mdt nen dai duang cd sudn ddc dat ddng, hodn todn hay gdn nhu hoan toan do mpt ehudi dao da vdi hay mdt chuoi cae mdm dd luc chim luc ndi bao quanh, cd the duge coi nhu la mpt bp phan eua ddt (khodn 7 Dieu 47). Theo UNCLOS, cdc bdi ngdm chi ed vai ttd frong viec xac dinh ty le dien tieh cdc vung nude so vdi dien tich phdn ddt frong viec xdc dinh dudng co sd cua qude gia quan dao ma thdi chu chiing khdng cd cdc vung bien rieng. Tuy nhien, tu trudc den nay, mgt sd qudc gia tten the gidi nhu Ha Lan Nhdt Ban, Madives, Cac Tieu Vuong qudc A Rap Thdng nhat da bien eae bai cgn, rgn san hd thanh cdc ddo nhdn tao, vd dac biet hien nay la Trung Qudc dang bdi dap cae bai egn, bai ngam tten quan ddo Trudng Sa thugc chu quyen eua Viet Nam ma Trung Qudc da su
" Xem tai <http://www,mlit.go,jp/en/statistics/
white-paper-mlit-index.html>.
^^ on Van Dyke, Letter to the Editor, Speck in the Ocean Meets Law ofthe Sea, nY times, Jan, 2 1 , 1988, xem tai <http://wviTV.nytimes.com/l988/01/21/
o p i n i o n / l - s p e c k - m - t h e - o c e a n - m e e t s - l a w - o f - t h e - sea-406488.html>.
''' Xem them cac thong tin lien quan den dja ly va phap ly ciia dao Okinotorishima tai dia chi website:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okino_Tori-shima.
80 T4P CHt KHOA HQCPHAPLfsd 5/2015 dyng vu luc de chiem ddng nam 1988 vd nam
1995 nham de cimg cd va md rpng yeu sdch vl chu quyen cua nude nay fren Bien Ddng.
Mac dil Dilu 60 khoan 8 eua UNCLOS da quy dinh, "Cac ddo nhdn tgo, cdc thiet bi vd cong trinh khong dugc hu&ng quy che cua cdc ddo. Chitng khong co lanh hdi rieng vd su CO mat cua chung khong co tdc dgng gi doi v&i viic hogch dinh ranh gi&i lanh hdi, viing dgc quyin vi kinh te hogc them luc dia ".
Kit lugn
Mac du dugc coi Id "Hien phdp eua edng ddng qudc te ve bien va dai duang" hay "Bd ludt qudc te ve bien va dai duong", la edng trinh phdp ly do so nhdt rad Lien Hgp qudc da xay dyng nen frong the IQ- XX Tuy nhien, do dugc ddm phdn, ky ket tu thgp nien 70, 80 cua the ky XX, khi ma trinh do khoa hgc, ky thugt ciing nhu thye tien qudn ly, su dyng bien va dgi duong cua cdc qudc gia ldc bdy gid cdn nhieu hgn che nen mpt sd quy dinh cua UNCLOS ndi chung va cac quy dinh lien quan den quy che phdp ly cua ede vung bien ndi rieng ehua duge UNCLOS tru dinh hogc khdng cd tinh khd thi. Chinh vi vdy, vdi sy phdt trien vugt bde eua khoa hpc ky thuat hien dgi eung nhu nhu cdu su dung bien vd dai duong ngay cdng tang thi cac quy dinh dd da frd ttianh frd ngai khdng nhd ddi vdi cae qudc gia frong qua trinh gidi thich vd dp dyng UNCLOS. Dieu do din den he qua tat yeu la viee gidi thich, dp dyng UNCLOS cung nhu van dung cdc quy dinh cua UNCLOS lien quan den quy che phdp ly ciia cac vimg bien cda cdc qude gia tten the gidi chua that su thdng nhdt, cdn gdy ttanh cai va thgm chi Id ldm phdt sinh ttanh chip, xung dot ttong qua tiinh tiiyc thi chu quyin, quyin chu quyen, quyen tdi phan cua qudc gia tten bien cd ve ndi dung, pham vi, y nghia va gid tii phap ly.
Chinh vi vdy, frong tuang lai, cpng dong qudc te se phdi nd lyc hem nua de sua ddi, bd sung vd hoan thipn UNCLOS nhdm ban ehl va loai trir tranh chap, xung dot frong qud trinh gidi thich va dp dyng UNCLOS nhim bien thyc hda y nguyen chung eua nhdn logi la bien bien vd dai duang frd thdnh khdng gian sinh tdn hda binh vd ttunh vuong ehung cua nhdn loai. •
Tiep theo trang 64...
TONG QUAN QUYEN CON NGU*Cn TRONG PHAP LUAT LAO DONG Gia nhap Cdng udc 87 vd Cdng udc 98 Id myc tieu ca ban khi xdy dyng vd hodn thien phdp lugt vl quyin con ngudi frong lao dpng nhdm thi hien rd mdt logi quyen vS kinh te, xa hpi va van hda cua con ngudi. Tat nhien, viec phe chuan va npi ludt hda phai cd 16 trinh phu hgp vai tung giai doan lich su, mue tieu phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi ciing nhu viec xay dyng va hoan thien he thdng phdp ludt qudc gia.
Thu ba, xdy dyng mgt edeh ed hieu qua cac ca che thyc hien quyen eon ngudi frong linh vyc lao ddng. Day manh ca che bdo ve thdng qua cac ca quan qudn ly ve lao dpng, tang cudng cdng tde thanh fra, kiem fra, gidm sat cua cac ea quan qudn ly frong bdo dam viec thuc hien quyen eon ngudi frong ITnh vyc lao ddng. Ket hgp vdi co che phdng ngua, thudng xuyen tuyen truyen va tap huan quyen den vdi ngudi lao dpng.
Mpt each tdng quat, quyen con ngudi va bdo dam quyin con ngudi frong lao dpng Id van de duge Dang, nha nude vd ngudi lao dgng dac biet quan tdm. De thuc ddy va bao dam viec thye thi hipu qua, hgp ly quyen con ngudi frong linh vyc viec ldm, tien luong, an toan, ve sinh lao dpng, an sinh xa hdi, cdng dodn, Nhd nude can sdm thuc hien cdc giai phdp fren mgt cdch ddng bg va todn dien. Khau hieu "Tdt cd cdc quyin con ngu&i ddnh cho mgi ngu&i" frong Hdi nghi the gidi Vienna vl Quyen con ngudi nam 1993 eiing la myc tieu dat ra khi hodn thien he thdng phdp ludt lao dgng ve quyen eon ngudi. Hudng din vipc rad rgng, khuyen khich va nang cao chit lugng cac quyen con ngudi frong lao dgng, ngoai viec hoan thien he thdng phdp lugt lao ddng hien hanh edn ddi hdi sy nd luc, hgp tac vd frach nhiem cua Nha nude, co quan quan ly lao ddng, ngudi su dung lao ddng vd ehinh ban thdn ngudi thu hudng quyin nay fren thyc te. •
